Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in Tilapia Fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) with Lactic and Peracetic Acid through Fogging and Immersion.

This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of lactic acid (LA) (3%) and peracetic acid (PA) (300 ppm) on tilapia fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) by fogging (15 min) or by immersion (2 s) in a pool of Escherichia coli (NEWP 0022, ATCC 25922, and a field-isolated strain), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and a field-isolated strain), and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 13311 and ATCC 14028), as well as the effects on the physicochemical characteristics of the fillets. Fogging was effective and the best application method to control S. Typhimurium regardless of the acid used, promoting reductions of 1.66 and 1.23 log CFU/g with PA and LA, respectively. Regarding E. coli, there were significant reductions higher than 1 log CFU/g, regardless of the treatment or acid used. For S. aureus, only immersion in PA showed no significant difference (p < 0.05). For other treatments, significant reductions of 0.98, 1.51, and 1.17 log CFU/g were observed for nebulized PA, immersion, and LA fogging, respectively. Concerning the pH of the samples, neither of the acids used differed from the control. However, treatments with LA, and fogging with PA, reduced the pH compared to immersion in PA. As for color parameters, L* and a* values showed changes regardless of the acid or method used, resulting in an improved perception of fillet quality. These results indicate that fogging and immersion are alternatives for reducing S. Typhimurium, E. coli, and S. aureus in tilapia fillets.

Next-generation probiotics as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of phenylketonuria: a review.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disease that causes brain toxicity due to the inability of the body to convert dietary phenylalanine to tyrosine by the action of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The only treatment for PKU so far is lifelong dietary intervention to ensure normal human growth and neurodevelopment. However, in adults, low long-term adherence to this type of dietary intervention has been observed. Given the important role of the intestinal microbiota in the process of digestion and disease prevention, probiotics could be a therapeutic strategy to help degrade dietary phenylalanine, reducing its levels before ingestion. Genetically modified probiotics designed as live biotherapeutic agents for the treatment of specific diseases are sophisticated alternative therapeutic strategies. In this review, the focus is on demonstrating what has been elucidated so far about the use of next-generation probiotics as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of individuals with PKU. The results described in the literature are encouraging and use genetically modified engineered probiotics showing efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. These probiotics appear to be suitable for meeting the unmet need for new drugs for PKU.