The effect of Momordica charantia extract on sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) has several biological properties including anthelmintic activity. Presented in vivo study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of M. charantia Presented in vivo study (HEMC) and its effect on animal performance, carcass characteristics and lamb meat quality in animals infected by Haemonchus contortus. The HEMC demonstrated effectiveness against the parasite. Lambs treated with HEMC showed a significant reduction in egg count per gram of faeces and in the number of parasites in the abomasum. However, nutrient intake decreased with increasing doses of HEMC, leading to reductions in final live weight and carcass weight. No significant effects were observed on meat quality. Therefore, it is concluded that HEMC presents anthelmintic action, but it also impairs animal performance, highlighting the need to assess the benefits and impacts of HEMC use for H. contortus control.

Comparison of ddRADseq and EUChip60K SNP genotyping systems for population genetics and genomic selection in Eucalyptus dunnii (Maiden).

Eucalyptus dunnii is one of the most important Eucalyptus species for short-fiber pulp production in regions where other species of the genus are affected by poor soil and climatic conditions. In this context, E. dunnii holds promise as a resource to address and adapt to the challenges of climate change. Despite its rapid growth and favorable wood properties for solid wood products, the advancement of its improvement remains in its early stages. In this work, we evaluated the performance of two single nucleotide polymorphism, (SNP), genotyping methods for population genetics analysis and Genomic Selection in E. dunnii. Double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) was compared with the EUChip60K array in 308 individuals from a provenance-progeny trial. The compared SNP set included 8,011 and 19,008 informative SNPs distributed along the 11 chromosomes, respectively. Although the two datasets differed in the percentage of missing data, genome coverage, minor allele frequency and estimated genetic diversity parameters, they revealed a similar genetic structure, showing two subpopulations with little differentiation between them, and low linkage disequilibrium. GS analyses were performed for eleven traits using Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) and a conventional pedigree-based model (ABLUP). Regardless of the SNP dataset, the predictive ability (PA) of GBLUP was better than that of ABLUP for six traits (Cellulose content, Total and Ethanolic extractives, Total and Klason lignin content and Syringyl and Guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio). When contrasting the SNP datasets used to estimate PAs, the GBLUP-EUChip60K model gave higher and significant PA values for six traits, meanwhile, the values estimated using ddRADseq gave higher values for three other traits. The PAs correlated positively with narrow sense heritabilities, with the highest correlations shown by the ABLUP and GBLUP-EUChip60K. The two genotyping methods, ddRADseq and EUChip60K, are generally comparable for population genetics and genomic prediction, demonstrating the utility of the former when subjected to rigorous SNP filtering. The results of this study provide a basis for future whole-genome studies using ddRADseq in non-model forest species for which SNP arrays have not yet been developed.

Prevalence of postoperative pain after endodontic treatment using low and high concentrations of sodium hypochlorite: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of postoperative pain after endodontic treatment using low (LC) and high (HC) concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six databases and the grey literature were searched to identify randomized clinical trials that evaluated postoperative pain after endodontic treatment using NaOCl. NaOCl concentrations were dichotomized into 'LC' (0.5% to 3%) and 'HC' (≥ 5%) and a proportion meta-analysis was applied to determine the postoperative pain prevalence: overall and according to pain intensity and postoperative time. The prevalence of patients using pain control medication was also determined. A significance level of 5% and a random effect model were applied for data analysis. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by I2 index. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2.0 tool. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Ten studies were included in the review and eight in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of postoperative pain was 45% in LC and 39% in HC. The prevalence of pain in LC and HC after 24 h was 25% and 40%, respectively. After 48 h, the prevalence decreased to 10% in LC and 25% in HC. 'Absent pain' was the most prevalent score. The prevalence of patients who used medication was 9% in LC and 15% in HC. Three studies were classified as 'high RoB', five as 'low RoB', and two as 'some concerns'. The certainty of evidence was very low. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of postoperative pain after endodontic treatment using LC and HC of NaOCl was 45% and 39%, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Postoperative pain is common after endodontic treatment using NaOCl, but tends to decrease over time.

Green Process for Xylooligosaccharides Production using an Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp.

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are oligomers with recognized and important prebiotic properties, whose consumption is associated with several health benefits, including a positive impact on the immune system. In this work, XOS were produced through a green process of enzymatic hydrolysis performed directly on an intermediate product from a pulp and paper industry, Eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp. Focusing on an industrial, sustainable and more economical application, two goals were defined and validated: (i) no pretreatment of the substrate and (ii) the replacement of the commonly used buffer solution as reaction medium for only water. The influence of the most relevant operating conditions on the production of XOS as well as the respective yields obtained were very similar when using either buffer or water as the reaction medium. For the use of water, although the solution pH decreases during the enzymatic reaction, this change did not affect the production of XOS. For the optimized conditions, 80 °C and 100 U/g pulp, a maximum yield of 31.4 ± 2.6% per total xylan in the pulp was obtained, resulting in more than 50 kg of XOS per ton of pulp. The correspondent hydrolysate was mainly composed by xylobiose (66%) and xylotriose (29%), oligomers with the highest prebiotic effect.

Effect of dental tissue thickness on the measurement of oxygen saturation by two different pulse oximeters.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different dental tissue thickness on the measurement of oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels in high (HP) and low (LP) blood perfusion by comparing the values obtained from two different pulse oximeters (POs) - BCI and Sense 10. Thirty freshly extracted human teeth had their crowns interposed between the POs and an optical simulator, which emulated the SpO2 and heart beats per minute (bpm) at HP (100% SpO2/75 bpm) and LP (86% SpO2/75 bpm) modes. Afterwards, the palatine/lingual surfaces of the dental crowns were worn with diamond drills. The reading of SpO2 was performed again using the POs alternately through the buccal surface of each dental crown. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Kendall Tau-b tests (α=5%). The results showed significant difference at the HP and LP modes in the SpO2 readouts through the different dental thicknesses with the use of BCI, and at the LP mode with the use of Sense 10, which had a significant linear correlation (p<0.0001) and lower SpO2 readout values in relation to the increase of the dental thickness. Irrespective of tooth thickness, Sense 10 had significantly higher readout values (p<0.0001) than BCI at both perfusion modes. The interposition of different thicknesses of enamel and dentin influenced the POs measurement of SpO2, specially at the low perfusion mode. The POs were more accurate in SpO2 measurement when simulated perfusion levels were higher.

Effect of dental tissue thickness on the measurement of oxygen saturation by two different pulse oximeters

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different dental tissue thickness on the measurement of oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels in high (HP) and low (LP) blood perfusion by comparing the values obtained from two different pulse oximeters (POs) - BCI and Sense 10. Thirty freshly extracted human teeth had their crowns interposed between the POs and an optical simulator, which emulated the SpO2 and heart beats per minute (bpm) at HP (100% SpO2/75 bpm) and LP (86% SpO2/75 bpm) modes. Afterwards, the palatine/lingual surfaces of the dental crowns were worn with diamond drills. The reading of SpO2 was performed again using the POs alternately through the buccal surface of each dental crown. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Kendall Tau-b tests (α=5%). The results showed significant difference at the HP and LP modes in the SpO2 readouts through the different dental thicknesses with the use of BCI, and at the LP mode with the use of Sense 10, which had a significant linear correlation (p<0.0001) and lower SpO2 readout values in relation to the increase of the dental thickness. Irrespective of tooth thickness, Sense 10 had significantly higher readout values (p<0.0001) than BCI at both perfusion modes. The interposition of different thicknesses of enamel and dentin influenced the POs measurement of SpO2, specially at the low perfusion mode. The POs were more accurate in SpO2 measurement when simulated perfusion levels were higher.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a influência de diferentes espessuras de esmalte e dentina na medição dos níveis de saturação de oxigênio (SpO2) em alta (HP) e baixa (LP) perfusão sanguínea, comparando os valores obtidos em dois oxímetros de pulso (OPs) diferentes, BCI e Sense 10. Trinta dentes recém-extraídos de humanos tiveram suas coroas interpostas entre os OPs e um simulador óptico, que simulava a SpO2 e os batimentos cardíacos por minuto (bpm) nos modos de HP (100% SpO2 / 75 bpm) e LP (86% SpO2 / 75 bpm). Após, as superfícies palatinas / linguais dos dentes foram desgastadas com brocas de diamantadas. A leitura da SpO2 foi realizada novamente usando os dois OPs alternadamente através da face vestibular de cada coroa dental. Os dados foram analisados ​​pelos testes Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney e Kendall Tau-b (α = 5%). Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa nos modos HP e LP nas leituras de SpO2 através das diferentes espessuras dentárias com o uso do BCI, e no modo LP com o uso do Sense 10, que teve correlação linear significativa (p <0,0001) e menores valores de leitura de SpO2 em relação ao aumento da espessura dentária. Independentemente da espessura do dente, o Sense 10 apresentou valores de leitura significativamente maiores (p <0,0001) do que o BCI em ambos os modos de perfusão. A interposição de diferentes espessuras de esmalte e dentina influenciaram a mensuração da SpO2 pelos OPs, especialmente no modo de baixa perfusão. Os POs foram mais precisos na mensuração da SpO2 quando os níveis simulados de perfusão foram maiores.

Evaluation of the Pulp Oxygen Saturation Reading after Tooth Bleaching: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objectives: The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the influence of in-office dental bleaching on the pulp oxygen saturation (SpO2p) reading. Material and Methods. SpO2p was measured using a pulse oximeter in 112 upper and lower anterior teeth (canines and incisors) of patients submitted to bleaching. Whitegold Office 35% (WGO) (upper and lower left hemiarch) and Whiteness HP Auto Mixx 35% (WHP) (upper and lower right hemiarch) bleaching agents were used. SpO2 measurements (teeth and index finger) were taken before and after each of the three application sessions of the agents. In the 4th session, in which no bleaching gel was used, only SpO2 was measured. Before and after the bleaching sessions, a colorimetric device performed the teeth color reading. The waiting time between sessions was 7 days. Data were analyzed by the Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Color change (ΔE) data were correlated (Spearman's Rho test) with the SpO2p levels. Results: Neither of the two bleaching agents showed significant differences between the readings when evaluated individually (WGO, P=0.780, and WHP, P=0.494). When taken together, the results showed significant difference between the readings performed, with higher median values after bleaching sessions: before (97.3) and after (98.6) 1st session; before (98.3) and after (98.3) 2nd session; before (98.3) and after (99.0) 3rd session; and after 1 week (98.3). The dental groups formed by maxillary lateral incisors (P=0.012) and mandibular incisors (P < 0.001) showed a significant difference. Spearman's Rho test showed a nonsignificant and weak correlation between ΔE and SpO2p in most comparisons. Conclusions: The in-office dental bleaching influenced the SpO2p reading, regardless of the dental group evaluated or the bleaching agent used. Clinical Relevance. This study provides information about the influence of in-office tooth whitening on the pulp SpO2p levels. The observation of pulp vitality during and after the use of bleaching agents is important for the follow-up of patients undergoing tooth whitening. The use of a pulse oximeter may be a viable and painless alternative to perform this monitoring. The clinical trial was registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC; registration number: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/RBR-68xbth).

Prevalência e Caracterização do Consumo de Tabaco entre Adolescentes de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 2019-2020 / Prevalence and Characterization of Tobacco Use Among Adolescents from Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 2019-2020 / Prevalencia y Caracterización del Consumo de Tabaco en Adolescentes de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 2019-2020

Introdução: As doenças tabaco-relacionadas são responsáveis por cinco milhões de óbitos a cada ano. Em 2020, estimou-se que o número de óbitos anuais aumentaria para dez milhões, dos quais 70% ocorreriam nos países em desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência do tabagismo e caracterizar o consumo de tabaco entre adolescentes de 12 e de 15 anos na cidade de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, em 2019-2020. Método: Estudo epidemiológico quantitativo transversal, parte do projeto "Levantamento epidemiológico sobre condições de saúde bucal entre escolares de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil", realizado em 2019-2020. A amostra estimada foi de 354 escolares de 12 anos e 355 de 15 anos, calculada entre 4.458 escolares de 12 anos e 4.524 de 15 anos, respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente por meio de medidas de tendência central, variância e frequência. Resultados: Houve prevalência do uso de tabaco entre adolescentes alguma vez na vida de 8,6 %, sendo 4,6% relativos ao consumo do cigarro Paiol. Conclusão: A prevalência do consumo encontrada entre os adolescentes é preocupante por causa dos efeitos deletérios à saúde. Conhecer o perfil dos desses usuários pode contribuir para as políticas de saúde coletiva com o objetivo de reduzir o seu uso

Introduction: Tobacco-related diseases are responsible for five million deaths each year. By 2020, the estimate is that the number of annual deaths would increase to ten million, of which 70% would occur in developing countries. Objective: Estimate the prevalence of smoking and characterize tobacco use among adolescents aged 12 and 15 in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais in 2019-2020. Method: Cross-sectional quantitative epidemiological study, part of the project "Epidemiological survey on oral health conditions among students in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil", conducted in 2019-2020.The sample consisted of 354 12-year-old and 355 15-year-old adolescents from a population of 4,458 12-year-old and 4,524 15-year-old adolescents, respectively. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis with measures of central tendency, variance and frequency. Results: There was prevalence of tobacco use in adolescents at some point in their lives of 8.6%, being 4,6% for cigarettes made with pressed tobacco leaves. Conclusion: The prevalence of the use among adolescents is worrying due to the harmful effects to health. Knowing the profile of these users may support health policies aimed to reduce its use

Introducción: Las enfermedades relacionadas con el tabaco son responsables de cinco millones de muertes cada año. Para 2020, la estimación es que el número de muertes anuales aumentaría a diez millones, de los cuales el 70% ocurriría en países en desarrollo. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia del tabaquismo y caracterizar el consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de 12 y 15 años de la ciudad de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, en 2019-2020. Método: Estudio epidemiológico cuantitativo transversal, parte del proyecto "Encuesta epidemiológica sobre condiciones de salud bucal en escolares de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil", realizado en 2019-2020. La muestra estimada estuvo conformada por 354 de 12 años y 355 de 15 años, calculada a partir de 4.458 de 12 años y 4.524 de 15 años, respectivamente. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis descriptivo que estimaron medidas de tendencia central, variabilidad y frecuencia. Resultados: Esta investigación observó una prevalencia del consumo de tabaco entre los adolescentes en algún momento de su vida del 8,6%, con predominio del 4,6% en el consumo de cigarrillos. Conclusión: La prevalencia de consumo encontrada es preocupante, debido a los efectos nocivos para la salud. Conocer el perfil de los consumidores adolescentes de productos del tabaco puede contribuir a las políticas de salud colectiva para reducir este uso

A second attempt at pulp revascularisation on an immature traumatised anterior tooth: a case report with two-year follow-up.

This report describes the second attempt at pulp revascularisation, using an association between 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and calcium hydroxide (CH) as intracanal dressing, in an immature traumatised anterior tooth with pulp necrosis. A 21-year-old woman complained of pain and dental crown darkening of a permanent maxillary right central incisor. Her medical records presented a history of dental trauma, and at age 15, the first attempt at revascularisation was performed, using triple antibiotic paste (TAP) as the intracanal dressing. Recent radiographs then showed a periapical lesion associated with an immature root, which demonstrated the failure of the first attempt. The second pulp revascularisation was performed, using an association between CHX and CH as intracanal medication. The case was followed up for 24 months. Observations showed evidence of root development, dentinal wall thickening and periapical healing. In this case, the association between CHX and CH showed favourable results as an intracanal medication.

Correlation between Bond Strength to Dentin and Sealers Penetration by Push-Out Test and CLSM Analysis.

This study correlated the bond strength (BS) and dentin penetration of different sealers by push-out test and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) analysis. Forty-five root canals were prepared according to the crown-down technique and filled with gutta-percha associated to the following sealers (n=15): Endofill, AH Plus and MTA Fillapex. Five canals of each group were filled with the sealers added with 0.1% Rhodamine B dye. Next, the specimens were transversely sectioned and submitted to the push-out test (n=10) and CLSM analysis (n=5). The BS data showed the following means (MPa) and standard deviation: AH Plus (4.17±1.86); MTA Fillapex (3.13±1.96) and Endofill (2.10±1.03). Statistical analysis (two-way ANOVA, α=0.05) showed significant difference among sealers (p<0.001) and root canal thirds (p<0.001). The BS results of Endofill and MTA Fillapex were statistically similar (p>0.05), however, they were statistically different from AH Plus (p<0.001). The regional analysis of BS showed similarity between middle and apical thirds (p>0.05), and both were different from coronal portion (p<0.001). CLSM analysis verified tags formation in all groups and higher penetration of the specimens filled with AH Plus (p<0.05). The Kendall test (correlation between BS to dentin and sealer penetration into dentinal tubules) and the Pearson test (between failures pattern and sealer penetration into dentinal tubules) did not show correlation between the variables evaluated for all the tested sealers (p>0.05). AH Plus group had higher BS to dentin, and deeper tags formation than the other sealers. There was no significant correlation between BS and intratubular penetration of the tested sealers.

Avaliação da situação nutricional e dietética de idosos hospitalizados / Assessment of nutritional and dietary status of hospitalized elderly / Evaluación de la situación dietética y nutricional de los ancianos hospitalizados

Objetivo: avaliar a situação nutricional e dietética de idosos hospitalizados. Método: pesquisa do tipo descritiva, exploratória, transversal e quantitativa. Foi realizada com 44 idosos hospitalizados, de ambos os sexos, atendidos em um hospital público da cidade de Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para avaliar a situação nutricional e dietética dos idosos hospitalizados utilizou-se a mini avaliação nutricional. Resultados: verifica-se que 55% dos idosos apresentaram-se com baixo peso, com maior quantitativo no sexo masculino. Observou-se prevalência de hipertensão, diabetes e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Entre os participantes, 25% informaram que possuem alguma restrição na motilidade. Identificou que mais de 60% dos idosos utilizam acima de três medicamentos e bebem menos de cinco copos de água por dia. Conclusão: a realização de pesquisas sobre o estado nutricional de idosos e a associação de fatores que contribuem para agravar o quadro de desnutrição é fundamental para definir e acompanhar a qualidade de vida, bem como sustentar projetos terapêuticos.

Objective: to evaluate the nutritional and dietary situation of hospitalized elderly. Method: descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional and quantitative research. It was carried out with 44 elderly inpatients, both genders, treated in a public hospital in the city of Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil. To assess the nutritional and dietary status of the hospitalized elderly, the mini nutritional assessment was used. Results: 55% of the elderly were underweight, with higher numbers in males. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and congestive heart failure were observed. Among the participants, 25% reported to have some restriction on motility. Over 60% of the elderly were found to use more than three medications and drink less than five glasses of water per day. Conclusion: conducting research on the nutritional status of the elderly and the association of factors that contribute to aggravate malnutrition is fundamental to define and monitor quality of life, as well as to sustain therapeutic projects

Objetivo: valorar el estado nutricional y dietética de ancianos hospitalizados. Método: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, transversal y el análisis cuantitativo. Se llevó a cabo con 44 ancianos hospitalizados, de ambos sexos, atendidos en un hospital público de la ciudad de Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para evaluar la situación dietética y nutricional de los ancianos hospitalizados utilizó el mini nutricional assessment. Resultados: el 55% de los ancianos tenían bajo peso, con un mayor número de hombres. Se observó prevalencia de hipertensión, diabetes e insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva. Entre los participantes, el 25% informó que tienen alguna restricción en la motilidad. Descubrió que más del 60% de las personas mayores usan más de tres medicamentos y beben menos de cinco vasos de agua al día. Conclusión: realizar investigaciones sobre el estado nutricional de los ancianos y la asociación de factores que contribuyen a agravar la desnutrición es fundamental para definir y controlar la calidad de vida, así como para sostener proyectos terapéuticos.

Effect of Bleaching and Ca(OH)2 Dressing on the Bond Strength of Fiberglass Posts to Root Dentine.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the intracoronary bleaching and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) dressing use, on the bond strength (BS) of fiberglass posts to root dentine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After root canal filling of 40 bovine incisors, a 2-mm thick cervical plug was fabricated 2 mm below the cementum-enamel junction. Seven days later, teeth were randomly distributed into four groups (n = 10), as follows: G1 no bleaching, followed by immediate post cementation; G2 bleaching and immediate post cementation; G3 bleaching, dressing with Ca(OH)2 for 7 days, and post cementation; and G4 bleaching, no dressing, and post cementation after 7 days. The roots were transversally cut into 1-mm thick slices to perform the push-out test (0.5 mm/min). Failure modes were assessed under scanning electron microscopy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) was performed, followed by the supplementary Tukey multiple comparison test (a = 5%). RESULTS: No significant difference for BS was observed among groups. Considering the different root thirds, G1 had higher BS values for the cervical third in comparison with the apical one (p < 0.05). The most frequent failure modes were adhesive between cement/dentine (G1); cohesive at the post (G2 and G3), and mixed (G4). CONCLUSIONS: The BS of the fiberglass posts to root dentine was not affected by the intracoronary bleaching and the use of Ca(OH)2 dressing.

Avaliação nutricional e dietética de pré-escolares de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Dietary and nutritional assessment of pre-school children in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Evaluación dietética y nutricional de preescolar en Montes Claros, Minas Gerais

Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar das principais fontes de macro e micronutrientes ingeridos por pré-escolares. Método: trata-se de estudo exploratório-descritivo, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, composto por 269 crianças de ambos os sexos com idade entre 3 e 5 anos dos centros municipais de educação infantil de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Realizou-se inquérito alimentar e a avaliação antropométrica no ambiente escolar, mediante a autorização dos pais e/ou responsáveis. Resultados: verifica-se que a maioria das crianças se encontram eutróficas de acordo com todos os critérios avaliados. No inquérito alimentar, apenas o consumo de calorias totais e ferro encontrava-se adequado para a faixa etária. Entre os macronutrientes, o consumo de carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas estava acima do valor recomendado. Dentre os micronutrientes, observa-se o consumo aumentado de zinco, sódio e vitamina C. No entanto, a ingestão de micronutrientes como o cálcio, magnésio, vitaminas A, D e E encontrava-se abaixo do recomendado, além das fibras. Conclusão: observa-se que o estado nutricional das crianças está adequado, porém há inadequação na ingestão alimentar. Este fator pode contribuir com o aumento no índice de sobrepeso e obesidade, e estar associado com as deficiências nutricionais.(AU)

Objective: to assess the nutritional status and food consumption of the main sources of macro and micronutrients ingested by preschool children. Method: This is an exploratory-descriptive, cross-sectional with a quantitative approach study, composed of 269 children of both sexes aged between 3 and 5 years of child municipal education centers in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. A food survey and anthropometric evaluation were carried out in the school environment, with the authorization of parents and/or guardians. Results: It appears that most of the children are eutrophic according to all the evaluated criteria. In the investigation of food, only the consumption of calories and iron was appropriate for the age range. Among the macronutrients, the consumption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins was above the recommended value. Among the micronutrients, an increased consumption of zinc, sodium and vitamin C was observed. However, the intake of micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, vitamins A, D and E was below the recommended levels, as well as the fibers consumption. Conclusion: It is observed that the nutritional status of children is appropriate, but there is inadequate food intake. This factor may contribute to the increase in overweight and obesity and may also be associated with nutritional deficiencies.(AU)

Objetivo: Valorar el estado nutricional y el consumo de alimentos de las principales fuentes de macro y micronutrientes son ingeridos por preescolar. Método: Este estudio es de tipo exploratorio-descriptivo, transversal de enfoque cuantitativo, compuesta por 269 niños de ambos sexos en edades comprendidas entre los 3 y los 5 años de centros municipales de educación infantil en la ciudad de Montes Claros, en el estado de Minas Gerais. Encuesta alimentaria y se realizó la evaluación antropométrica en el entorno de la escuela, previa autorización de los padres y/o tutores. Resultados: Parece que la mayoría de los niños se encuentra en el estatus nutricional de acuerdo con todos los criterios evaluados. En la investigación de alimentos, sólo el consumo de calorías y el hierro es el adecuado para el rango de edad. Entre los macronutrientes, el consumo de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas fue superior al valor recomendado. Entre los micronutrientes, se observó un incremento en el consumo de zinc, sodio y vitamina C. Sin embargo, la ingesta de micronutrientes como el calcio, el magnesio, vitaminas A, D y E, estaba por debajo de los niveles recomendados, así como las fibras. Conclusión: Se observa que el estado nutricional de los niños es adecuada, pero no hay una ingesta insuficiente de alimentos. Este factor puede contribuir al incremento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, y se asocia con deficiencias nutricionales.(AU)

Molecular crowding effects on the distribution of amphiphiles in biological media.

Biological systems are the result of the interactions established among their many distinct molecules and molecular assemblies. The high concentration of small molecules dissolved in the aqueous media alter the water properties with important consequences in the interactions established. In this work, the effects of high concentrations of the disaccharide trehalose on the solubility of a homologous series of fluorescent amphiphiles (NBD-Cn, n=4-16) and on their interaction with a lipid bilayer and a serum protein are quantitatively characterized. Both kinetic and equilibrium aspects are reported for a better understanding of the effects observed. The aqueous solubility of the most hydrophobic amphiphiles (n ≥ 8) is strongly increased by 1 M trehalose, while no signifcant effect is observed for the most polar amphiphile (n = 4). This results from a decrease in the magnitude of the hydrophobic effect at molecular crowding conditions. A small decrease is observed on the equilibrium association with serum albumin. This is most significant for amphiphiles with longer alkyl chains, in agreement with their increased solubility in the aqueous media containing trehalose. The effects on the association of the amphiphiles with lipid bilayers are influenced by both equilibrium and kinetic aspects. On the one hand, the decreased magnitude of the hydrophobic effect leads to a decrease in the affinity of the amphiphiles towards the membrane. However, this tendency may be overbalanced by the effects on the kinetics of the interaction (insertion/desorption) due to the increase in the viscosity of the aqueous media. It is shown that the distribution of amphiphilic drugs in the crowded biological media is significantly different from that predicted from studies in dilute solutions and that the effects are dependent on the solute's hydrophobicity.

Controlled freeze-thawing test to determine the degree of deionization required for tartaric stabilization of wines by electrodialysis.

A controlled freeze-thawing test for wines is proposed to predict the deionization degree required for tartaric stabilization by electrodialysis. In this test, wine samples are frozen and then thawed in controlled conditions. The required deionization degree is estimated based on the difference of specific conductivity of the wines before and after the freeze-thawing cycle. The effect of freezing holding time and thawing time on the predicted deionization degree was investigated, using different types of red, rose and white table wines. For the recommended operating conditions, the freeze-thawing test gives reproducible results, which are between 5 and 9% higher than the corresponding values obtained by the mini-contact test at -4 °C during 4 h. The passive version of freeze-thawing test seems to be an expedite and reliable method that can yield in 24 h an estimate of the deionization degree of wines for tartaric stabilization by electrodialysis.

Entre o nascer e o morrer: cuidados paliativos na experiência dos profissionais de saúde / Between birth and death: palliative care in the experience of health professionals / Entre el nacer y el morir: cuidados paliativos a partir de la experiencia de profesionales sanitarios

Objetivo: Compreender como os profissionais de saúde de uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN), em um hospital-maternidade de alto risco, experienciam os cuidados paliativos neonatais. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, realizado com método fenomenológico crítico, tendo como instrumento uma entrevista não estruturada, realizada no período de outubro a dezembro de 2015, do qual participaram oito profissionais de saúde da referida UTIN. Surgiram quatro categorias: Experienciando cuidados paliativos; Significando o bebê sem prognóstico; As famílias dos bebês e a afetação dos profissionais; e O atravessamento da morte na experiência vivida dos profissionais. Resultados: Os principais achados do estudo indicaram que os cuidados paliativos para os profissionais podem ser retratados a partir de diferentes aspectos. Para eles, o olhar e o cuidar dos bebês sem prognóstico estão entrelaçados ao surgimento do envolvimento afetivo; a experiência de contato com a família também aparece como uma forma de serem afetados, pois surgem sentimentos não antes emergentes; e o momento da morte do bebê é um desafio cheio de dificuldades para enfrentar. Conclusão: Percebe-se que, mesmo sem o programa de cuidados paliativos na instituição, existe a iniciativa de realizar uma prática que se aproxima desses cuidados, principalmente ao buscar conforto para esse bebê e maior inclusão da família, o que já mostra sensibilização para tal perspectiva.

Objective: To understand how the health professionals of a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a high-risk maternity hospital experience neonatal palliative care. Methods: Qualitative study carried out using the critical phenomenological method and with the unstructured interview as instrument, performed from October to December 2015, with participation of eight health professionals of the said NICU. Four categories arose: Experiencing palliative care; Giving meaning to the baby with no prognosis; The families of the babies and the affectation of professionals; and Traversing death in the lived experience of the professionals. Results: The main findings of the study indicate that palliative care for the professionals can be portrayed from different aspects. For them, looking and caring for babies without prognosis are intertwined with the onset of affective involvement; the experience of contact with the family also appears as a way of being affected, as feelings that had not emerged before arise; and the moment of the baby`s death is a challenge full of difficulties to face. Conclusion: It is perceived that, even without the palliative care program at the institution, there is the initiative to perform a practice that approaches that kind of care, especially with regard to seeking comfort for the baby and greater inclusion of the family, what already demonstrates that they are sensitized awareness to this perspective.

Objetivo: Comprender cómo los profesionales sanitarios de una unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN) de un hospital-maternidad de alto riesgo vivencian los cuidados paliativos neonatales. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo realizado con el método fenomenológico crítico con la entrevista no estructurada como instrumento de recogida de datos realizada en el período entre octubre y diciembre de 2015 en el cual participaron ocho profesionales sanitarios de la referida UCIN. Surgieron cuatro categorías: Vivenciando los cuidados paliativos; Significando el bebé sin pronóstico; Las familias de los bebés y la afectación de los profesionales; y El cruce de la muerte en la experiencia vivida por los profesionales. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos del estudio indicaron que para los profesionales los cuidados paliativos pueden ser retratados a partir de distintos aspectos. Para ellos, la mirada y el cuidar de los bebés sin pronóstico están entrelazados con la aparición del envolvimiento afectivo; la experiencia del contacto con la familia también surge como una forma de ser afectado pues surgen los sentimientos que antes no emergieron; y el momento de la muerte del bebé es un desafío lleno de dificultades para afrontar. Conclusión: Aunque no haya el programa de cuidados paliativos en la institución, se percibe la iniciativa de realizar una práctica que esté cerca de eses cuidados, principalmente al buscar el conforto del bebé y mayor inclusión de la familia lo que muestra la sensibilización para tal perspectiva.

Comparison of two observational methods, scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopies, in the adhesive interface analysis of endodontic sealers to root dentine.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) during the analysis of the adhesive interface integrity and intratubular penetration of root canal sealers to radicular dentine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty roots of human maxillary incisors were prepared and distributed into two groups (n = 10), followed by filling with gutta-percha and Endofill (G1) or AH Plus (G2). After 7 days, roots were sectioned and analyzed under CLSM and SEM. Score systems were used to evaluate the adhesive interface integrity (0-4) and sealer intratubular penetration (0-3). Data were submitted to Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Kendall correlation statistical tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: In the adhesive interface analysis, CLSM was similar (P = 0.157) to SEM for Endofill; however, the results were different for AH Plus (P = 0.029). Intratubular penetration had significant difference between observational methods for both sealers (P < 0.0001). Correlation analysis between SEM and CLSM for adhesive interface was moderate for Endofill and low for AH Plus. Intratubular penetration was low for both sealers. CONCLUSION: SEM and CLSM analysis had similar results when sealers were compared, with a more homogeneous adhesive interface, and greater intratubular penetration for AH Plus. Comparison between observational methods demonstrated low positive correlation for adhesive interface and intratubular penetration analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A proper interface formed between sealer and dentine is very important for final quality of root canal filling. Observational methods which allow an accurate analysis of this interface must be selected to assess such features.

Bacterial penetration into filled root canals exposed to different pressures and to the oral environment-in vivo analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The study aims to correlate the depth of bacterial penetration into filled root canals with the time of exposure to the oral environment and different pressures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred and twenty-two root canals of male Beagle dog teeth were prepared and filled. The root canals were distributed into three groups, according to the pressure applied: (A) no pressure, (B) 30 kPa, and (C) 60 kPa. Then, the root canals were exposed to the oral environment, establishing sub-groups considering the time intervals of exposure: (1) 45 days and (2) 120 days (n = 17). Sub-groups had positive and negative controls (n = 5). The animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were prepared for histological analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the bacterial penetration among groups A, B, and C at 45 days (P = 0.903) and 120 days (P = 0.211). No statistically significant difference was found (P = 0.608) between the exposure time intervals. Most of the specimens from experimental groups exposed for 120 days presented moderate inflammatory infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS: Pressures of 30 and 60 kPa did not affect sealing ability of root canal filling. The time of exposure did not influence bacterial penetration, which was limited to the first 4 mm of the root canals exposed for 120 days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This animal study demonstrated that disinfection of the first millimeters of root canals could be considered before retreatment of their entire length. However, clinical studies in humans should be conducted before validation of this protocol.

Effect of Milk Renewal on Cell Viability In Vitro at Different Time Frames.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the renewal of milk as a storage medium, every 12, 24 and 48 h, is able to increase its ability to maintain human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) viability over time. PDLF were soaked in Minimum Essential Medium at 37 °C (MEM-37) (positive control), tap water (Water) (negative control) and in skimmed milk (44 wells) at 5 °C and 20 °C. The skimmed milk was renewed every 12 h (Milk-12), 24 h (Milk-24) and 48 h (Milk-48) in 11 wells of each plate, and the milk in the remaining 11 wells of each plate was maintained in situ (not renewed milk) (NRM). After 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, cell viability was determined by the tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Scheffé and Mann-Whitney tests (a=5%). At 5 °C, only Milk-48 was significantly better than NRM. At 20 °C, NRM was more effective than Milk-12 and Milk-24 in all time periods. In relation to the temperature (5 °C or 20 °C), renewal of milk at 5 °C was better in maintaining cell viability than the renewal at 20 °C. In conclusion, the renewal of milk was able to increase its ability to maintain cell viability only when performed every 48 h in milk maintained at 5 °C.

Effect of Milk Renewal on Cell Viability In Vitro at Different Time Frames

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the renewal of milk as a storage medium, every 12, 24 and 48 h, is able to increase its ability to maintain human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) viability over time. PDLF were soaked in Minimum Essential Medium at 37 °C (MEM-37) (positive control), tap water (Water) (negative control) and in skimmed milk (44 wells) at 5 °C and 20 °C. The skimmed milk was renewed every 12 h (Milk-12), 24 h (Milk-24) and 48 h (Milk-48) in 11 wells of each plate, and the milk in the remaining 11 wells of each plate was maintained in situ (not renewed milk) (NRM). After 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, cell viability was determined by the tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Scheffé and Mann-Whitney tests (a=5%). At 5 °C, only Milk-48 was significantly better than NRM. At 20 °C, NRM was more effective than Milk-12 and Milk-24 in all time periods. In relation to the temperature (5 °C or 20 °C), renewal of milk at 5 °C was better in maintaining cell viability than the renewal at 20 °C. In conclusion, the renewal of milk was able to increase its ability to maintain cell viability only when performed every 48 h in milk maintained at 5 °C.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a renovação do leite, a cada 12, 24 e 48 h, é capaz de aumentar sua capacidade de manter a viabilidade de fibroblastos do ligamento periodontal humano (FLPH) ao longo do tempo. FLPH foram conservados em Meio Essencial Mínimo a 37 °C (MEM-37) (controle positivo), água da torneira (água) (controle negativo) e em leite desnatado (44 poços) a 5 °C e 20 °C. O leite desnatado foi renovado a cada 12 h (leite-12), 24 h (leite-24) e 48 h (leite-48) em 11 poços de cada placa, e em outros 11 poços de cada placa o leite foi deixado in situ (leite não renovado) (LNR). Depois de 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h, a viabilidade celular foi determinada pelo ensaio colorimétrico à base de sal tetrazólio (MTT). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis, Scheffé e Mann-Whitney (α=5%). A 5 °C, somente o leite-48 foi significantemente melhor do que o LNR. A 20 °C, LNR foi mais efetivo do que o leite-12 e leite-24 em todos os períodos de tempo. Em relação à temperatura (5 °C ou 20 °C), a renovação do leite a 5 °C foi melhor na manutenção da viabilidade celular do que a renovação a 20 °C. Concluindo, a renovação do leite foi capaz de aumentar sua habilidade em manter a viabilidade celular apenas quando realizada a cada 48 h no leite mantido a 5 °C.