Examining the effects of pleasantness ratings on correct and false recognition in the DRM paradigm: accuracy, recollection and familiarity estimates.

Distinctive encoding usually increases correct recognition while also producing a reduction in false recognition. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion this phenomenon, called the mirror effect, occurs when participants focus on unique features of each of the words in the study list. In previous studies, the pleasantness rating task, used to foster distinctive encoding, generated different patterns of results. The main aim of our research is to examine under what circumstances this task can produce the mirror effect in the DRM paradigm, based on evidence from recognition accuracy and subjective retrieval experience. In Experiment 1, a standard version (word pleasantness rating on a 5-point Likert-type scale) was used for comparison with two other encoding conditions: shallow processing (vowel identification) and a read-only control. The standard task, compared to the other conditions, increased correct recognition, but did not reduce false recognition, and this result may be affected by the number of lists presented for study. Therefore, in experiment 2, to minimize the possible effect of the so-called retention size, the number of studied lists was reduced. In addition, the standard version was compared with a supposedly more item-specific version (participants rated the pleasantness of words while thinking of a single reason for this), also including the read-only control condition. In both versions of the pleasantness rating task, more correct recognition is achieved compared to the control condition, with no differences between the two versions. In the false recognition observed here, only the specific pleasantness rating task achieved a reduction relative to the control condition. On the other hand, the subjective retrieval experience accompanied correct and false recognition in the various study conditions. Although the standard pleasantness rating task has been considered to perform item-specific processing, our results challenge that claim. Furthermore, we propose a possible boundary condition of the standard task for the reduction of false recognition in the DRM paradigm.

Valores, espiritualidad y consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de preparatoria / Values, spirituality and alcohol consumption in high school students

Introducción: Los valores y la espiritualidad se han identificado como factores protectores que disminuyen el desarrollo de comportamientos riesgosos en los adolescentes como el consumo de alcohol. Objetivo: Identificar los valores y la espiritualidad en adolescentes de preparatoria y determinar la relación que existe entre los valores y la espiritualidad con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de preparatoria. Método: Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo correlacional. La población fue de 4728 estudiantes de una preparatoria del área metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico estratificado unietápico, la muestra estuvo conformada por 317 sujetos inscritos. Las variables se evaluaron mediante el Cuestionario de Valores de Schwartz (VAL), el Cuestionario de Espiritualidad (CE) y el AUDIT. Resultados: Se encontró que el índice general de valores mostró una media de 70.4 (DE=11.1, Mdn= 70.54), el índice de espiritualidad mostró una media de 66.3 (DE=13.4, Mdn= 67.82). Se encontró correlación positiva y significativa entre las creencias espirituales y el índice de consumo dependiente de alcohol (rs = .181, p = .016), correlación negativa significativa entre las creencias espirituales y la cantidad de bebidas alcohólicas consumidas por ocasión (rs = -.117, p = .038) y correlación positiva y significativa entre las necesidades espirituales y el índice de consumo dañino (rs = .180, p = .017). Conclusiones: Los adolescentes que tienen mayores creencias espirituales y necesidades espirituales presentan mayor consumo de alcohol dependiente y dañino. Los adolescentes que presentan mayores creencias espirituales consumen menor cantidad de bebidas alcohólicas por ocasión

Introduction: Values and spirituality have been identified as protective factors that decrease the development of risky behaviors in adolescents such as alcohol consumption. Aim: To identify values and spirituality in high school adolescents and determine the relationship between values and spirituality with alcohol consumption in high school adolescents. Method: A descriptive correlational design was used. The population was of 4728 students from a high school in the central area of Monterrey, Nuevo León. It was used a a single-stage stratified probabilistic sampling, the sample consisted of 317 enrolled subjects. The variables were evaluated using the Schwartz Values Questionnaire (VAL), the Spirituality Questionnaire (CE) and the AUDIT. Results: It was found that the general index of values showed an average of 70.4 (SD= 11.1, Mdn= 70.54), the spirituality index showed an average of 66.3 (SD = 13.4, Mdn = 67.82). A positive and significant correlation was found between spiritual beliefs and the index of alcohol dependent consumption (rs = .181, p = .016), a significant negative correlation between spiritual beliefs and the number of alcoholic beverages consumed per occasion (rs = .117, p = .038) and positive and significant correlation between spiritual needs and the index of harmful consumption (rs = .180, p = .017). Conclusions: Adolescents who have greater spiritual beliefs and spiritual needs are more dependent on harmful alcohol consumption