Association between physical functioning with cognition among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study / Associação entre função física e cognição em idosos da comunidade: estudo transversal

OBJECTIVE: Declines in physical and cognitive functioning often co-exist through aging. Gait-related parameters have been related to cognitive function, although it is unclear whether other measures of physical functioning are similarly related to cognition. Here, we analyzed the relationship between physical functioning with cognition in older adults. METHODS: In total, baseline data of 116 dementia-free older adults recruited from two separated clinical trials (RCT) were included (M age = 69 years, SD = 6; 71% women). We quantified cognitive functioning using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and executive functioning tasks (Digit Span Forward minus Backward and verbal fluency ­ FAS and animal naming). Physical function measures included gait speed, Short-physical Performance Battery (SPPB), five-times Sit-to-Stand Test, the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Six-minute Walk Test (6MWT), and lower extremity muscle strength. We used multiple linear regression analyses to explore the association between cognitive measures and each measure of physical functioning, adjusting for age, sex, education, and RCT. Regression coeficients (b), standard error (SE) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to summarize main results. RESULTS: We observed a positive association between muscle strength and the MoCA (b = 0.84, SE = 0.40, 95%CI 0.05­1.64) after controlling for covariates. Significant associations were also found between the five-times-sit-to-stand test (b = -0.63, SE = 0.26, 95%CI -1.15­-0.12), TUG (b = -1.13, SE = 0.57, 95%CI -2.26­-0.01), 6MWT (b = 0.04, SE = 0.02, 95%CI 0.01­0.07), and lower extremity muscle strength (b = 1.92, SE = 0.93, 95%CI 0.09­3.77) with the FAS verbal fluency test, and between the TUG (b = -0.62, SE = 0.24, 95%CI -1.11­-0.14) with animal naming. CONCLUSION: In community-dwelling older adults, higher levels of muscle strength, dynamic balance and cardiorespiratory fitness were positively related with global cognition and executive control measures.

Body dissatisfaction, addiction to exercise and risk behaviour for eating disorders among exercise practitioners.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between body dissatisfaction (BD), addiction to exercise and risk behaviors to eating disorders (EDs) among Brazilian exercise practitioners, besides comparing the variables according to sex, age group and modality. METHODS: Participants were 60 exercice practitioners of fitness (n = 44) and crossfit (n = 16), with mean age of 26.58 ± 7.76 years. Data collection was conducted through Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Diagnosis of Orthorexia Questionnaire (ORTO-15), Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and Scale of Dedication to Exercise (SDE). Data analysis was conducted through Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t tests, Pearson correlation, and Path Analysis (p < .05). RESULTS: Main results showed the association between BD, addiction to exercise and risk behaviour for EDs. Further, individuals dissatisfied with their bodies showed higher level of addiction to exercise and risk behavior for EDs. Furthermore, women showed higher presence of BD than men, and fitness participants reported higher presence of addiction to exercise than crossfit practitioners. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that BD seems to be a determinant factor for risk behavior for ED's and addiction to exercise among fitness and crossfit particpants.

Are the traits of perfectionism associated with pre-competitive anxiety in young athletes? / Os traços do perfeccionismo estão associados à ansiedade pré-competitiva em jovens atletas? / ¿Están los rasgos del perfeccionismo asociados con la ansiedad precompetitiva en los atletas jóvenes?

This cross-sectional study verified the association between perfectionism and pre-competitive anxiety among young athletes. Participants were 177 boys and girls, who responded the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (SMPS-2) and Sports Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2). Data analysis was conducted through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, "U" of Mann-Whitney, Spearman's correlation and Path Analysis (p < 0.05). The main results were that boys presented higher score of personal standards/organization and feel more pressured by parents, while the girls feel more somatic anxiety and care more about the games. Path Analysis revealed that perfectionistic strivings (PS) are associated with the reduction of cognitive/somatic anxiety, especially among boys, while perfectionistic concerns (PC) are positively associated with cognitive/somatic anxiety in both sexes. These findings show that PS seems to be an intervening factor for the reduction of the symptoms of cognitive and somatic anxiety, while PC may intensify the symptoms of somatic and cognitive anxiety among youth athletes, especially among boys

Este estudo transversal verificou a associação entre o perfeccionismo e a ansiedade pré-competitiva entre jovens atletas. Os participantes foram 177 meninos e meninas, que responderam à Escala de Perfeccionismo Multidimensional Esportivo 2 (SMPS-2) e à Escala de Ansiedade Esportiva 2 (SAS-2). A análise dos dados foi realizada através do teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, "U" de Mann-Whitney, correlação de Spearman e Análise de Caminhos (p < 0,05). Os principais resultados foram que os meninos apresentaram maior pontuação de padrões/organização pessoal e se sentem mais pressionados pelos pais, enquanto as meninas sentem mais ansiedade somática e se preocupam mais com os jogos. A Análise de Caminhos revelou que os esforços perfeccionistas (PS) estão associados à redução da ansiedade cognitiva/somática, especialmente entre os meninos, enquanto as preocupações perfeccionistas (PC) estão positivamente associadas à ansiedade cognitiva/somática em ambos os sexos. Esses achados mostram que o PS parece ser um fator interveniente para a redução dos sintomas de ansiedade cognitiva e somática, enquanto o PC pode intensificar os sintomas de ansiedade somática e cognitiva entre os jovens atletas, especialmente entre os meninos

Este estudio transversal verificó la asociación entre el perfeccionismo y la ansiedad precompetitiva entre los jóvenes atletas. Los participantes fueron 177 niños y niñas, que respondieron a la Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo Deportivo-2 (SMPS-2) y a la Escala de Ansiedad Deportiva-2 (SAS-2). El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo a través de la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, la "U" de Mann-Whitney, la correlación de Spearman y el análisis de la trayectoria (p < 0,05). Los principales resultados fueron que los chicos presentaron un mayor puntaje de estándares personales/organización y se sienten más presionados por los padres, mientras que las chicas sienten más ansiedad somática y se preocupan más por los juegos. El Análisis de Caminos reveló que los esfuerzos perfeccionistas (PS) se asocian con la reducción de la ansiedad cognitiva/somática, especialmente entre los chicos, mientras que las preocupaciones perfeccionistas (PC) se asocian positivamente con la ansiedad cognitiva/somática en ambos sexos. Estas conclusiones muestran que los Esfuerzos Perfeccionistas parecen ser un factor de intervención para la reducción de los síntomas de la ansiedad cognitiva y somática, mientras que los Esfuerzos Perfeccionistas pueden intensificar los síntomas de la ansiedad somática y cognitiva entre los jóvenes atletas, especialmente entre los varones