Presumed normal hemodynamic values of the arteries in the final third period of gestation in bitches

Background: Doppler ultrasonography enables the investigation of vascular blood flow indexes in gestational assessment,being able to detect vascular resistances that can affect fetal and maternal circulation, such as cases of placental insufficiency, associated with fetal cerebral oxygenation deficit and fetal distress. The study aims to assume hemodynamicallynormal values in the final third of gestation in bitches, of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotidarteries, correlating the obtained Doppler velocimetric indexes, for the assessment of the feto-placental circulation, andprediction of fetal viability indexes, fetal centralization and probable date of delivery.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy bitches were examined in the final third of gestation (40-60 days). Thesewere evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 times (T): T1: between 40-50 days; T2: between 51-60 of gestation.At each time point, the peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end-diastolic velocities (EDV) used to obtain the pulsatility(IP) and resistivity (IR) indexes of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries of fetuseswere evaluated. Also, the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of these vessels was evaluated. The data obtained were subjected toanalysis of variance and Tukey test, using a P value equal to 5%. A significant difference was observed between velocitiesand Doppler velocimetric indexes between the 2 phases of the gestational final third in all studied vessels. There was anincrease in the values of PSV and EDV and a decrease in the indexes, as the probable date of delivery approached. Theanalysis of the umbilical cord IR showed an increase from P1 to P2 (P < 0.05), while the IP decreased at the same time.For all studied variables there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the uteroplacental...(AU)

Fetal distress during the last third of pregnancy in bitches - evaluation by Doppler ultrasound imaging

Background: Diagnostic ultrasound has revolutionized obstetric practice. Doppler techniques provided in vivo studies of the fetus-placental and uterus-placental circulations, in an increasingly precise manner. The assessment of fetal well-being is essential in obstetric practice, however, in veterinary medicine, there is a deficit of ultrasound parameters related to fetal distress. The main of this research was to determine the hemodynamic characteristics and behavior, through Doppler ultrasonography, of maternal-fetal vessels during the final third of gestation in bitches with fetuses under stress, as well as correlating them with each other and with fetal distress. Materials, Methods & Results: An observational, prospective study was carried out, in which 30 healthy bitches were examined, during the last third of pregnancy, with fetuses under fetal distress. Fetuses were evaluated in 2 stages: (1st): 50-54 days and (2nd): 55-60 days of gestation. All fetuses were calmly assessed, one by one, and fetal heart rate (FHR) was measured 5 times, for at least 3 min, to identify and confirm fetal distress. At least 3 fetuses were evaluated in each bitch and each measurement was performed in triplicate, setting a hemodynamic mean for each value evaluated. The flow pattern in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and umbilical artery (UA) was evaluated. The analyzed vessel was initially visualized in B mode, followed by evaluation by color and spectral Doppler. The variables observed were: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and the resistivity (RI) and pulsatility (PI) index, as well as the systole/diastole ratio (S/D). The analysis of RI and PI of the umbilical artery showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, increasing from time 1 to time 2. For middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries, PI, RI and the relationship systole/diastole (S/D), showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, decreasing from time 1 to time 2. Discussion: Fetal heart rate (HR) findings are considered normal above 200 beats per minute (bpm), only if preceded by acceleration and deceleration. This fact confirms the presence of fetal stress, by this parameter, for the fetuses in the present study. Corroborating the picture of fetal distress, another study concluded that HR tends to increase up to 20 days before delivery, a fact that did not occur in the study in question, where animals in the same gestational period were evaluated. Recent research has concluded that an elevated umbilical artery PI at 28 weeks of gestation, in the absence of fetal growth restriction or prematurity, is associated with some adverse cognitive findings in 12-year-olds children. In the present study, a progressive increase in this index was observed throughout the final third of pregnancy. Although the pups were not monitored after birth, this data serves as a warning for veterinarians, and can be useful in the assessment and diagnosis of possible postnatal nervous alterations. Like what was found in the present study, a study reported that from the 4th week to birth, the PSV of the umbilical artery (UA) increased almost linearly, with high significance. For the middle cerebral arteries, the PI showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, however, decreasing throughout the final third of pregnancy.

Presumed normal hemodynamic values of the arteries in the final third period of gestation in bitches

Background: Doppler ultrasonography enables the investigation of vascular blood flow indexes in gestational assessment,being able to detect vascular resistances that can affect fetal and maternal circulation, such as cases of placental insufficiency, associated with fetal cerebral oxygenation deficit and fetal distress. The study aims to assume hemodynamicallynormal values in the final third of gestation in bitches, of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotidarteries, correlating the obtained Doppler velocimetric indexes, for the assessment of the feto-placental circulation, andprediction of fetal viability indexes, fetal centralization and probable date of delivery.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy bitches were examined in the final third of gestation (40-60 days). Thesewere evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 times (T): T1: between 40-50 days; T2: between 51-60 of gestation.At each time point, the peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end-diastolic velocities (EDV) used to obtain the pulsatility(IP) and resistivity (IR) indexes of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries of fetuseswere evaluated. Also, the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of these vessels was evaluated. The data obtained were subjected toanalysis of variance and Tukey test, using a P value equal to 5%. A significant difference was observed between velocitiesand Doppler velocimetric indexes between the 2 phases of the gestational final third in all studied vessels. There was anincrease in the values of PSV and EDV and a decrease in the indexes, as the probable date of delivery approached. Theanalysis of the umbilical cord IR showed an increase from P1 to P2 (P < 0.05), while the IP decreased at the same time.For all studied variables there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the uteroplacental...

Ocular echobiometry and resistivity Index of external ophthalmic artery in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha)

Veterinary Ophthalmology provides complementary information for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies. Studies in wild species are essential. Among the diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology, two-dimensional ultrasonography stands out. The agouti is a rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family that has been widely used as an experimental model. For these animals, sight is one of the crucial senses for their survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the two-dimensional ocular ultrasound technique to obtain anatomical measurements and the external ophthalmic artery resistivity index, presumably normal in the species Dasyprocta prymnolopha. Forty eye bulbs of 20 adult rodents of the species were evaluated by ultrasonography. In these animals, B-mode echobiometry was performed using the transpalpebral approach and the hemodynamic study of the external ophthalmic artery using the color Doppler technique. All examinations were initiated by the left eye bulb and all measurements were performed by only one examiner. The collected data related to echobiometry were analyzed using Bioest 5.0 for Windows. Initially, normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test for each parameter, then the paired t-test was performed, comparing right and left eyes, and a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05) was adopted. Based on the methodology used, the following values were obtained for the right and left eyeballs, respectively: anterior chamber thickness - mean of 1.28 ± 0.3 mm and 1.22 ± 0.1 mm; lens thickness - 8.27 ± 0.9 mm and 8.11 ± 0.9 mm; vitreous chamber thickness - 5.35 ± 0.48 mm and 5.30 ± 0.47 mm and axial length - 12.7 ± 0.9 mm and 13 ± 0.68 mm. The mean external ophthalmic artery resistivity values were 0.4305 ± 0.0390 and 0.4258 ± 0.0387 (right and left eye, respectively), characterizing a low resistance. There was no statistical difference between the right and left eyeballs in any of the studied parameters. The use of the convex transducer was feasible, promoting adequate contact with the ocular surface and images of satisfactory quality for obtaining measurements, similar to what was observed in studies evaluating the ocular biometry of primates and dogs. The anterior chamber thickness values in this experiment did not differ statistically between the antimers, as well as observed for dogs. The data obtained for lens thickness did not differ statistically for antimers, like those obtained for other rodent species evaluated with the same methodology. The mean values of vitreous chamber thickness were like those observed in chinchillas but correspond to about half of that obtained for capybaras. In this study, the external ophthalmic artery was characterized in all animals, but obtaining the spectral tracing was difficult due to its fine caliber. In wild animals, and especially in wild rodents, there are few data reporting the resistivity of the ophthalmic artery, and there is a lack of studies, which can be explained by the behavioral characteristics of defense and by the high susceptibility to stress in capture, since the performing the technique requires, as in other procedures, the use of chemical containment. (AU)

Standard electrocardiographic data of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu)

Background: Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) are wild suiformes that belong to the Tayassuidae family. Electrocardiography is an important technique for cardiovascular evaluation. Analysis of various intervals, segments, complexesand waveforms of electrocardiographic (ECG) traces aids in the diagnosis of cardiac alterations and in the differentiationof congenital and acquired heart diseases from physiological cases. However, in wild animal medicine, the various patternsof normality and the evaluation of electrical traces associated with heart disease have not yet been sufficiently elucidated.The purpose of this study was to characterize the electrocardiographic (ECG) traces of peccaries sedated using ketamineand xylazine.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen healthy adult animals that were subjected to digital ECG examination wereused. Animals with evidence of systemic diseases, cardiovascular abnormalities (murmurs or arrhythmias), or any degreeof valve insufficiency observed on echocardiogram and animals that exhibited excessive stress during the examinationwere excluded from the study. All animals presented with a normal sinus rhythm. A combination of 15 mg/kg of ketaminehydrochloride and 3 mg/kg of midazolam maleate was applied intramuscularly for chemical immobilization. The animalswere manipulated after 15 min, when the onset of the anaesthetic effect was verified, for a duration of 45 min, and noreinforcement dose was necessary to complete the electrocardiographic examination. No significant differences wereobserved in the P-wave duration, PR interval and QT interval between genders (P > 0.05). No significant differences werefound between the amplitudes of the P and R waves between males and females (P > 0.05). The observed P waves weresmall, monophasic and positive. The QRS complex was positive in the DI, DII, DIII, aVF, V4 and V10 derivations andnegative in the aVR, aVL, V1 and V2 derivations...(AU)

Estenose da artéria pulmonar em cães: revisão de literatura

A estenose da artéria pulmonar corresponde uma doença cardíaca congênita, de maior frequência na espécie canina. Caracteriza-se por estreitamento do lúmen arterial pulmonar. Nos cães, corresponde à terceira patologia cardíaca de maior frequência e acomete principalmente o Buldogue inglês. Os animais acometidos geralmente não apresentam sintomatologia, e em casos mais graves é possível observar sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congênita direita e ate mesmo sincope. O método de escolha para o correto diagnóstico da doença é o exame ecocardiográfico, o qual permite detectar a lesão, classifica-la e ainda determinar o se grau de gravidade e as alterações secundarias.

Pulmonary artery stenosis corresponds to a congenital heart disease, more frequent in the canine species. It is characterized by narrowing of the pulmonary arterial lumen. In dogs, it corresponds to the third most frequent cardiac pathology and affects mainly the English Bulldog. Affected animals generally do not show symptoms, and in more severe cases it is possible to observe signs of right congenital heart failure and even syncope. The method of choice for the correct diagnosis of the disease is the echocardiographic examination, which allows to detect the lesion, classify it and also determine its degree of severity and secondary changes.

Standard electrocardiographic data of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu)

Background: Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) are wild suiformes that belong to the Tayassuidae family. Electrocardiography is an important technique for cardiovascular evaluation. Analysis of various intervals, segments, complexesand waveforms of electrocardiographic (ECG) traces aids in the diagnosis of cardiac alterations and in the differentiationof congenital and acquired heart diseases from physiological cases. However, in wild animal medicine, the various patternsof normality and the evaluation of electrical traces associated with heart disease have not yet been sufficiently elucidated.The purpose of this study was to characterize the electrocardiographic (ECG) traces of peccaries sedated using ketamineand xylazine.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen healthy adult animals that were subjected to digital ECG examination wereused. Animals with evidence of systemic diseases, cardiovascular abnormalities (murmurs or arrhythmias), or any degreeof valve insufficiency observed on echocardiogram and animals that exhibited excessive stress during the examinationwere excluded from the study. All animals presented with a normal sinus rhythm. A combination of 15 mg/kg of ketaminehydrochloride and 3 mg/kg of midazolam maleate was applied intramuscularly for chemical immobilization. The animalswere manipulated after 15 min, when the onset of the anaesthetic effect was verified, for a duration of 45 min, and noreinforcement dose was necessary to complete the electrocardiographic examination. No significant differences wereobserved in the P-wave duration, PR interval and QT interval between genders (P > 0.05). No significant differences werefound between the amplitudes of the P and R waves between males and females (P > 0.05). The observed P waves weresmall, monophasic and positive. The QRS complex was positive in the DI, DII, DIII, aVF, V4 and V10 derivations andnegative in the aVR, aVL, V1 and V2 derivations...

B-Mode and Doppler ocular ultrasound evaluation in healthy and positive dogs for visceral canine leishmaniasis

Background: The use of ultrasound examination in the evaluation of ophthalmopathies has been gaining more and more space within the ophthalmologic clinical routine. The hemodynamic study of ocular vascularization may anticipate future changes, aiding in the adequate establishment of therapeutic conduits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structures of the ocular bulb and to perform the hemodynamic evaluation of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) correlating with healthy animals. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, 100 animals were used, of these 70 positive for CVL and 30 healthy animals, submitted to B-mode and Doppler ultrasound examination. Two-dimensional evaluation included identification of ocular changes and biometry of the following segments: axial length (M1), anterior chamber depth (M2), lens thickness (M3), lens length (M4), glass chamber depth (M5), optical disc length (M6) and optic nerve length (M7). The Doppler velocimetric evaluation included the identification and hemodynamic evaluation of the external ophthalmic artery, being measured: systolic peak velocity (SPV), final diastolic velocity (FDV), resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). Ophthalmopathies were frequent in animals with leishmaniasis in both right (91.42%) and left (29.14%) eyes, with identification of capsular cataract, lens dislocation, retinal detachment and lens rupture. No significant statistical difference (P > 0.05) was observed when comparing the biometric values between the right and left eyes of the animals with CVL, as well as for the measurements between healthy and CVL animals. Hemodynamic indexes of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery presented narrow limits for the right and left eyes of the positive animals, not statistically...

Estenose da artéria pulmonar em cães: revisão de literatura

A estenose da artéria pulmonar corresponde uma doença cardíaca congênita, de maior frequência na espécie canina. Caracteriza-se por estreitamento do lúmen arterial pulmonar. Nos cães, corresponde à terceira patologia cardíaca de maior frequência e acomete principalmente o Buldogue inglês. Os animais acometidos geralmente não apresentam sintomatologia, e em casos mais graves é possível observar sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congênita direita e ate mesmo sincope. O método de escolha para o correto diagnóstico da doença é o exame ecocardiográfico, o qual permite detectar a lesão, classifica-la e ainda determinar o se grau de gravidade e as alterações secundarias.(AU)

Pulmonary artery stenosis corresponds to a congenital heart disease, more frequent in the canine species. It is characterized by narrowing of the pulmonary arterial lumen. In dogs, it corresponds to the third most frequent cardiac pathology and affects mainly the English Bulldog. Affected animals generally do not show symptoms, and in more severe cases it is possible to observe signs of right congenital heart failure and even syncope. The method of choice for the correct diagnosis of the disease is the echocardiographic examination, which allows to detect the lesion, classify it and also determine its degree of severity and secondary changes.(AU)

Ecocardiografia Padrão, com Strain e Strain Rate com Speckle Tracking Bidimensional em Macaco-Capuchinho (Cebus Apella, Linnaeus, 1758) / Standard Echocardiography, Strain and Strain Rate by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking in Capuchin Monkey (Cebus Apella, Linnaeus, 1758)

Introdução: O macaco-capuchinho é uma espécie de primata não humano que demonstra grande potencial para estudos pré-clínicos devido às semelhanças anatômicas e fisiológicas com os seres humanos. Objetivo: Estudar os índices de deformação miocárdica em macacos-capuchinhos anestesiados utilizando speckle tracking. Métodos: Foram utilizados dezesseis animais do Parque Zoobotânico, em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, com restrição química, utilizando uma combinação de cetamina e midazolam. Os estudos ecocardiográficos foram obtidos nos modos B, M e Doppler, medindo-se strain e strain rate através de speckle tracking. Resultados: As variáveis que apresentaram coeficientes de correlação estatisticamente significativos em relação ao peso foram a parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo em diástole (PLVEd), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo em diástole (DIVEd), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo em sístole (DIVEs), onda E, A'VD, movimento do anel mitral (MAM) e excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE). A frequência cardíaca (FC) mostrou correlação positiva com a onda E e a onda A e correlação negativa com o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV). A fração de encurtamento (FS) apresentou correlação positiva com a razão entre as ondas E e A (r = 0,61). TAPSE mostrou correlações positivas com E'VD e A'VD. Os valores obtidos para o strain circunferencial (-18,17 ± 4,68%), radial (47,13 ± 5,24%) e longitudinal (-26,46 ± 5,155%) para os macacos-capuchinhos estavam dentro dos intervalos normais para machos e fêmeas. Conclusão: O presente estudo fornece os primeiros valores de referência para medidas ecocardiográficas em modos B, M e Doppler para macacos-capuchinhos anestesiados com cetamina e midazolam. Os valores de strain e strain rate obtidos utilizando a técnica de speckle tracking mostraram-se semelhantes aos obtidos em seres humanos, sugerindo que esta ferramenta pode ser explorada em estudos pré-clínicos utilizando o modelo do macaco-capuchinho

Introduction: The capuchin monkey is a type of nonhuman primate that has shown great potential for preclinical studies because of its anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. Objective: To study the indices of myocardial deformation in anesthetized capuchin monkeys using speckle tracking. Methods: Sixteen animals from the Zoobotanical Park, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, were used and chemically restrained using a combination of ketamine and midazolam. Echocardiography recordings were obtained in B, M and Doppler modes, and strain and strain rate were measured using speckle tracking. Results: The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs, E wave, A'RV, MAM and TAPSE. HR showed a positive correlation with the E wave and A wave and a negative correlation with IVRT. FS presented a positive correlation with the E/A wave relationship (r = 0.61). TAPSE showed positive correlations with E'RV and A'RV. The values obtained for circumferential (-18.17 ± 4.68%), radial (47.13 ± 5.24%) and longitudinal (- 26.46 ± 5.15%) strain for the capuchin monkeys were within the normal ranges for males and females. Conclusion: The present study provides the first reference values for echocardiographic measurements in B, M and Doppler modes for capuchin monkeys anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam. The strain and strain rate values obtained using speckle tracking showed similarities with those obtained in humans, suggesting that this tool has the potential to be exploited in preclinical studies using the capuchin monkey model

Electrocardiographic pattern of agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) chemically contained by the association of ketamine and xylazine

Background: The agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831) is an existing wild rodent in almost all of Brazil, usedas a biological model in several scientific studies. Veterinary cardiology has showed great advances in the diagnostic areadue to the possibility of cardiac evaluation by non-invasive methods. For the practice of scientific or handling proceduresin wild animals, chemical containment is essential. Thus, it is important to know the effect of anesthetic protocols on thecardiovascular system, observed through complementary tests, such as the electrocardiogram. The objective of this studywas to describe the computerized electrocardiographic tracing of agoutis chemically contained by the association of Ketamineand Xylazine.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen male and female clinically healthy animals, aged among 2 years, submitted todigital electrocardiographic examination, were used. The device used to obtain the tracing was the veterinary electrocardiograph(Electrocardiogram Acquisition Module for Computer) - Brazilian Electronic Technology (TEB). The analysiswas always made from derivation II (DII). Chemical containment was performed by the combination of Ketamine andXylazine, intramuscularly. The results showed that the heart rate for males was on average 113.25 bpm, while for femalesthe value of 124.60 bpm was observed, and there was no significant difference between the genders (P > 0.05). The meanweight of males was 2.31 kg and for females 2.28 kg; there was no statistical difference for this variable (P > 0.05). Forthe QRS duration of 46.14 ± 5.05 ms (males) and 44.66 ± 5.94 ms (females) and PR interval of 79.94 ± 12.01ms (males)and 84.29 ± 12.37ms (females), there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The amplitude of the R wave of 0.42 ± 0.31mV (males) and 0.36 ± 0.22 mV (females) showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The T wave showed itself bothnegative (10 animals) [...]

Standard strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine

Background: The agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831) is a wild rodent widely found throughout America which has stood out as a good animal model for scientific investigations. The aim of this study was to study the cardiovascular function of chemically contained agoutis, by performing echocardiographic examinations and measuring Strain and Strain Rate by Speckle Tracking to obtain reference values for the species and verify the applicability of these animals as models for the study of cardiovascular changes in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: It was selected 16 animals, sedated by the combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine and submitted to transthoracic echocardiography. To obtain the standard measurements, B, M and Doppler mode images were taken. The analysis of the radial and longitudinal myocardial deformation of the left ventricle was carried out. The right parasternal window was used for access to the short cardiac axis and the left for access to the long axis. Six radial profiles of strain (ST) and Strain rate (SR) values were obtained, corresponding to the mean of the values for each segment. A total of 18 myocardial segments were analyzed for each specimen and the mean values were used to compose the statistical analysis. The comparison of the means between the genders did not show statistical difference, being the other statistical treatments based on the total sample of 16 animals. The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were: LA, LA/AO, HR, AVmax, E’ wave, E/IVRT (P > 0.05). HR showed a positive correlation with IVSd (r = 0.51), EPSS (r = 0.55) and E’ wave (r = 0.68); negative with IVRT (r = - 0.41), A wave (r = - 0.54), AVmax (r = - 0.53) and Pmax (r = - 0.65).[...]

Standard strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine

Background: The agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831) is a wild rodent widely found throughout America which has stood out as a good animal model for scientific investigations. The aim of this study was to study the cardiovascular function of chemically contained agoutis, by performing echocardiographic examinations and measuring Strain and Strain Rate by Speckle Tracking to obtain reference values for the species and verify the applicability of these animals as models for the study of cardiovascular changes in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: It was selected 16 animals, sedated by the combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine and submitted to transthoracic echocardiography. To obtain the standard measurements, B, M and Doppler mode images were taken. The analysis of the radial and longitudinal myocardial deformation of the left ventricle was carried out. The right parasternal window was used for access to the short cardiac axis and the left for access to the long axis. Six radial profiles of strain (ST) and Strain rate (SR) values were obtained, corresponding to the mean of the values for each segment. A total of 18 myocardial segments were analyzed for each specimen and the mean values were used to compose the statistical analysis. The comparison of the means between the genders did not show statistical difference, being the other statistical treatments based on the total sample of 16 animals. The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were: LA, LA/AO, HR, AVmax, E wave, E/IVRT (P > 0.05). HR showed a positive correlation with IVSd (r = 0.51), EPSS (r = 0.55) and E wave (r = 0.68); negative with IVRT (r = - 0.41), A wave (r = - 0.54), AVmax (r = - 0.53) and Pmax (r = - 0.65).[...](AU)

Electrocardiographic pattern of agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) chemically contained by the association of ketamine and xylazine

Background: The agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831) is an existing wild rodent in almost all of Brazil, usedas a biological model in several scientific studies. Veterinary cardiology has showed great advances in the diagnostic areadue to the possibility of cardiac evaluation by non-invasive methods. For the practice of scientific or handling proceduresin wild animals, chemical containment is essential. Thus, it is important to know the effect of anesthetic protocols on thecardiovascular system, observed through complementary tests, such as the electrocardiogram. The objective of this studywas to describe the computerized electrocardiographic tracing of agoutis chemically contained by the association of Ketamineand Xylazine.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen male and female clinically healthy animals, aged among 2 years, submitted todigital electrocardiographic examination, were used. The device used to obtain the tracing was the veterinary electrocardiograph(Electrocardiogram Acquisition Module for Computer) - Brazilian Electronic Technology (TEB). The analysiswas always made from derivation II (DII). Chemical containment was performed by the combination of Ketamine andXylazine, intramuscularly. The results showed that the heart rate for males was on average 113.25 bpm, while for femalesthe value of 124.60 bpm was observed, and there was no significant difference between the genders (P > 0.05). The meanweight of males was 2.31 kg and for females 2.28 kg; there was no statistical difference for this variable (P > 0.05). Forthe QRS duration of 46.14 ± 5.05 ms (males) and 44.66 ± 5.94 ms (females) and PR interval of 79.94 ± 12.01ms (males)and 84.29 ± 12.37ms (females), there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The amplitude of the R wave of 0.42 ± 0.31mV (males) and 0.36 ± 0.22 mV (females) showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The T wave showed itself bothnegative (10 animals) [...](AU)

Polihidrâmnio decorrente de atresia intestinal fetal diagnosticado por ultrassonografia em cadela no terço final da gestação / Polyhydramnios due to fetal intestinal atresia diagnosed by ultrasound in bitch in the final third of pregnancy

This paper reports a case of a bitch diagnosed with polyhidrammnio by ultrasonography due to fetalintestinal atresia in the third trimester of pregnancy. The flow in umbilical artery presented parabolic profile,high strength, measured at 27,5cm/s and 0.69 resistance index (RI), counteracting to normal between 54,3cm/sand RI=0,34cm/s. It was verified duodenal‘s peristalsis and gastric dilatation and proximal duodenal dilatation.A high resistivity was measured, this is indicative of suffering and fetal hypoxia thats why surgery withstabilized bitch was indicated.(AU)

Polihidrâmnio decorrente de atresia intestinal fetal diagnosticado por ultrassonografia em cadela no terço final da gestação / Polyhydramnios due to fetal intestinal atresia diagnosed by ultrasound in bitch in the final third of pregnancy

This paper reports a case of a bitch diagnosed with polyhidrammnio by ultrasonography due to fetalintestinal atresia in the third trimester of pregnancy. The flow in umbilical artery presented parabolic profile,high strength, measured at 27,5cm/s and 0.69 resistance index (RI), counteracting to normal between 54,3cm/sand RI=0,34cm/s. It was verified duodenal‘s peristalsis and gastric dilatation and proximal duodenal dilatation.A high resistivity was measured, this is indicative of suffering and fetal hypoxia that’s why surgery withstabilized bitch was indicated.

Comparative B-mode and Doppler renal ultrasonography with histopathological findings in dogs positive for canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Morphological parameters and renal flow were assessed and measured in six clinically healthy dogs with negative serological and parasitological examinations for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and six dogs with CVL-positive serological and parasitological tests and asymptomatic condition of the disease. Kidney length and diameter were measured and compared with the aorta/kidney ratio. Alterations in flow were measured using the flow velocity (cm/s) and resistance index (RI). Renal function was assessed by serum biochemical examination (urea, creatine, total proteins, albumin, and globulin) and urinalysis. CVL-positive animals presented heterogeneous kidney echotexture, reduced vascular flow, hypoperfusion, lesser visualization of the arcuate arteries, high RI values (1.06 ± 0.28 for the right kidney and 1.10 ± 0.30 for the left kidney), reduced diastolic flow, and high systolic peak. They also presented positive creatine/RI correlation and between the renal artery vascular flow and kidney diameter. Histopathological analysis of CVL-positive animals was compatible and confirmed hemodynamic changes observed by Doppler ultrasound. The findings in the present study showed that Doppler ultrasonography is a valid method to assess and detect alterations in flow in renal pathological processes with kidney vascular damage, as in the case of leishmaniasis, and can help in the diagnosis of animals with this infection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:637-645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Comparative study of the Vertebral Heart Scale (VHS) and the Cardiothoracic Ratio (CTR) in healthy poodle breed dogs

Background: Veterinary cardiology has been widely divulged, especially because of the search for diagnostic methods that allow early identification of heart disease in companion animals. Several techniques are available, such as digital radiography (DR), computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) that are being applied to patients with various diseases. VHS has been widely used in clinical practice in veterinary medicine as a way to diagnose heart size increases in lateral thoracic radiography in small animals. Cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is a predictive factor for cardiac insufficiency in humans. In veterinary medicine, this index is still little used. The objective of the present study was to compare the vertebral heart scale (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) to assess changes in the size of the cardiac silhouette dogs in thoracic radiographs. Materials, Methods & Results: The VHS and CTR of forty healthy poodle breed dogs (20 males and 20 females) from University Veterinary Hospital at the Federal University of Piauí were assessed. The animals were placed in supine and lateral decubitus, to obtain radiographic images in dorsoventral (DV) and right and left laterolateral projections of the thoracic region. The images acquired on the photosensitive radiographic chassis were analyzed by digital radiographic image system installed in the Image Diagnosis [...](AU)

Joint ultrasonography of goats infected by the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Background: The most important form of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in the goat is the arthritic, generally observed in animals over eight months of age. Differently in sheep, there is less arthritis incidence, affecting 2-3-year-old animals. The clinical alterations frequently affect goat joints, and an increase in the joint consistency and size is observed. The objective of the present study was to standardize the ultrasound technique to access joints in animals infected with the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), so that it can be a complimentary support tool for diagnosis and animal management. Materials, Methods & Results: Animals were examined from farms located in the municipality of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. For this, the M-Turbo, Sonosite Fujifilm ultrasonography apparatus was used, attached to a linear transducer with 10-13 MHz frequency. The ultrasound examination analyzed three regions: patella-humerus joint, carpal and tarsal joints. The patella-humerus joint was characterized by its concave convex surface. The surface of the head humerus was a fine hyperechoic line composed by the junction between the joint cartilage and the subcontinent bone. The sub patella muscle was visible and its fibers present a parallel and hypoechogenic pattern compared to bone tissue. A discreet muscle edge with echogenicity was observed separating the [...](AU)

Joint ultrasonography of goats infected by the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Background: The most important form of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in the goat is the arthritic, generally observed in animals over eight months of age. Differently in sheep, there is less arthritis incidence, affecting 2-3-year-old animals. The clinical alterations frequently affect goat joints, and an increase in the joint consistency and size is observed. The objective of the present study was to standardize the ultrasound technique to access joints in animals infected with the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), so that it can be a complimentary support tool for diagnosis and animal management. Materials, Methods & Results: Animals were examined from farms located in the municipality of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. For this, the M-Turbo, Sonosite Fujifilm ultrasonography apparatus was used, attached to a linear transducer with 10-13 MHz frequency. The ultrasound examination analyzed three regions: patella-humerus joint, carpal and tarsal joints. The patella-humerus joint was characterized by its concave convex surface. The surface of the head humerus was a fine hyperechoic line composed by the junction between the joint cartilage and the subcontinent bone. The sub patella muscle was visible and its fibers present a parallel and hypoechogenic pattern compared to bone tissue. A discreet muscle edge with echogenicity was observed separating the [...]