ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in primary care. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out at an urban health center in Barcelona, Spain. In total, 2248 patients > or =15 years old were selected randomly from medical records. The study investigated cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease, and cardiovascular risk factors such as age, sex, smoking, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 49.1 (18.9) years and 53.5% were male. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalences were: smoking, 35.2%; high blood pressure, 33.7%; hypercholesterolemia, 21.9%; hypertriglyceridemia,12.7%; and diabetes mellitus, 15.8%. Overall, 57.9% of patients had at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor. Significantly more males presented with each risk factor (P<.05), apart from high blood pressure. The prevalence of all risk factors, except smoking, increased with age until 74 years and then stabilized, except high blood pressure, which continued to increase. Around 10% had cardiovascular disease, with myocardial ischemia in 5.5%, cerebrovascular disease in 3.7%, and peripheral arterial disease in 2.4%. All except cerebrovascular disease were significantly more common in males (P<.05). The prevalence of cardiovascular disease was low in individuals <55 years old, particularly women, and increased with age for all forms of disease. Some 68.3% were > or =65 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was confirmed. Cardiovascular disease was more common in males and the elderly.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Primary Health Care , Risk Factors , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
Introdución y objetivos. Estudiar la prevalencia de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y sus factores de riesgo en atención primaria. Pacientes y método. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en un centro de salud urbano de Barcelona (España).Se incluyó a 2.248 pacientes ≥ 15 años, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio simple del archivo de historias clínicas. Se estudiaron las siguientes enfermedades cardiovasculares: cardiopatía isquémica, enfermedad cerebrovascular y arteriopatía periférica de extremidades inferiores, y los siguientes factores de riesgo cardiovascular: edad, sexo, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia y diabetes mellitus. Resultados. La edad media fue de 49,1 ± 18,9 años y un 53,5% era mujer. La prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular fue: tabaquismo, 35,2%; hipertensión arterial, 33,7%; hipercolesterolemia, 21,9%; hipertrigliceridemia,12,7%, y diabetes melitus, 15,8%. El 57,9%presentó al menos 1 factor de riesgo. Los varones presentaron una proporción superior (p < 0,05) excepto en la hipertensión arterial. Su prevalencia aumentó con la edad(excepto en el tabaquismo) hasta los 74 años, en que se estabilizó, excepto en la hipertensión, que siguió aumentando. Tenían alguna enfermedad cardiovascular el10,0% de los pacientes: cardiopatía isquémica el 5,5%;enfermedad cerebrovascular el 3,7% y arteriopatía periférica de extremidades inferiores el 2,4%. Fueron más frecuentes en varones (p < 0,05), excepto la enfermedad cerebrovascular. Su prevalencia fue baja en < 55 años(especialmente en mujeres) y aumentó con la edad en todas las enfermedades cardiovasculares, correspondiendo el 68,3% a pacientes de ≥ 65 años. Conclusiones. Se confirma la elevada prevalencia delos factores de riesgo cardiovascular en nuestro medio. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son especialmente frecuentes en varones y ancianos
Introduction and objectives. To study the prevalence of and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in primary care. Patients and method. A cross-sectional study was carried out at an urban health center in Barcelona, Spain. In total, 2248 patients ≥15 years old were selected randomly from medical records. The study investigated cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease, and cardiovascular risk factors such as age, sex, smoking, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and diabetes mellitus. Results. The patients mean age was 49.1 (18.9) years and 53.5% were male. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalences were: smoking, 35.2%; high blood pressure, 33.7%;hypercholesterolemia, 21.9%; hypertriglyceridemia,12.7%;and diabetes mellitus, 15.8%. Overall, 57.9% of patients had at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor. Significantly more males presented with each risk factor (P<.05), apart from high blood pressure. The prevalence of all risk factors, except smoking, increased with age until 74 years and then stabilized, except high blood pressure, which continued to increase. Around 10% had cardiovascular disease, with myocardial ischemia in 5.5%, cerebrovascular disease in3.7%, and peripheral arterial disease in 2.4%. All except cerebrovascular disease were significantly more common in males (P<.05). The prevalence of cardiovascular disease was low in individuals <55 years old, particularly women, and increased with age for all forms of disease. Some 68.3% were ≥65 years old. Conclusions. The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was confirmed. Cardiovascular disease was more common in males and the elderly
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Myocardial Ischemia , Risk Factors , Primary Health CareABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in Spain. The aim of this work was to study the association between clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of suffering major cardiovascular events: ischemic cardiopathy, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arteriopathy of the lower limbs. METHOD: A descriptive transversal study was carried out in a city health centre, with a total of 2248 patients selected by simple random sampling of the clinical records with a mean age of 15 years. The data were obtained by examining the clinical records and estimating Odds Ratios (OR) for any cardiovascular event (n = 224), ischemic cardiopathy (n = 123), cerebrovascular disease (n = 84) and peripheral arteriopathy (n = 55) in relation to the number of cardiovascular risk factors. The cardiovascular risk factors included in the study were smoking, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes and obesity. The OR was adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The percentage of patients with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4-6 cardiovascular risk factors was 39.1, 32.8, 17.5, 6.9 and 3.7 respectively. The OR for experiencing a cardiovascular event associated to 1, 2, 3 and 4-6 cardiovascular risk factors was 1.6 (CI95%: 0.9-2.7), 2.8 (CI95%: 1.7-4.7), 3.6 (CI95%: 1.9-6.5) and 5.6 (CI95%: 2.9-10.8), respectively. The OR for ischemic cardiopathy associated to the same risk levels were 2.3 (CI95%: 1.1-4.6), 2.5 (CI95%: 1.2-5.2), 5.3 (CI95%: 2.4-11.5) and 6.2 (CI95%: 2.7-14.3), respectively. For cardiovascular disease, the OR were 1.1 (CI95%: 0.5-2.5), 2.3 (CI95%: 1.2-5.3), 2.4 (CI95%: 1.0-5.9) and 5.6 (CI95%: 2.2-14.1), respectively. The OR for peripheral arteriopathy were 2.1 (CI95%: 0.8-5.9), 3.7 (CI95%: 1.3-10.5), 3.3 (CI95%: 1.0-11.1) and 6.1 (CI95%: 1.8-20.3), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of cardiovascular risk factors is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This finding emphasises the need for prevention of cardiovascular risk factors in primary care.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Adolescent , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Chi-Square Distribution , Cluster Analysis , Coronary Disease/etiology , Diabetes Complications , Female , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/complications , Hypertriglyceridemia/complications , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/complications , Odds Ratio , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/etiology , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Spain/epidemiology , Stroke/etiologyABSTRACT
Fundamento: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la principal causa de mortalidad en España. El objetivo del estudio es estudiar la asociación entre la agrupación (clustering) de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el riesgo de padecer eventos cardiovasculares mayores: cardiopatía isquémica, enfermedad cerebrovascular y arteriopatía periférica de extremidades inferiores.Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, rea lizado en un centro de salud urbano. Se estudiaron 2.248 historias clínicas de personas con edad igual o superior a 15 años, seleccionadas mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Los datos se obtuvieron por revisión de las historias clínicas, estimando la odds ratio (OR) para padecer algún evento cardiovascular (n = 224), cardiopatía isquémica (n = 123), enfermedad cerebrovascular (n = 84) y arteriopatía periférica (n = 55) respecto al número de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se incluyeron los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, diabetes y obesidad. La OR fue ajustada por edad y sexo.Resultados: El porcentaje de pacientes con 0,1, 2, 3 y 4-6 factores de riesgo cardiovascular fue de 39,1, 32,8, 17,5, 6,9 y 3,7 respectivamente. Las OR para el riesgo de tener algún evento cardiovascular asociada a 1, 2, 3 y 4-6 factores de riesgo cardiovascular fueron de 1,6 (IC95 per cent: 0,9-2,7), 2,8 (IC95 per cent: 1,7-4,7), 3,6 (IC95 per cent: 1,9-6,5) y 5,6 (IC95 per cent: 2,9-10,8), respectivamente. Las OR para la cardiopatía isquémica, asociada a los mismos niveles de riesgo, fueron de 2,3 (IC95 per cent: 1,1-4,6), 2,5 (IC95 per cent: 1,2-5,2), 5,3 (IC95 per cent: 2,4-11,5) y 6,2 (IC95 per cent: 2,7-14,3), respectivamente. Para la enfermedad cerebrovascular las OR fueron 1,1 (IC95 per cent: 0,5-2,5), 2,3 (IC95 per cent: 1,2-5,3), 2,4 (IC95 per cent: 1,0-5,9) y 5,6 (IC95 per cent: 2,2-14,1), respectivamente. Las OR para la arteriopatía periférica fueron 2,1 (IC95 per cent: 0,8-5,9 ), 3,7 (IC95 per cent: 1,3-10,5), 3,3 (IC95 per cent: 1,0-11,1) y 6,1 (IC95 per cent: 1,8-20,3), respectivamente.Conclusiones: La adición de factores de riesgo cardiovascular se asocia a un aumento del riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. Este hecho refuerza la necesidad de realizar una prevención primaria de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (AU)
