ABSTRACT
Ectoparasites are temporary or permanent skin dwellers. Megninia ginglymura (Mégnin) (Analgidae) causes economic damage in commercial poultry farms as a result of lower egg production or even death of the host. Little is known about Megninia ginglymura's life cycle and infestation. This study aimed to evaluate the preference of M. ginglymura for different body regions of the host Gallus gallus L. and its abundance and population dynamics in different laying hen houses. Samples were collected from August 2013 to August 2014 in three different commercial laying hen systems: automatic production systems (A1,2,3); semiautomatic systems (S1 (free of pesticides) and S2) and free-range system (FR). Ten laying hen were sampled each laying hen house and it were collected feathers were collected from different body regions form 10 hens in each laying house. A total of 28,305 specimens belonging to M. ginglymura were collected. Higher abundance was noted in S1 (9,234), S2 (9,121), and FR (5,873) and lower in A2 (2,211), A3 (1,628), and A1 (238). The dorsum (back of the body) region showed the highest abundance, mean abundance, and prevalence, representing 29.5% of the total specimens collected. The cloacal region was the second with 21.1% of the total of this ectoparasite. The abdomen and neck represented 20.8% and 19.6%, respectively. The inner wings presented the lowest abundance, mean abundance, and prevalence in all laying hen houses (9.0% of specimens). The prevalence was significantly different in automatic, semiautomatic, and free-range systems. The population peaks seems to coincide with periods of high temperatures and precipitation. Populations of this species already exhibit resistance to synthetic chemical pesticide.
Subject(s)
Animal Husbandry/methods , Chickens , Mite Infestations/veterinary , Mites/physiology , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Feathers/parasitology , Female , Host-Parasite Interactions , Male , Mite Infestations/epidemiology , Mite Infestations/parasitology , Population Dynamics , Poultry Diseases/parasitology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
We first record Carcinops troglodytes (Paykull) as a predator of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) larvae in poultry houses in North and Northwest regions of the state of Paraná. Carcinops spp. are commonly recorded as predators of dipterans, and this record in poultry houses indicates the possibility of exploiting such predator for future studies aiming the development of management strategies for A. diaperinus.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera/physiology , Coleoptera/parasitology , Animals , Food Industry , PoultryABSTRACT
We first record Carcinops troglodytes (Paykull) as a predator of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) larvae in poultry houses in North and Northwest regions of the state of Paraná. Carcinops spp. are commonly recorded as predators of dipterans, and this record in poultry houses indicates the possibility of exploiting such predator for future studies aiming the development of management strategies for A. diaperinus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Coleoptera/parasitology , Coleoptera/physiology , Food Industry , PoultryABSTRACT
Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are efficient biological control agents and are thought to be used jointly. In here, we investigated if these entomopathogens could have any side-effects on T. pretiosum. Therefore, 1 x 8 cards containing sterilized eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) that were sprayed with 0.2 ml of B. bassiana or M. anisopliae (1.0 × 10(9) conidia/ml) were offered to a T. pretiosum female for 24h (30 cards/fungus = 30 replicates). Afterwards, females were isolated in glass tubes. The control group was sprayed with sterile distillated water + Tween 80 (0.01 percent). In addition, 60 cards with sterilized eggs of A. kuehniella were submitted to parasitism by females of T. pretiosum for 24h. Of these cards, 30 were sprayed with B. bassiana or M. anisopliae and 30 with distillated water + Tween 80 (0.01 percent), and observed daily until parasitoid emergence. Metarhizium anisopliae decreased parasitoid emergence and caused confirmed mortality. Therefore, field and semi-field experiments should be conducted for a final assessment of the side-effects of these entomopathogens on Trichogramma as a ways to develop a control strategy in which both can be used.
O parasitóide Trichogramma pretiosum Riley e os fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são considerados eficientes agentes de controle biológico e podem ser empregados concomitantemente em algumas situações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar quais os efeitos desses entomopatógenos sobre T. pretiosum. Foram usadas cartelas de 1 × 8 cm contendo ovos esterilizados de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) pulverizadas com 0,2 ml de B. bassiana ou M. anisopliae (1,0 × 10(9) conídios/ml) e mantidas individualmente com uma fêmea de T. pretiosum por 24h, totalizando 30 cartelas para cada fungo. Posteriormente, as fêmeas foram individualizadas em tubos de vidro. A testemunha consistiu na pulverização de água destilada estéril + Tween 80 (0,01 por cento). Paralelamente, 60 cartelas contendo ovos esterilizados de A. kuehniella foram submetidas ao parasitismo por fêmeas de T. pretiosum por 24h. Destas, 30 cartelas foram pulverizadas com B. bassiana ou M. anisopliae e 30 com água destilada estéril + 0,01 por cento, Tween 80, sendo os ovos observados diariamente até a emergência do parasitóide. Metarhizium anisopliae provocou diminuição na emergência de T. pretiosum e causou mortalidade confirmada. Assim, experimentos de campo e de semi-campo devem ser conduzidos para a avaliação final dos efeitos nocivos desses entomopatógenos a Trichogramma, para que estratégias de controle conjuntas possam ser desenvolvidas para esses agentes de controle.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Beauveria/physiology , Hymenoptera/microbiology , Metarhizium/physiology , Pest Control, BiologicalABSTRACT
We report the first occurrence of Zoophthora radicans infecting adults of Gyropsylla spegazziniana Lizer & Trelles in a commercial Paraguay tea plantation (Ilex paraguariensis), in Cascavel, PR, Brazil. The fungus prevalence was high (90% of mortality), considered a natural epizooty.
Subject(s)
Entomophthorales/isolation & purification , Hemiptera/microbiology , Animals , BrazilABSTRACT
A primeira ocorrência de Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) infectando adultos de Gyropsylla spegazziniana Lizer & Trelles (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) em plantio comercial de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis), em Cascavel, PR, Brasil, é relatada. A prevalência do fungo foi elevada (90 por cento de mortalidade), sendo considerada uma epizootia natural.
We report the first occurrence of Zoophthora radicans infecting adults of Gyropsylla spegazziniana Lizer & Trelles in a commercial Paraguay tea plantation (Ilex paraguariensis), in Cascavel, PR, Brazil. The fungus prevalence was high (90 percent of mortality), considered a natural epizooty.
Subject(s)
Animals , Entomophthorales/isolation & purification , Hemiptera/microbiology , BrazilABSTRACT
Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are efficient biological control agents and are thought to be used jointly. In here, we investigated if these entomopathogens could have any side-effects on T. pretiosum. Therefore, 1 x 8 cards containing sterilized eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) that were sprayed with 0.2 ml of B. bassiana or M. anisopliae (1.0 x 10(9) conidia/ml) were offered to a T. pretiosum female for 24h (30 cards/fungus = 30 replicates). Afterwards, females were isolated in glass tubes. The control group was sprayed with sterile distillated water + Tween 80 (0.01%). In addition, 60 cards with sterilized eggs of A. kuehniella were submitted to parasitism by females of T. pretiosum for 24h. Of these cards, 30 were sprayed with B. bassiana or M. anisopliae and 30 with distillated water + Tween 80 (0.01%), and observed daily until parasitoid emergence. Metarhizium anisopliae decreased parasitoid emergence and caused confirmed mortality. Therefore, field and semi-field experiments should be conducted for a final assessment of the side-effects of these entomopathogens on Trichogramma as a ways to develop a control strategy in which both can be used.
Subject(s)
Beauveria/physiology , Hymenoptera/microbiology , Metarhizium/physiology , Animals , Female , Pest Control, BiologicalABSTRACT
A terra de diatomácea (TD) é uma alternativa potencial para o controle do cascudinho-dosaviários, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer a interferência de alguns fatores ambientais e comportamentais dessa espécie sobre a efi ciência da terra diatomácea no seu controle. Para isso, avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura do ambiente e do substrato (ração parafrangos e cama do aviário) na atividade da TD, assim como a atividade repelente do produto sobre adultos. A 32ºC a mortalidade de insetos foi signifi cativamente maior (53 e 84%, respectivamente para as concentrações de 86 e 172 g/m2) (P < 0,05). Além disso, o substrato infl uenciou, obtendo-se mortalidade de 95% na ração, contra apenas 4% na cama de aviário. Parte dos resultados pode ser atribuída à remoção das partículas de TD pela cama de aviário, conforme indicado pela análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e também pela determinação da concentração de rodamina na superfície dos insetos. Quanto ao comportamento dos insetos, as armadilhas com TD capturaramcerca de 50% menos insetos que aquelas contendo apenas ração, mostrando, assim, a ação repelentedo produto. Assim, os fatores ambientais infl uenciam a efi ciência de TD e, portanto, devem ser levados em consideração para orientar as estratégias de utilização de TD em campo.
Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a potential alternative to control the lesser mealworm of poultry farms Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Our study aimed to understand the role of some of theenvironmental and insect behavioral factors play on DE effectiveness, such as the substrate (chicken food and poultry house litter), temperature and DE repellent activity on lesser mealworm adults. Mortality was higher at the highest temperature (32ºC), and it increased with DE concentration (53and 84% respectively, for concentrations of 86 and 172 g/m2) (P < 0.05). The substrate also infl uencedDE effectiveness: 95% mortality was observed in the feed, against 4% in the poultry litter. Part of these results can be attributed to the removal of DE particles by the poultry bedding, as supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and rhodamine concentration on the surface of the insects. As to insect behavior, DE had a repellent effect, since trap capture decreased nearly 50% in traps containing DE as opposed to those containing only food. Therefore, environmental factors do affect the DE effectiveness, and they must be taken into consideration when looking into developing control strategies in the field.
Subject(s)
Animals , Coleoptera , Diatomaceous Earth , Pest Control, Biological , Coleoptera/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron, ScanningABSTRACT
Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a potential alternative to control the lesser mealworm of poultry farms Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Our study aimed to understand the role of some of the environmental and insect behavioral factors play on DE effectiveness, such as the substrate (chicken food and poultry house litter), temperature and DE repellent activity on lesser mealworm adults. Mortality was higher at the highest temperature (32 masculineC), and it increased with DE concentration (53 and 84% respectively, for concentrations of 86 and 172 g/m(2)) (P < 0.05). The substrate also influenced DE effectiveness: 95% mortality was observed in the feed, against 4% in the poultry litter. Part of these results can be attributed to the removal of DE particles by the poultry bedding, as supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and rhodamine concentration on the surface of the insects. As to insect behavior, DE had a repellent effect, since trap capture decreased nearly 50% in traps containing DE as opposed to those containing only food. Therefore, environmental factors do affect the DE effectiveness, and they must be taken into consideration when looking into developing control strategies in the field.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Diatomaceous Earth , Pest Control, Biological , Animals , Coleoptera/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron, ScanningABSTRACT
Mite infestations to the culture of mate-tea frequently causes losses by the premature fall of the leaves. So, it is necessary to monitor the population of these arthropods, and to adopt management strategies for their control. The objective of this research was to evaluate the trustworthiness of presence-absence sampling for Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) on mate-tea orchard. This study was conducted in Cascavel, Paraná State, from April 2001 to July 2000, in a mate-tea tree commercial plantation. Biweekly sampling of 240 leaves were collected in different parts of 10 plants, and the number of mites was counted. The aggregation pattern was determined through the coefficients a and b of Taylor's power law. The proportion of infested leaves and the number of required samples were estimated through mathematical model. The mite O. yothersi presented aggregate distribution. The proportion of infested leaves calculated by means of mathematical model showed to be a trustworthy parameter to estimate the population density of the mite. The number of required samples was small, making feasible the practical application of the presence-absence sampling method for O. yothersi in the culture of mate-tea.
Subject(s)
Ilex paraguariensis/parasitology , Plant Leaves/parasitology , Tetranychidae , Animals , Population DensityABSTRACT
O ataque de ácaros na cultura da erva-mate tem freqüentemente provocado perdas pela queda precoce das folhas. Assim, há necessidade de se monitorar a população desses artrópodes e adotar estratégias de manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a confiabilidade da amostragem presença-ausência para Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) na erva-mate. O trabalho foi realizado em um erval comercial, em Cascavel, PR, de abril de 1999 a julho de 2000. Coletas quinzenais de 240 folhas foram feitas em diferentes partes de 10 plantas escolhidas ao acaso. A contagem dos ácaros nas folhas foi realizada em laboratório com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico. Foi determinado o padrão de agregação através dos coeficientes a e b da lei da potência de Taylor; a proporção de folhas infestadas e o número de amostras requeridas foram estimados através de modelo matemático. O. yothersi apresentou distribuição agregada. A proporção de folhas infestadas calculada pelo modelo matemático mostrou ser um parâmetro confiável para estimar a densidade populacional do ácaro. O número de amostras requeridas foi pequeno, viabilizando a aplicação prática do método de amostragem presença-ausência para O. yothersi na cultura da erva-mate.
Mite infestations to the culture of mate-tea frequently causes losses by the premature fall of the leaves. So, it is necessary to monitor the population of these arthropods, and to adopt management strategies for their control. The objective of this research was to evaluate the trustworthiness of presence-absence sampling for Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) on mate-tea orchard. This study was conducted in Cascavel, Paraná State, from April 2001 to July 2000, in a mate-tea tree commercial plantation. Biweekly sampling of 240 leaves were collected in different parts of 10 plants, and the number of mites was counted. The aggregation pattern was determined through the coefficients a and b of Taylor's power law. The proportion of infested leaves and the number of required samples were estimated through mathematical model. The mite O. yothersi presented aggregate distribution. The proportion of infested leaves calculated by means of mathematical model showed to be a trustworthy parameter to estimate the population density of the mite. The number of required samples was small, making feasible the practical application of the presence-absence sampling method for O. yothersi in the culture of mate-tea.
Subject(s)
Ilex paraguariensis/growth & development , Ilex paraguariensis/poisoning , Ilex paraguariensis/microbiology , Ilex paraguariensis/parasitology , Mites/classification , Mites/parasitology , Arthropods/classification , Arthropods/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Nineteen Bacillus sphaericus Neide strains obtained in Brazil were evaluated in addition to a standard strain (2362) supplied by Pasteur Institute. Most strains were more efficient than the standard, and seven of them caused mortality equal to or higher than 80%, at a low concentration (7 x 10(2) spores/ml). Strain ESALQ MS6 was selected for formulation, since it showed better yield in liquid culture medium (3 x 10(9) CFU/ml). The G4 granular formulation was tested in artificial rearing sites, consisting ofplastic buckets containing 10 L water and twenty 3rd-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). The efficiency of formulation was compared against a commercial product, at three different concentrations. Evaluations were taken every 24h, at seven and 18 days after inoculation, with subsequent replacement of larvae in the bucket. The G4 formulation was similar to the commercial product, and controlled 100% of the larvae at the concentrations tested; however, the granules remained at the surface for a longer period. In tannery effluent treatment ponds, the G4 formulation at a concentration of 2 kg/ha reduced the number of larvae by 21%, 47%, 85%, and 94%, after 1, 3, 7, and 15 days, respectively.
Subject(s)
Bacillus , Culex , Pest Control, Biological/methods , AnimalsABSTRACT
Foram estudadas 19 estirpes de Bacillus sphaericus Neide obtidos no Brasil além de uma estirpe considerada padrão (2362) fornecida pelo Instituto Pasteur. A maioria das estirpes foi mais eficiente que o padrão, sendo que sete deles causaram mortalidade igual ou superior a 80 por cento, em baixa concentração (7 × 10² esporos/ml). A estirpe ESALQ MS6 foi selecionada para formulação por apresentar melhor produção, em meio de cultura líquido (3 × 10(9) UFC/ml). A formulação granulada G4 foi testada em criadouros artificiais, constituídos de baldes plásticos com 10 L de água e 20 larvas de 3° ínstar de Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Comparou-se a eficiência da formulação em teste, em três concentrações diferentes, com um produto comercial. As avaliações foram feitas 24 horas, sete e 18 dias após a inoculação, seguindo-se a reposição de larvas no balde. A formulação G4 foi semelhante ao produto comercial, controlando 100 por cento das larvas nas concentrações testadas, contudo teve maior tempo de permanência dos grânulos na superfície. Em lagoas de tratamento de efluentes de cortume, a formulação G4, na concentração de 2 kg/ha reduziu o número de larvas em 21 por cento, 47 por cento, 85 por cento e 94 por cento, após 1, 3, 7 e 15 dias, respectivamente.
Nineteen Bacillus sphaericus Neide strains obtained in Brazil were evaluated in addition to a standard strain (2362) supplied by Pasteur Institute. Most strains were more efficient than the standard, and seven of them caused mortality equal to or higher than 80 percent, at a low concentration (7 × 10² spores/ml). Strain ESALQ MS6 was selected for formulation, since it showed better yield in liquid culture medium (3 × 10(9) CFU/ml). The G4 granular formulation was tested in artificial rearing sites, consisting of plastic buckets containing 10 L water and twenty 3rd-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). The efficiency of formulation was compared against a commercial product, at three different concentrations. Evaluations were taken every 24h, at seven and 18 days after inoculation, with subsequent replacement of larvae in the bucket. The G4 formulation was similar to the commercial product, and controlled 100 percent of the larvae at the concentrations tested; however, the granules remained at the surface for a longer period. In tannery effluent treatment ponds, the G4 formulation at a concentration of 2 kg/ha reduced the number of larvae by 21 percent, 47 percent, 85 percent, and 94 percent, after 1, 3, 7, and 15 days, respectively.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacillus , Culex , Pest Control, Biological/methodsABSTRACT
Os afídeos foram o principal problema dos cereais de inverno na década de 70, no Sul do Brasil, havendo necessidade de controle químico para evitar as perdas. Com base no fraco desempenho dos parasitóides nativos, em 1978 foram introduzidas 14 espécies de parasitóides exóticos no Brasil e em 1984, implantou-se o Programa de Controle Biológico no Oeste do Estado do Paraná, que proporcionou redução das pópulaçãoes de afídeos e da aplicação de produtos químicos. No entanto, foram encontrados na bibliografia estudos referentes aos aspectos ecológicos dos parasitóides e de controle biológico de afídeos na região Oeste do Paraná, na cultura de trigo, motivo pelo qual se desenvolveu este estudo. Foram realizadas avaliações semanais em 25 parcelas com 25m2, coletando-se 100 plantas de trigo, retirando-se das mesmas os afídeos e as múmias. Verificou-se a presença de uma única espécie de afídeo, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemyptera: Aphididae), o parasitóide primário Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) e hiperparasitóides, verificando-se também a presença de predadores. O pico populacional de S. avenae ocorreu no início da floração e as múmias apareceram uma semana após aos afídeos. O controle dos afídeos foi considerado eficiente com 95 de parasitismo. O pico populacional de A. colemani ocorreu no início de agosto, enquanto dos hiperparasitóides ocorreu na semana seguinte. O crescimento da população de afídeos foi influenciada significativamente pela umidade relativa do ar, enquanto que a população de parasitóide foi influenciada pela temperatura e pela densidade populacional dos pulgões
Aphids were the main winter-cereal problem in the 70's in southern Brazil and it was necessary to usechemical control to avoid losses. Based in the weak performance of native parasites, 14 species of exoticparasites were introduced in 1978, and in 1984 the West of Paranà's Biological Control Program wasimplanted. This program propitiated the reduction of the Aphid population as well as chemical applicationsin the field. However, no bibliographic study was found referring to the ecological aspects of the parasitesnor about Aphid's biological control in Western Paraná Ìs region wheat production motivating thedevelopment of this study. Week evaluations in 25 parcel of 25 m2 were performed where 100 wheat plantswere collected, from which aphid and bugs were taken out. It was observed the presence of an Aphidspecie, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemyptera: Aphididae), the primary parasite Aphidius colemaniViereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), and hyper parasitoids, and also the presence of predators. S. avenaepopulation zenith occurred in the beginning of budding and bugs appeared a week after the aphids.Aphid control was considered efficient at 95% total parasitism. Population zenith of A. colemani occurredin the beginning of August, while hyper parasitoids zenith occurred the following week. Aphid populationgrowth was significantly influenced by the air relative humidity, whereas parasite population was influencedby temperature and aphid population density
Subject(s)
Aphids , Population Dynamics , HymenopteraABSTRACT
Este trabalho teve por objetivo selecionar isolados de fungos entomopatogênicos, visando sua utilização no controle do cascudinho, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Larvas e adultos foram inoculados com suspensões de conídios de 99 isolados de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. em concentrações variáveis de 10(5) a 10(9) conídios/ml. Avaliou-se também o crescimento vegetativo em meio-de-cultura, produção de conídios em colônias, arroz e em cadáveres de larvas e adultos do inseto. Os isolados de B. bassiana foram mais eficientes que os isolados de M. anisopliae e as larvas foram mais suscetíveis que os adultos. Os isolados UNIOESTE 04 e UNIOESTE 02, ambos obtidos em cadáveres de cascudinho, foram mais eficientes. Além disso, UNIOESTE 04 apresentou elevada produção em diferentes meios-de-cultura, evidenciando o seu potencial para aplicação em aviários no controle do cascudinho.
Subject(s)
Animals , Beauveria/physiology , Metarhizium/physiology , Pest Control, Biological , Tenebrio/microbiology , Beauveria/isolation & purification , Metarhizium/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Este trabalho relata a ocorrência de Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) parasitando pulgões na cultura do trigo, no município de Medianeira, região oeste do Paraná. O microhimenóptero constava da lista de parasitóides que foram introduzidos e liberados pela Embrapa Trigo de 1978 até 1992, em regiões produtoras no Rio Grande do Sul, sugerindo que a espécie apresente alta capacidade de dispersão.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aphids/parasitology , Hymenoptera/physiology , Triticum/parasitology , BrazilABSTRACT
O estudo avaliou a influência da temperatura e de cama nova e usada na germinação, crescimento vegetativo, virulência e produção de conídios de isolados de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) sobre larvas e adultos do cascudinho Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). O crescimento vegetativo e a produção de conídios foram avaliados em meio de cultura. Para a avaliação da virulência os insetos foram tratados com suspensões contendo 1 x 10(8) conídios/ml. Os experimentos foram realizados em câmara B.O.D. (26°C e 32°C e 14h de fotofase). Diariamente os insetos mortos foram coletados para quantificação da produção de conídios. Para avaliação das camas, após a inoculação, insetos foram transferidos para recipientes contendo cama de aviário (nova e usada). Os isolados de B. bassiana foram mais sensíveis à temperatura elevada em relação aos isolados de M. anisopliae no que se refere à viabilidade, crescimento vegetativo e virulência (P < 0,05). A conidiogênese também foi maior para B. bassiana a 26°C (7 a 11 x 10(8) conídios/cadáver larval e 8 x 10(8) conídios/cadáver adulto) (P < 0,05). O estágio larval foi, em média, cerca de 10 vezes mais suscetível aos isolados de M. anisopliae, a 26°C, que os adultos. Em relação a B. bassiana, não foi observada diferença na suscetibilidade entre larvas e adultos nessa temperatura. Entretanto, a suscetibilidade a 32°C foi maior para as larvas, com os isolados CB116 e UEL50. A maior mortalidade ocorreu quando larvas e adultos foram tratados com B. bassiana e mantidos sobre a cama nova e a 26°C (15,7 por cento e 66,7 por cento, respectivamente) (P < 0,05).
Subject(s)
Animals , Beauveria/pathogenicity , Clutch Size , Metarhizium/pathogenicity , Poultry , Tenebrio/microbiology , Temperature , VirulenceABSTRACT
Este trabalho foi realizado em Dois Vizinhos, PR, com o objetivo de estudar a dinâmica populacional de ácaros fitófagos e seus predadores em plantas de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. Aquifoliaceae). Folhas de diferentes partes da planta foram coletadas de agosto de 2001 a julho de 2002, e os ácaros presentes foram contados sob microscópio estereoscópico. Foram encontradas associadas às plantas de erva-mate duas espécies de ácaros fitófagos Dichopelmus notus Keifer, e Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor), e três espécies de predadores identificados como sendo Euseius concordis (Chant), Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma e Agistemus sp. O ácaro D. notus ocorreu em maior número na face inferior de folhas, em folhas maduras e em folhas dos estratos inferior e médio. O. yothersi predominou em folhas maduras. A concentração de E. concordis e I. zuluagai sempre foi maior na face inferior de folhas, em folhas maduras, em folhas dos estratos inferior e médio e na região interna da copa. Os ácaros D. notus, O. yothersi, E. concordis e I. zuluagai tiveram picos populacionais em período de temperatura amena e baixa precipitação pluviométrica. A maior densidade populacional de Agistemus sp. ocorreu na face inferior das folhas e seu pico populacional ocorreu em período de alta temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica elevada.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ilex paraguariensis/parasitology , Mites , Brazil , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
This paper records the occurrence of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) attacking aphids in wheat plantation in Medianeira, in the west region of Paraná State, Brazil. This microhymenoptera was introduced and released by Embrapa Trigo, from 1978 to 1992 in the wheat production region at the state of Rio Grande do Sul, what suggests that individuals of this species may show high dispersal ability.
Subject(s)
Aphids/parasitology , Hymenoptera/physiology , Triticum/parasitology , Animals , BrazilABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of temperature and poultry litter on germination vegetative growth virulence and conidial production of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) isolates on larvae and adults of the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) (Panzer). The vegetative growth and conidial production were evaluated on culture media. Virulence was studied submerging larvae and adults in a conidial suspension (1 x 10(8) conidia/ml). All the experiments were carried out in growth chamber (26 degrees C and 32 degrees C and 14h photophase). Fungus-killed insects were daily collected and used for microscopic conidial counts. The poultry litter effect was evaluated by submerging the insects in a fungal suspension (10(8) conidia/ml) and then transferring them to cups containing poultry litter (new and used). B. bassiana isolates were more sensitive than M. anisopliae to high temperature because conidia viability, vegetative growth and virulence were negatively affected (P < 0.05). The conidial production was higher to B. bassiana in 26 degrees C (7 to 11 x 10(8) conidia/larval cadaver and 8 x 10(8) conidia/adult cadaver) (P < 0,05). Larval stage was about 10 times more sensitive to M. anisopliae at 26 degrees C than adults stage. Regarding B. bassiana, differences on sensitivity between larval stages and adults were not observed at this temperature. However, at 32 degrees C, larval stage was more sensitive for CB116 and UEL50 isolates. Mortality was higher when larvae and adults (15.7 and 66.7% respectively) were treated by B. bassiana and maintained on new poultry litter at 26 degrees C) (P < 0.05).
