Local and scientific knowledge in the school context: characterization and content of published works.

BACKGROUND: Bridging the gap between local and scientific knowledge can have useful implications in the teaching-learning process because it can create environments conducive to the valorization of sociocultural diversity in schools. The present review aims to analyze the profile and contributions of scientific publications dealing with articulations between local and scientific knowledge in basic formal education. METHOD: Combined searches of 14 terms related to ethnoscience and 20 terms of education were conducted in English, Portuguese, and Spanish using the databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Scielo. The recovered works were filtered, organized in a spreadsheet, and analyzed for publication characteristics (year, author, periodicals, countries of origin of the authors, and countries surveyed) and contents of the studies (epistemological bases, techniques of application, and record of the articulation of local and scientific knowledge). RESULTS: The research field that establishes these articulations is growing, with 81% of the works being written in the English language. A total of 494 researchers were recorded. The USA, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and Australia were the countries of origin of the first author for the majority (64%) of the works considered. Multiculturalism, Vygotskian theory of learning, postcolonial theory, constructivism, critical pedagogy, and the argumentation theory were the main theoretical bases of half of the recovered works in which some explicit theoretical orientation could be found. Teacher training and interviews stood out as important tools in the application and record of links between local and scientific knowledge, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Interdisciplinary approaches were common in the conception and application of pedagogical activities reported in the recovered works. Articulations between local and scientific knowledge are effective for culturally-sensitive scientific education, especially (but not exclusively) in schools directly related to traditional communities. There was a tendency to emphasize the teacher as a fundamental agent in the search for education that establishes these articulations. The authors of the analyzed works frequently indicated a need for greater proximity of the community to school spaces.

Do emotions influence the motivations and preferences of keepers of stingless bees?

BACKGROUND: According to the biophilia hypothesis, an emotional affiliation with nature has been inherited during human biocultural evolution. Research on beekeeping can contribute to the scientific understanding of the influence of emotions in the human-nature relationship, since this activity provides concrete experiences of beneficial interaction between the human being and the environment by stimulating conservation-friendly values among practitioners. In this study, we investigated motivations and preferences driving beekeepers' choices. We hypothesized that emotional criteria would be the main motivators in choosing to include beekeeping into small-scale farming systems. We also assumed that, once beekeeping has been chosen, the preference among species of bees for raising would also be influenced mainly by emotional criteria. METHODS: Data were collected from free lists and semi-structured interviews with 52 keepers of stingless bees from Sítio Xixá in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The content analysis technique was used to analyze data from interviews. The underlying criteria for motivation and preference quoted in the free lists were analyzed with Smith's Salience Index. RESULTS: Emotional and esthetic criteria were the most salient motivations for choosing beekeeping as one of the activities in small-scale farming systems. On the other hand, honey productivity and bee behavior were the most salient criteria for the preference for certain bee species to be kept. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional criterion had an especially notable influence on the motives for practicing beekeeping, but not on the preference of species to be raised. This demonstrates that the scenario under study represents a panorama of multiple influences in which emotions are one, but not the only, important component. Finally, our results indicate that the emotional domain should be taken into account in environmental education efforts and in the planning of bee management and nature conservation policies.

Do traditional sheep breeders perform conscious selection? An example from a participatory breeding program of Morada Nova sheep.

The implementation of sustainable breeding programs requires genetic breeding strategies that are appropriate for the reality production systems. It is also essential that the choice of animal selection criteria be based on breeders' knowledge and objectives. This work is an ethno-zootechnical study of the Morada Nova sheep breed and its crossbreeds. The goals of this study were to register and analyze indigenous breeders' knowledge and practices regarding animal selection criteria and to generate technical information to support a participatory breeding program of the breed. This study was conducted in the Morada Nova municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were evaluated using two groups of individuals, purebred Morada Nova sheep breeders (RMN, n = 13) and breeders of Morada Nova crossbreeds (MMN, n = 48). Interview questions were used to identify local selection criteria adopted by each group in the choice of animals for breeding. Data from the interviews were submitted to frequency distribution analysis and the Shapiro-Wilk test to verify their distribution. Later, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the two groups of farmers based on that information, in addition to multivariate statistical analysis and evaluation of Smith salience index. Breeders in the RMN group used selection criteria related to breed standards, such as pelage color. In contrast, breeders of the MMN group used criteria related to productivity, such as body conformation and milk production. Breeders should be engaged in the development of breeding programs, and it is important to consider their preferences and objectives when evaluating breeding animals.

Rapid assessment of insect fauna based on local knowledge: comparing ecological and ethnobiological methods.

BACKGROUND: The rapid assessment of biodiversity making use of surveys of local knowledge has been successful for different biological taxa. However, there are no reports on the testing of such tools for sampling insect fauna. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different ethnobiological techniques for rapid sampling of insect fauna. METHODS: Field research for the conventional survey of insect fauna was conducted on a private farm (9 ° 43'38.95 "S, 37 ° 45'11.97" W) , where there was intensive cultivation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench)). The survey of local entomological knowledge was conducted among all the producers of okra living in the rural villages Pereira, Santa Luzia, and Nassau de Souza, within the Jacaré Curituba irrigated settlement scheme. The combined use of the techniques "free list" and projective interviews was analyzed, using two types of visual stimuli: stock photos and an entomological box. RESULTS: During the conventional survey of insect fauna, the species Bemisia tabaci biotype B, Aphis gossypii, Phenacoccus sp., Icerya purchasi and Lagria villosa were the primary pests found in the okra crop. Regarding the survey of insect pests, the results were convergent  in both techniques (conventional sampling and free list). Comparing the interview with visual stimuli (pictures) and specimen witnesses (entomological box) revealed that the latter was more effective. CONCLUSION: Techniques based on the recording and analysis of local knowledge about insects are effective for quick sampling of pest insects, but ineffective in sampling predator insects. The utilization of collected insects, infested branches, or photos of the symptoms of damage caused by pests in projective interviews is recommended.

Etnopedologia: uma abordagem das etnociências sobre as relações entre as sociedades e os solos / Ethnopedology: an ethnosciences approach on relations between societies and soils

A avaliação do conjunto de conhecimentos gerados e transmitidos por populações humanas caracteriza-se como o campo de atuação dos estudos etnocientíficos. Esta avaliação de conhecimentos relacionados aos solos e sua associação com recursos naturais, bem como estratégias desenvolvidas para produção são os objetos de estudo da etnopedologia. A utilização de metodologias participativas que promovam a inserção direta dos envolvidos na pesquisa são premissas básicas nos trabalhos etnopedológicos. As áreas de avaliação etnopedológicas relacionam-se, dentre outros aspectos, a nomenclaturas para classificação das terras e práticas de manejo. O crescente desenvolvimento etnopedológico revela o reconhecimento da importância do solo como um recurso limitado e essencial para a vida e reforça uma visão conservacionista importante a ser considerada na construção de trabalhos na área de ciências do solo.

The overall assessment of knowledge produced and transmitted by a human group is set as ethnoscience field. This evaluation of information related to soils and its relation with natural resources, as well as strategies developed to production, are the scope of study from ethnopedology. Participatory methodologies which promote the inclusion of those directly involved are basic assumptions of ethnopedology. Areas of evaluation from ethnopedology studies are related, among other aspects, to nomenclatures for soil classification and management practices. The increasing ethnopedological development reveals soil importance recognition as a limited and essential resource for life and strengthens an important conservationist view to be considered in researches of soil science.

Birds and people in semiarid northeastern Brazil: symbolic and medicinal relationships.

BACKGROUND: At least 511 species of birds occur in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil and many of them interact with human populations in a number of different ways, including their use in zootherapeutics and their links with local beliefs. OBJECTIVE: The present work examined these types of birds/human interactions (use in zootherapeutics and their links with local beliefs) in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte State in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Information was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 120 local residents. RESULTS: A total of 16 wild bird species distributed among 11 families were found to interact directly with humans, with Columbidae being the best represented family. Seven species were identified in the medicinal category, five were related to symbolic aspects, while four species were identified as being related to both categories (medicinal and symbolic). CONCLUSION: The accumulated folk knowledge, beliefs, and practices involving the avifauna in the semiarid region of Brazil, whether symbolic or medicinal, demonstrated the cultural importance of this vertebrate group to local human populations and revealed a belief system intrinsically related to cynegetic practices in the region.

The ecological apparency hypothesis and the importance of useful plants in rural communities from northeastern Brazil: an assessment based on use value.

The ecological apparency hypothesis in ethnobotanical studies predicts that the apparent plants (i.e., the most easily found in the vegetation) would be the most commonly collected and used by people. To test this hypothesis, it has been used the concept of use value (VU), which measures the relative importance of useful plants for a group of people. However, the use value has got some limitations, including the fact that it does not distinguish "current use" (plants which are effectively used) from "potential use" (well known plants, however not used). Therefore, this study has tested whether the obtained results through three different use value calculations could be useful in testing the ecological apparency hypothesis. These calculations have included the current use value, the potential use value, and the general use value. It has been carried out a vegetation survey and an interview for residents from the rural communities from Barrocas and Cachoeira (Soledade, Paraíba, Brazil). It has been used Spearman's coefficient to correlate phytosociological and ethnobotanical data. It has been observed that phytosociological parameters in Cachoeira were not correlated with any of the use values calculations, except the relationship between the current use value and the relative dominance (r(s) = 0.57; p < 0.05). In Barrocas, every use value calculation was correlated with the basal area and the relative dominance. When each category of use is analyzed separately, it has been observed that there was no correlation between the use value and the phytosociological parameters, except for the construction category, in which the current use value in Cachoeira was correlated with the relative dominance (r(s) = 0.63; p < 0.05), importance value (r(s) = 0.67; p < 0.01), relative frequency (r(s) = 0.71; p < 0.05), and relative density (r(s) = 0.72; p < 0.01). In Barrocas, the UVc for the construction category was correlated with relative frequency (r(s) = 0.69; p < 0.05) and relative density (r(s) = 0.66; p < 0.01). These results have suggested that, the use value calculation, which takes into consideration just the current use of the species, is the one that best fits in the ecological apparency hypothesis.

Conhecimentos e práticas locais relacionados ao aratu Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1803) em Barra de Sirinhaém, litoral sul de Pernambuco, Brasil / Local knowledge and practices related to Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1803) in a coastal village in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de registrar e avaliar os conhecimentos e práticas locais em relação aos aratus Goniposis cruentata (Latreille, 1803) junto a um grupo de catadoras em Barra de Sirinhaém, litoral norte de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Para obtenção dos dados referentes ao conhecimento local, utilizou-se entrevistas abertas e semi-estruturadas. Observou-se entre as pessoas entrevistadas a existência de um conjunto de conhecimentos sobre o ecossistema manguezal e sobre aspectos biológicos e ecológicos do aratu, como habitat, hábito, ecologia trófica, morfologia externa, comportamento, desenvolvimento e reprodução. Este conhecimento local, que habilita as informantes a exercerem suas práticas cotidianas, mostrou-se, em alguns casos, compatível com o conhecimento científico publicado sobre os mesmos temas.

This work documents and analyses local knowledge and pratices on Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1803) among traditional gatherers in Barra de Sirinhaém, a coastal village in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Local knowledge was registered through open and semi-structured interviews. Many aspects of behavior, taxonomy, external morphology, reproduction and feeding habits of the crustacean under study are known by the women who participated as informants. This local knowledge, which gives the informants the ability to perform their daily gathering practices, seems to be, in some cases, compatible with published scientific knowledge about the same issues.