[Immigration and factors associated with breastfeeding. CALINA study]. / Inmigración y factores asociados con la lactancia materna. Estudio CALINA.

OBJECTIVE: To identify socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal characteristics associated with complete breastfeeding (CBF) during the first 4 months of age, depending on maternal origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal aspects associated with breastfeeding depending on maternal origin were evaluated in a longitudinal study in a representative infant population from Aragon (n = 1452). RESULTS: The prevalence of CBF was higher in immigrant mothers than in those from Spain. CBF was maintained in 37.2% of mothers from Spain at 4 months, compared with 43% of immigrants (P=.039) (RR Spanish/immigrants=0.76; 95% CI: 0.58-0.99); at 6 months this occurred in 13.9% vs. 23.8%, respectively (P<.001) (RR Spanish/immigrants=0.52; 95% CI: 0.37-0.72). The factors associated with CBF at 4 months are different between both groups. Mothers born in Spain are older (P=.002), have higher academic level (P=.001), greater parity (P=.003), and a higher probability of vaginal delivery (P=.005); and their children have the highest anthropometric values at birth. However, in immigrant mothers, the maintenance of CBF was associated with a higher maternal body mass index and with working at home. In both groups, CBF remains more frequently in those mothers who do not smoke (P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CBF during the first months of life is higher in immigrant mothers than in those from Spain, and socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal factors are different, depending on maternal origin.

Prevalencia de la lactancia materna durante el primer año de vida en Aragón. Estudio CALINA / Breastfeeding prevalence during the first year of life in Aragon. CALINA study

Objetivos: Estudiar la prevalencia actual de la lactancia materna (LM) hasta los 12 meses de edad en Aragón, analizando los aspectos demográficos, perinatales y sociales que la modifican. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional longitudinal en una cohorte representativa de la población de lactantes aragoneses, nacidos desde marzo del 2009 a marzo del 2010, y controlados hasta los 12 meses de edad (N=1.602). Se han evaluado sus variables obstétricas, perinatológicas y de alimentación. Resultados: La LM exclusiva o predominante fue superior al resto de modalidades de alimentación durante los 4 primeros meses de vida. El mantenimiento conjunto de la LM en cualquiera de sus modalidades fue del 82,5% al mes de edad, el 71,8% al tercero, el 54,3% al sexto y 27,8% al año. Las variables maternas que se asociaron significativamente al mantenimiento de la LM, tanto al mes como a los 6 meses de edad fueron: tipo de parto (mayor probabilidad si el parto es vaginal), el nivel de estudios (mayor probabilidad si tienen estudios superiores), la procedencia (mayor probabilidad en las madres de origen africano), la adiposidad (mayor probabilidad en las madres que tienen un peso adecuado o sobrepeso frente a las obesas) y no fumar durante la gestación. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de LM en Aragón durante los primeros 12 meses de vida es alta y ha aumentado respecto a los datos que previamente se disponían. La LM se mantiene en más de la mitad de los lactantes de 6 meses y en una cuarta parte al año de edad. Los condicionantes maternos que influyen significativamente en el inicio y mantenimiento de la LM en nuestro medio son el tipo de parto, el nivel de estudios, la procedencia (inmigración), la adiposidad y el hábito tabáquico (AU)

Objectives: To study the current prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of life, and analyse its demographic, perinatal and social influential factors. Material and methods: Obstetric, perinatal and feeding aspects were evaluated in a longitudinal and observational study, in a representative cohort of infant population from Aragon born between March 2009 to March 2010, controlled until 12 months of age (N=1.602). Results: Exclusive or predominant BF was more frequent than the rest of feeding modalities during the first 4 months of life. Maintenance prevalence of any BF modality was 82.5% at 1stmonth of age, 71.8% at 3rd, 54.3% at 6th, and 27.8% at 12 months of age. Maternal variables that were significantly associated with BF maintenance both at 1 and 6 months of age were: delivery modality (higher probability in case of vaginal delivery), academic level (higher probability if university studies), origin (higher probability in mothers from Africa), adiposity (higher probability of normal weight or overweight mothers compared with obese ones), and not to smoke during gestation. Conclusions: BF prevalence in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of age is high and has increased compared with previous data. BF continues in more than half of infants at six months and in a quarter of infants at 12 months of age. Maternal factors that significantly influence BF initiation and maintenance are, delivery modality, academic level, origin (immigration), adiposity and smoking habit (AU)

[Breastfeeding prevalence during the first year of life in Aragon. CALINA study]. / Prevalencia de la lactancia materna durante el primer año de vida en Aragón. Estudio CALINA.

OBJECTIVES: To study the current prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of life, and analyse its demographic, perinatal and social influential factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Obstetric, perinatal and feeding aspects were evaluated in a longitudinal and observational study, in a representative cohort of infant population from Aragon born between March 2009 to March 2010, controlled until 12 months of age (N=1.602). RESULTS: Exclusive or predominant BF was more frequent than the rest of feeding modalities during the first 4 months of life. Maintenance prevalence of any BF modality was 82.5% at 1(st) month of age, 71.8% at 3(rd), 54.3% at 6(th), and 27.8% at 12 months of age. Maternal variables that were significantly associated with BF maintenance both at 1 and 6 months of age were: delivery modality (higher probability in case of vaginal delivery), academic level (higher probability if university studies), origin (higher probability in mothers from Africa), adiposity (higher probability of normal weight or overweight mothers compared with obese ones), and not to smoke during gestation. CONCLUSIONS: BF prevalence in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of age is high and has increased compared with previous data. BF continues in more than half of infants at six months and in a quarter of infants at 12 months of age. Maternal factors that significantly influence BF initiation and maintenance are, delivery modality, academic level, origin (immigration), adiposity and smoking habit.

[Perinatal aspects, growth and feeding of infants born small for gestational age]. / Aspectos perinatales, crecimiento y tipo de lactancia de los nacidos pequeños para su edad gestacional.

INTRODUCTION: Being born small for gestational age (SGA) has short and long term risks. The aim of this study was to describe perinatal and socio-cultural characteristics, and the pattern of growth and diet of SGA infants during their first 6 months of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anthropometry and diet were evaluated during six months in a representative sample of 1596 newborns the population of Aragon (Spain). RESULTS: Mothers of SGA (N=94) infants gained less weight during pregnancy (10.5±5.8 vs 12.0±5.07 kg, P=.012), gestational age at birth was lower (37.84±1.7 vs 39.06±1.6 weeks, P<.001), and the probability of cesarean delivery was higher (37.2% vs 20.5%, P=.001). The height of the mother was lower in the SGA group (1.61±0.58 vs 1.63±0.06 metres, P=.004), but their body mass index was similar. No differences were found between groups in social or cultural aspects. Mothers of SGA infants smoked more during pregnancy (32.3% vs 18.5%, P=.003) (RR = 1.92; 95% CI; 1.31 to 3.02). Infants born SGA remained smaller during the first 6 months of life, and the monthly weight gain was similar to the rest. In the SGA group, the prevalence of breastfeeding was lower at 4 months of age (54.9% vs 68.2%, RR = 0.58, 95% CI; 0.38 to 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Infants born SGA are more likely to converge a number of characteristics that must be considered together because they may lead to health risks. SGA do not show a rapid recovery pattern of postnatal growth, and their smaller size persists at six months.

[Socio-cultural, obstetric and anthropometric characteristics of newborn children of mothers who smoke in Spain]. / Características socioculturales, obstétricas y antropométricas de los recién nacidos hijos de madre fumadora.

INTRODUCTION: One in every four women smoke at the beginning of the pregnancy in Spain; of these, 25-50% give up smoking during gestation and most of them smoke again after childbirth. Maternal smoking has harmful effects on babies, such as low birth-weight with its resulting morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare the anthropometric and socio-cultural characteristics between newborns from smoking mothers and those from non- smoking ones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Smoking habits and the socio-cultural characteristics were assessed from a sample of 1499 pregnant women, as well as their newborn anthropometric variables of their newborn babies during 2009 in the Aragon region of Spain. RESULTS: In the sample of 1499 pregnant women the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was 19.6%; among the Spanish women, 23% of them smoked during the gestation compared with only 11% in women from other countries. The smoker mothers were younger and they had a lower educational level than the non smoker ones; however, there were no statistical differences between their anthropometric characteristics. Newborns from smoker women in Aragon had a lower weigh at delivery (3155 vs. 3295 grams: p<.001) and a relative risk of low weight at birth for their gestational age of 2.1 (95% CI: 1.35 - 2.97). The length and the rest of newborn anthropometric variables were also affected. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of smoking during gestation is high in Aragon. The mothers who smoke are younger and have different socio-cultural characteristics compared with non-smoker mothers. Maternal smoking habits have a harmful effect on newborn nutritional status, representing an avoidable risk of low weight at birth.

[Nutritional characteristics of newborns of overweight and obese mothers]. / Características nutricionales de los recién nacidos de madres con sobrepeso y obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal nutritional status is an important factor of adequate intrauterine growth and neonatal weight. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between pre-gestational BMI (Body Mass Index) and breastfeeding duration, as well as infant anthropometric measurements during their first six months of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anthropometric measurements and the type of feeding were evaluated in a representative sample of 1,547 newborns from our population during 2009, according to their maternal BMI, and also in a sub-cohort of 759 infants followed up to 6 months of life. RESULTS: A total of 72.9% of women had a normal weight, 18.7% were overweight and 8.4% obese. Women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2) had lower weight gain during pregnancy (P < .001), lower socioeconomic and cultural level (P < .001), and their infants had higher weight at delivery (P=.003) and at 6 months of life, with no differences in body length. Newborn weight increased in relation to maternal BMI, but over 35 kg/m(2) it decreased progressively (P < .001). Breastfeeding prevalence in obese women was 58.5% at hospital postpartum discharge, and 8.6% at six months of life; as opposed to 70.8% and 13.9%, respectively in women with normal BMI. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, maternal obesity is associated with a low socioeconomic and cultural level, higher infant weight at delivery and at 6 months of life, and less prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding; all of them nutritional risk factors in the short and long term.

Influencia de la etnia y el sexo en la ingesta de alimentos como factores de riesgo de malnutrición en escolares / Influence of ethnicity and gender in school children food intake as malnutrition risk factors

La dieta de los niños en nuestro país suele ser deficitaria en frutas y verduras y rica en alimentos hipercalóricos. El objetivo del presente estudio es valorar la frecuencia de la ingesta de los grupos de alimentos en escolares de nuestro medio y la influencia sobre ella del sexo y la etnicidad. Se valoraron en una población de 383 niños de 2.º, 3.º y 4.º de Educación Primaria las características socioeconómicas y demográficas, los estilos de vida y la frecuencia de ingesta de grupos de alimentos. Los niños ingirieron más raciones diarias de alimentos ricos en hidratos de carbono (4,38 ± 1,6 frente a 3,97 ± 1,4; p=0,03) y más lácteos (3,23 ± 1,1 frente a 2,83 ± 1,0; p= 0,002) que las niñas; por otro lado, la niñas consumieron más golosinas que los niños (2,81 ± 3,9 frente a 2,01 ± 2,3 raciones por semana; p= 0,03). Un alto porcentaje de niños no cumplía con las recomendaciones habituales de ingesta por defecto de frutas y verduras (78,1%), lácteos (43,4%) e hidratos de carbono (42,8%), y por exceso de proteicos (8,1%), bollería (21,2%),golosinas (18,9%) y refrescos-snacks (8,7%). Los niños pertenecientes al grupo con etnicidad ingirieron significativamente menos lácteos, alimentos proteicos y fruta-verdura y, sin embargo, más bollería, golosinas y refrescos-snacks que los niños sin etnicidad. En el análisis de la relación entre los distintos grupos de alimentos se han encontrado dos asociaciones significativas (p <0,01): 1) la ingesta de frutas y verduras se asoció a un mayor consumo de hidratos de carbono y de pescado, y aun menor consumo de refrescos-snacks y tiempo frente al televisor; 2) la ingesta de bollería se asoció a un mayor consumo de refrescos/snacks y de golosinas. El estudio concluye que el sexo y la etnicidad son factores que influyen en la dieta de los niños en edad escolar y deben considerarse como factores de riesgo de malnutrición (AU)

Children’s diet in our country seems to be deficient in fruits and vegetables and rich in hyper caloric food. The purpose of this study is to access intake frequency of food groups in school children of our environment and the influence gender and ethnicity pose over it as well. We have evaluated the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, lifestyles and the intake frequency of food groups in a population of 383 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade children from elementary school. Boys consume more daily servings of food rich in carbohydrates (4.38 ± 1.6 vs. 3.97 ± 1.4; p=0.03) and more dairy products (3.23 ± 1.1 vs. 2.83 ± 1.0; p= 0.002) than girls, and, on the other hand, girls eat more candy than boys (2.81 ± 3.9 vs. 2.01 ± 2.3 servings per week; p= 0.03). A high percentage of children did not meet regular recommended food percentages, both by deficiency: fruits and vegetables (78.1%), dairy products (43.4%) and carbohydrates (42.8%); and by excess: protein food (8.1%), pastries (21.2%), candy (18.9%), and sodas/snacks (8.7%). Children belonging to a certain ethnic group consume significantly less dairy products, protein products and fruits/vegetables; and, at the same time, more pastries, candy and sodas/snacks than children that do not belong to a specific ethnic group. Two significant associations (p <0.01) have been found in the analysis of the relationship between different food groups: 1) fruits and vegetables intake was associated with a higher consumption of carbohydrates and fish, and with alower consumption of sodas/snacks and time watching TV; and2) pastry intake was associated with a higher consumption of sodas/snacks and sweets. The study concludes that gender and ethnicity are factors that influence the school children´s diet and they shall be considered as risk factors for malnutrition (AU)