Brazilian Women in Paralympic Sports: Uncovering Historical Milestones in the Summer Paralympic Games.

The journey of Brazilian female Paralympians transcends mere statistical increases in women's participation. Behind the modest athlete growth lies the reality of women who are doubly marginalized by the intersection of gender and disability in an arena tailored for able-bodied men. Our study aimed to catalyze critical discourses surrounding the historical trajectory of Paralympic women's sports. Through a comprehensive documentary analysis based on the Brazilian Paralympic Committee's official documents from 1976 to 2021, we sought to shed light on this complex scenario. Numerically, Brazil's representation comprised 229 women who, predominantly, had physical impairments and engaged in individual sports. In addition to a sporting legacy deeply entrenched in physical rehabilitation with limited opportunities for team-based sports, we observed negative influences stemming from ableist and sexist narratives. A thorough investigation into Paralympic milestones revealed a multitude of social barriers and highlighted the significant impact of societal changes in reshaping athletic opportunities and challenging traditional stereotypes.

Characterization of environmental factors in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in Minas Gerais: Participa Minas.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the environmental factors of children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 164 caregivers of children/adolescents with CP, aged 1-14 years. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) were used to classify the participants' functioning, and environmental factors were evaluated by an on-line questionnaire that examined products and technologies, physical environment, services, and systems. A descriptive analysis was performed using percentage and frequency. RESULTS: Most participants had bilateral CP (66.9%) and 45% of them were spastic. Levels II and V of the GMFCS and MACS were the most frequent. About half (49.4%) used anticonvulsants, 27.4% underwent botulinum toxin application, and 29% went through orthopedic surgery in the lower limbs. Among the participants, 71.3% used orthoses in the lower limbs, and 51.8% used the public health care system. Most had access to physiotherapy (91.5%), but found difficulties to access interventions with other professionals, such as psychologists (28%) and nutritionists (37.8%). The school was the most frequently adapted environment (78%), and had the highest level of structural adaptation (42.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the barriers to access health services and barriers to the physical environment may impact participation and social inclusion.

Characterization of environmental factors in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in Minas Gerais: Participa Minas / Caracterização de fatores ambientais de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral de Minas Gerais: Participa Minas

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the environmental factors of children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 164 caregivers of children/adolescents with CP, aged 1-14 years. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) were used to classify the participants' functioning, and environmental factors were evaluated by an on-line questionnaire that examined products and technologies, physical environment, services, and systems. A descriptive analysis was performed using percentage and frequency. Results: Most participants had bilateral CP (66.9%) and 45% of them were spastic. Levels II and V of the GMFCS and MACS were the most frequent. About half (49.4%) used anticonvulsants, 27.4% underwent botulinum toxin application, and 29% went through orthopedic surgery in the lower limbs. Among the participants, 71.3% used orthoses in the lower limbs, and 51.8% used the public health care system. Most had access to physiotherapy (91.5%), but found difficulties to access interventions with other professionals, such as psychologists (28%) and nutritionists (37.8%). The school was the most frequently adapted environment (78%), and had the highest level of structural adaptation (42.7%). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the barriers to access health services and barriers to the physical environment may impact participation and social inclusion.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os fatores ambientais de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral (PC) no estado de Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 164 cuidadores de crianças/adolescentes com PC, na faixa etária de um a 14 anos. O Sistema de Classificação da Função Motora Grossa (GMFCS) e o Sistema de Classificação da Habilidade Manual (MACS) foram utilizados para classificar a funcionalidade dos participantes e os fatores ambientais foram avaliados por um questionário on-line que abordou produtos e tecnologias, ambiente físico, serviços e sistemas. Análises descritivas foram realizadas por meio de porcentagem e frequência. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes tinha PC bilateral (66,9%) e 45% deles eram espásticos. Os níveis II e V do GMFCS e MACS foram os mais frequentes. Cerca de metade (49,4%) fazia uso de anticonvulsivantes, 27,4% realizaram aplicação de toxina botulínica e 29% cirurgia ortopédica em membros inferiores. Utilizavam órteses em membros inferiores 71,3% e eram usuários do sistema público de saúde 51,8%. A maioria tinha acesso à fisioterapia (91,5%), mas dificuldade de acesso a intervenções com outros profissionais, como psicólogos (28%) e nutricionistas (37,8%). A escola foi o ambiente mais frequentado (78%) e também mais adaptado estruturalmente (42,7%). Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde e barreiras no ambiente físico podem impactar a participação e inclusão social.

Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity and Screen-Time in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Seven-Country Observational Study.

This cross-sectional observational study sought to examine the environmental correlates of physical activity and screen-time among youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parents of youth with ASD (n = 1,165) from seven countries/regions provided responses to an online survey form measuring environmental correlates (i.e., physical activity neighborhood environment, social network, social trust and cohesion, bedroom media, social home environment) and outcomes (i.e., physical activity, screen-time). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to determine environmental predictors of the outcomes. Physical activity neighborhood environment (B = 0.15, p = 0.047), social network (B = 0.16, p = 0.02), and social home environment (B = 1.07, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with physical activity, whereas social trust and cohesion and bedroom media were not. Further, social trust and cohesion (B = -0.14, p = 0.001), bedroom media (B = 0.10, p = 0.001), and social home environment (B = -0.16, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with screen-time while neighborhood environment and social network were not. The identified environmental attributes of physical activity and screen-time behaviors should be targeted for health promotion among youth with ASD.

Meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and health-related outcomes among youth with autism spectrum disorder: a seven-country observational study.

BACKGROUND: Meeting daily guidelines for physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration is associated with a host of health indicators for youth. In this cross-sectional observational study, we investigated the associations between adherence to the movement guidelines and health-related outcomes among youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: Parents of youth with ASD (10-17 years) from seven countries and regions were invited to provide online proxy-reports for child's movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sleep and screen time), and health-related outcomes (i.e., body mass index [BMI], general health, and quality of life). A series of multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the associations between meeting movement guidelines and health-related outcomes, adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 1165 youth with ASD. Compared with youth meeting all three guidelines, a higher BMI z-score was observed in those who met no guidelines (B = 0.62, P = 0.04), "sedentary time only" (B = 0.60, P = 0.047), and "physical activity plus sleep only" (B = 0.85, P = 0.04). Compared with meeting all three guidelines, meeting no guidelines was associated with poorer general health (B = - 0.46, P = 0.02). Further, compared with youth meeting all three guidelines, a lower quality of life score was observed in those who met no guidelines (B = - 0.47, P = 0.02) and "physical activity only" (B = - 0.62, P = 0.03). Lastly, there were dose-response associations between the number of guidelines met and all three health-related outcomes (all Ptrend < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, meeting more 24-h movement guidelines was generally associated with more favorable health-related outcomes in youth with ASD. The low level of adherence to all three guidelines (2.0%) suggests the urgent need to promote the adoption of all the guidelines in this group.

Educação física inclusiva: acesso, participação e aprendizagem sob a percepção do estudante com deficiência / Inclusive physical education: access, participation, and learning from the perspective of students with disabilities / Educación física inclusiva: acceso, participación y aprendizaje desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes con discapacidad

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o acesso, a participação e a aprendizagem de estudantes com deficiência física e visual nas aulas de Educação Física (EF). Com caráter quantitativo descritivo, o estudo utilizou-se como instrumento um questionário virtual e contou com a participação de 45 estudantes e egressos, entre 15 e 25 anos. Os resultados mostraram que as barreiras referentes ao acesso, participação e aprendizagem ainda persistem nas aulas de EF, com a falta suporte, recursos humanos e materiais adequados a necessidades dos estudantes com deficiência. Além disso, estes mesmos estudantes se depararam com propostas de atividades segregadas e conteúdos que se baseiam em modalidades tradicionais voltadas somente ao público sem deficiência. Portanto, concluímos que estas barreiras impossibilitam o acesso, a participação e aprendizagem do estudante com deficiência e que, embora haja o esporte paralímpico como alternativa de eliminar parte destas barreiras, o mesmo carece de maiores ações.

This study aimed to investigate access, participation, and learning from the perception of students with disabilities in PE classes. With a descriptive qualitative character, the study used a virtual questionnaire with 45 students and graduates between 15 and 25 years old. The results showed that barriers to access, participation, and learning persist in PE classes. We found a lack of support, human resources, and materials adequate for disabled students' needs. In addition, they faced segregated activities and contents based on traditional modalities aimed only at the public without disabilities. Therefore, we conclude that these barriers make it impossible for students with disabilities to access, participate and learn and that, although there is Paralympic sport as an alternative to eliminate part of these barriers, it needs further action.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el acceso, la participación y el aprendizaje desde la percepción de los estudiantes con discapacidad en las clases de EF. Con carácter cualitativo descriptivo, el estudio utilizó un cuestionario virtual y contó con 45 estudiantes y egresados, entre 15 y 25 años. Los resultados mostraron que las barreras relacionadas con el acceso, la participación y el aprendizaje aún persisten en las clases de EF, ya que encontramos una falta de apoyo, recursos humanos y materiales adecuados a las necesidades de los estudiantes. Además, se enfrentaron a actividades y contenidos segregados que se basan en modalidades tradicionales dirigidas únicamente al público sin discapacidad. Por lo tanto, concluimos que estas barreras imposibilitan el acceso, la participación y el aprendizaje de los estudiantes con discapacidad y que, si bien existe el deporte paralímpico como alternativa para eliminar parte de estas barreras, se necesitan más acciones.

A carreira esportiva de mulheres paralímpicas: o caso da seleção brasileira de voleibol sentado / The sports career of paralympic women: the case of the brazilian sitting volleyball team / La carrera deportiva de las mujeres paralímpicas: el caso de la selección brasileña de voleibol sentado

Este trabalho buscou investigar a carreira esportiva de mulheres atletas de voleibol sentado que participaram dos Jogos Paralímpicos Rio 2016, com o objetivo de reconhecer o percurso esportivo das atletas. É uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, de caráter exploratório e retrospectivo. A amostra foi composta por quatro atletas, foi utilizado questionário, entrevista semiestruturada, apoiados pelo uso de timeline. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da Análise Qualitativa do Conteúdo. Observamos que o esporte enquanto carreira aparece após a lesão física, como parte do processo de reabilitação. No entanto, há dupla carreira profissional para essas atletas devido à instabilidade da carreira esportiva, sendo o ápice quando há convocação para a seleção brasileira. Não foi identificado um preparo para o encerramento da carreira esportiva. A carreira esportiva é uma forma de reabilitação e inserção social, ao mesmo tempo em que não se configura como trabalho de dedicação integral das atletas, que têm outros empregos.(AU)

This study aimed to investigate the sports career of sitting volleyball athletes who participated in the Brazilian sitting volleyball team at the Paralympics Games in Rio 2016. It is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory and retrospective research. The sample consisted of four athletes and a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were used, supported by the timeline. The analysis of the data was made from the Qualitative Content Analysis. We observed that sport as a career appears after physical injury, as part of the rehabilitation process, but sport is not the only source of income due to the instability of the sports career. The apex is the call for the Brazilian team and there is no preparation to the end of sport career. The sports career is a form of rehabilitation and social insertion, at the same time that it is not a full-time job for athletes, who have other jobs.(AU)

El propósito de este trabajo fue investigar la carrera deportiva de mujeres atletas de voleibol sentado que participaron en los Juegos Paralímpicos Rio 2016, con el objetivo de reconocer el recorrido deportivo de las atletas. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, de carácter exploratorio y retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por cuatro atletas y se utilizó un cuestionario, entrevista semiestructurada, con el apoyo del uso de timeline. El análisis de datos se realizó a partir del Análisis de Cualitativo de Contenido. Observamos que el deporte como carrera aparece después de la lesión física, como parte del proceso de rehabilitación. Sin embargo, estas atletas suelen tener doble carrera, debido a la inestabilidad de la carrera deportiva, cuyo ápice es el llamado para integrar la selección brasileña. No se ha identificado que haya una preparación para el término de la carrera deportiva. La carrera deportiva es una forma de rehabilitación e inserción social, pero no es un trabajo a tiempo completo para las atletas, que tienen otros empleos.(AU)

[Alcohol use, family conflicts and parental supervision among high school students]. / Uso de álcool, conflitos familiares e supervisão parental entre estudantes do ensino médio.

The association between alcohol consumption by students with family conflicts, parental supervision and quality of relationships was investigated. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,265 adolescents from 21 schools. The Brazilian version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory/DUSI was used, and absolute and relative prevalence for categorical variables was estimated, while bivariate analyses and Pearson's Chi Square test were conducted. For the magnitude of the association between the dependent and independent variables, prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson multivariate regression. There was an association between alcohol consumption and drug use by family members, frequent discussions and parental lack of awareness about adolescents' activities. Family supervision, a good relationship with parents/guardians, establishing an affective family bond and parents' knowledge about teenagers' whereabouts, were protective factors for alcohol use. The conclusion was that the high rate of schoolchildren who consume alcohol is worrying, liable to health complications in general, and a harmonized family relationship is fundamental. The implementation of measures of intervention between school and the Family Health Strategy, can contribute to the establishment of a protective bond.

Investigou-se a associação entre o consumo de álcool pelos escolares com os conflitos familiares, supervisão dos pais e qualidade dos relacionamentos. Estudo transversal realizado com 1.265 adolescentes de 21 escolas. Foi utilizada a versão brasileira do Inventário de Triagem do Uso de Drogas/DUSI e estimadas prevalências absolutas e relativas para variáveis categóricas, e conduzidas análises bivariadas: teste Qui Quadrado de Pearson. Para magnitude da associação entre a variável dependente e independentes foram estimadas razões de prevalências por meio deregressão multivariável de Poisson. Houve associação do consumo de álcool com uso de drogas por familiares, discussões frequentes e desconhecimento dos pais sobre o que os adolescentes fazem. Supervisão familiar, bom relacionamento com pais/responsáveis, estabelecimento de vínculo familiar afetivo e ciência dos pais acerca do que os adolescentes fazem e onde estão, foram fatores de proteção para uso de álcool. Concluiu-se que a alta taxa de escolares que consomem álcool é preocupante, passível de complicações da saúde na sua integralidade, sendo fundamental relação familiar harmonizada. A implementação de práticas interventivas entre escola e Estratégia de Saúde da Família, podem contribuir no estabelecimento de vínculo protetivo.

Uso de álcool, conflitos familiares e supervisão parental entre estudantes do ensino médio / Alcohol use, family conflicts and parental supervision among high school students

Resumo Investigou-se a associação entre o consumo de álcool pelos escolares com os conflitos familiares, supervisão dos pais e qualidade dos relacionamentos. Estudo transversal realizado com 1.265 adolescentes de 21 escolas. Foi utilizada a versão brasileira do Inventário de Triagem do Uso de Drogas/DUSI e estimadas prevalências absolutas e relativas para variáveis categóricas, e conduzidas análises bivariadas: teste Qui Quadrado de Pearson. Para magnitude da associação entre a variável dependente e independentes foram estimadas razões de prevalências por meio deregressão multivariável de Poisson. Houve associação do consumo de álcool com uso de drogas por familiares, discussões frequentes e desconhecimento dos pais sobre o que os adolescentes fazem. Supervisão familiar, bom relacionamento com pais/responsáveis, estabelecimento de vínculo familiar afetivo e ciência dos pais acerca do que os adolescentes fazem e onde estão, foram fatores de proteção para uso de álcool. Concluiu-se que a alta taxa de escolares que consomem álcool é preocupante, passível de complicações da saúde na sua integralidade, sendo fundamental relação familiar harmonizada. A implementação de práticas interventivas entre escola e Estratégia de Saúde da Família, podem contribuir no estabelecimento de vínculo protetivo.

Abstract The association between alcohol consumption by students with family conflicts, parental supervision and quality of relationships was investigated. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,265 adolescents from 21 schools. The Brazilian version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory/DUSI was used, and absolute and relative prevalence for categorical variables was estimated, while bivariate analyses and Pearson's Chi Square test were conducted. For the magnitude of the association between the dependent and independent variables, prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson multivariate regression. There was an association between alcohol consumption and drug use by family members, frequent discussions and parental lack of awareness about adolescents' activities. Family supervision, a good relationship with parents/guardians, establishing an affective family bond and parents' knowledge about teenagers' whereabouts, were protective factors for alcohol use. The conclusion was that the high rate of schoolchildren who consume alcohol is worrying, liable to health complications in general, and a harmonized family relationship is fundamental. The implementation of measures of intervention between school and the Family Health Strategy, can contribute to the establishment of a protective bond.

A participação de jovens com deficiência visual em aulas de Educação Física: experiências na rede regular e em instituições especializadas / The engagement of youth with visual impairments in Physical Education classes: experiences in regular schools and in specialized institutions / La participación de jóvenes con discapacidad visual en clases de Educación Física: experiencias en la red regular y en instituciones especializadas

Este estudo buscou analisar a participação de alunos cegos e com baixa visão em aulas de Educação Física. A coleta de dados contou com aplicação de questionário a 50 jovens praticantes de goalball (27 meninas), com idade entre 13 e 19 anos. Os achados apontaram acentuada redução da participação nas aulas de Educação Física na Rede Regular na medida em que aumentava a limitação visual. As principais barreiras destacadas foram: a falta de colaboração dos colegas, o medo de se machucar, a falta de capacitação dos professores. A prática de modalidades paralímpicas foi predominante nas Instituições de ensino especializado, enquanto que na Rede Regular somente modalidades coletivas convencionais eram praticadas. Tal cenário, portanto, não corresponde ao ideal de inclusão educacional.

This study analyzed the engagement of youth with visual impairments in physical education classes. Data collection included the application of a questionnaire to 50 young goalball players (27 girls), aged 13 to 19 years. Our findings showed a marked reduction of participation in the regular Physical Education classes as visual deficits increased. The main barriers mentioned were the lack peers collaboration, the fear of being hurt, and the lack of teachers' training. The practice of Paralympic sports was predominant in specialized schools, whereas in the regular schools only conventional team sports were practiced. Such a scenario, therefore, does not correspond to the inclusion ideal.

Este estudio analizó la participación de niños con discapacidad visual en las clases de educación física. La recolección de datos incluyó la aplicación de un cuestionario a 50 jóvenes jugadores de goalball (27 niñas), de 13 a 19 años. Encontramos una marcada reducción en la participación en clases regulares de educación física a medida que los déficits visuales aumentaron. Las principales barreras mencionadas fueron la falta de colaboración de outros alumnos, el miedo a ser herido y la falta de formación del profesorado. La práctica de deportes paraolímpicos predominó en escuelas especializadas, mientras que en escuelas convencionales sólo practicaban deportes convencionales. Este escenario, por lo tanto, no corresponde al ideal de inclusión.

O ensino do judô paralímpico: a percepção dos técnicos brasileiros / Teaching the paralympic judo: a perception of the brazilian coachings / La enseñanza del judo paralímpico: una percepción de los técnicos brasileños

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar as práticas pedagógicas utilizadas por professores no ensino do judô para pessoas com deficiência visual. Para tanto, a pesquisa caracterizou-se como qualitativa descritiva, tendo como instrumento para coleta de dados um questionário aplicado à 14 professores e/ou técnicos participantes em uma das etapas do Campeonato Nacional do Judô Paralímpico. Em relação aos resultados, 11 professores afirmaram que tentam inicialmente trabalhar de forma verbal, e posteriormente, pautam-se no tato. Outros 3 professores utilizam-se somente do tato. Apenas 2 professores utilizam-se da tutoria. Assim, percebeu-se que a maior parte dos professores têm adequado suas práticas pedagógicas frente as características que seus alunos apresentam, porém, muitos avanços ainda são necessários.

The aim of this study was to verify the pedagogical practices used by teachers in judo teaching for visually impaired people. This study was characterized by the descriptive qualitative method, using a data collection instrument applied to 14 coaching and/or technicians participating in one of the stages of the National Paralympic Judo Championship. The results showed that 11 coaching initially used verbal teaching techniques and later used touch techniques. In contrast, 3 coaching used only the touchtechniques. Only 2 coaching used tutoring techniques. This paper showed that most Brazilian coaching have adapted their pedagogical practices to the characteristics of their students with visual impairment, but many advances are still necessary.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar las prácticas pedagógicas utilizadas por los profesores en la educación del Judo Paraolímpico en personas con discapacidad. Este estudio fue realizado con el método descriptivo cualitativo, utilizando el instrumentos de colecta de datos aplicado en 14 profesores y/o técnicos en una de las etapas del Campeonato Nacional de Judo Paraolímpico. Los resultados mostraron que 11 profesores utilizaron técnicas de enseñanza verbal. En contraste, 3 profesores utilizaron solamente técnicas táctiles. Otros 2 profesores utilizaron técnicas de tutoria. Este estudio muestra que los profesores/técnicos brasileños han adaptado sus prácticas pedagógicas a la configuración de sus estudiantes con discapacidad, pero muchos cambios e adaptaciones son todavia necesarios.

Physical education classes and inclusion of children with disability: Brazilian teachers' perspectives / A aula de educação física e a inclusão da criança com deficiência: perspectiva de professores brasileiros / Clases de educación física e inclusión de niños con discapacidad: perspectivas de los maestros brasileños

This study analyzed Physical Education teachers' concept of inclusion and determined positive and negative aspects of inclusion in their classes. Interviews were conducted with 18 Physical Education teachers working in Brazilian public schools. Data collected were examined by content analysis to search for emerging themes. The findings showed that inclusion was understood as participation and learning for all children rather than only for those with disabilities. Team sports were pointed as the main challenge for the inclusion of students with disability. Initial and continuing education programs for teachers need to target effective pedagogical practices to promote inclusion, leading to restructuring Physical Education teachers' training

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o conceito de inclusão dos professores de Educação Física e determinar os aspectos positivos e negativos em suas aulas. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 18 professores de Educação Física que trabalham em escolas públicas brasileiras. Os dados coletados foram analisados utilizando-se o método de análise de conteúdo, em busca de temas emergentes. Os resultados mostraram que a inclusão é compreendida pelos professores como participação e aprendizagem para todas as crianças e não apenas para aqueles com deficiência. Os esportes coletivos foram relatados como o principal desafio para a inclusão de alunos com deficiência. Programas de formação inicial e de capacitação continuada para os professores precisam propor práticas pedagógicas eficazes para promover a inclusão, levando a reestruturação da formação de professores de Educação Física

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar concepto de inclusión profesores de educación física 'y determinar los aspectos positivos y negativos de la inclusión en sus clases. Se realizó una entrevista con 18 profesores de educación física que trabaja en las escuelas públicas brasileñas. Los datos recogidos fueron analizados utilizando el método de análisis de contenido, búsqueda de temas emergentes. Los resultados mostraron que la inclusión se entiende como la participación y el aprendizaje de todos los niños y no sólo para las personas con una discapacidad. Los deportes de equipo se informaron como un reto importante para la inclusión de los estudiantes con discapacidad. los programas de educación inicial y continua para los profesores tienen que orientar las prácticas pedagógicas efectivas para promover la inclusión, dando lugar a la reestructuración de la formación de profesores de educación física

A pesquisa em atividade física adaptada / Research on adapted physical activity / La investigación en la actividad física adaptada

O presente trabalho discute a construção da Atividade Física Adaptada (AFA) como área de conhecimento, abordando seu desenvolvimento, objetos de estudos, métodos e resultados al- cançados. Estudos epistemológicos definem a AFA como um campo de conhecimento inter- disciplinar, com foco em três pontos: 1) Adaptação; 2) Diferenças Individuais; 3) Atividade Física. Há predominância pelo design quantitativo com crescimento nos estudos qualitativos. No campo da educação física adaptada, a inclusão começa a ser defendida como melhoria da qualidade de ensino para todos e não apenas para alunos com deficiência. Há necessidade de reflexão sobre o acesso e o impacto das pesquisas na prática profissional.

The text discusses the construction of Adapted Physical Activity (APA) as an area of knowledge, addressing its development, objects of study, methods and results achieved. Epis- temological studies define APA as an area of interdisciplinary knowledge, focusing on three points:1) Adaptation; 2) Individual Differences; 3) Physical Activity. Quantitative design studies predominate, but the number of qualitative studies is increasing. In the field of adapted physical education, inclusion has been understood as an improvement in the quality of educa- tion for all and not just for students with disabilities. It is necessary to re-think the access and impact of research in professional practice.

Este trabajo discute la construcción de la Actividad Física Adaptada (AFA) como área de conocimien- to, enfocando su desarrollo, sus objetos de estudio , sus métodos y los resultados alcanzados. Estu- dios epistemológicos definen la AFA como un campo de conocimiento interdisciplinar, centrándose en tres puntos:1) Adaptación; 2) Diferencias individuales; 3) Actividad Física. Predomina el diseño cuantitativo, con crecimiento en los estudios cualitativos. En el campo de la educación física adaptada, la inclusión comienza a ser defendida como sinónimo de mejoría de la calidad de la enseñanza para todos y, no sólo para los estudiantes con discapacidades. Se necesita reflexión sobre el acceso y el impacto de las investigaciones en la práctica profesional.

Surface roughness and bond strength between Y-TZP and self-adhesive resin cement after air particle abrasion protocols.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different air particle abrasion (APA) protocols-with variations in particle types, duration of application, and the distance between the device tip and the ceramic-on the surface roughness (SR) of zirconia-based ceramic (yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal [Y-TZP]) and the shear bond strength (SBS) between Y-TZP and resin cement. In total, 135 sintered Y-TZP blocks were polished and divided into 9 groups according to 3 factors: particle (alumina vs alumina coated with silica), duration (5 vs 10 seconds), and distance (contact vs 10 mm away). All 3 factors significantly influenced the SR values between the experimental groups and the control group. For SBS, only the particle type was a statistically significant factor. Results showed that air particle abrasion with silica-coated alumina resulted in higher SBS, even though the SR values associated with those groups were not the highest.

Influence of alveolar bone level on the pull-out bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite posts to root dentin.

This in vitro study evaluated the influence of alveolar bone level and type of cement on pull-out bond strength between different fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts and root dentin. Sixty bovine teeth were sectioned, and their root canals were prepared. The specimens were divided into 6 groups (n = 10) according to 2 factors: alveolar bone level and type of cement. Each root was embedded in acrylic resin to the depth of 7, 10, or 14 mm, simulating different alveolar bone levels. After the FRC posts were treated with 37% phosphoric acid and silane was applied, they were cemented with either a conventional resin cement or a self-adhesive resin cement and subjected to mechanical cycling. The results indicated that neither the alveolar bone level nor the type of cement played a significant role in the pull-out bond strength of the FRC posts to root dentin. Therefore, it is concluded that conventional and self-adhesive resin cements can be used to lute FRC posts to tooth roots, even in the presence of significant alveolar bone resorption.

Marginal and internal discrepancies of zirconia copings: effects of milling system and finish line design.

CONTEXT: Discrepancies at the abutment/crown interface can affect the longevity of zirconia restorations. AIM: The aim was to evaluate the marginal and internal discrepancies (MD and ID) of zirconia copings manufactured by two milling systems with different finish lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three aluminum-master-dies (h = 5.5 mm; Ψ =7.5 mm; 6΀), with different finish lines (large chamfer [LC]; tilted chamfer [TC]; rounded shoulder [RS]) were fabricated. Twenty impressions were made from each master die and poured. Sixty zirconia copings were manufactured and divided according to the factors "finish line" and "milling system" (n = 10): CAD LC = Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) + LC; CAD TC = CAD/CAM + TC; CAD RS = CAD/CAM + RS; MAD LC = manually aided design/manually aided manufacturing (MAD/MAM) + LC; MAD TC = MAD/MAM + TC; and MAD RS = MAD/MAM + RS. For MD analysis, each coping was fixed, and the distance between the external edges of the coping and the edge of the cervical preparation was measured (50 points). Using the same copings, the ID of each coping was evaluated, by the replica technique, at 12 points equally distributed among the regions (n = 10): Ray (R), axial (A), and occlusal (Occl). The measurements were performed by optical microscopy (Χ250). The data (µm) were subjected to parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses. RESULTS: For the MAD/MAM system, the "finish line" (P = 0.0001) affected significantly the MD median values (µm): LC = 251.80 a , RS = 68.40 a and TC = 8.10 b (Dunn's test). For the CAD/CAM system, the median MD values (µm) were not affected by the factor "finish line" (P = 0.4037): LC = 0.82 a , RS = 0.52 a , and TC = 0.89 a . For the ID, it was observed interaction between the finish line types and the region (P = 0.0001) and between region and milling system (P = 0.0031) (RM-ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: The CAD/CAM system presented lower MD values, regardless the finish line. However, the MAD/MAM system showed ID values smaller than those of CAD/CAM.

Rede de referência e contrarreferência para o atendimento de urgências em um município do interior de Minas Gerais ? Brasil / Network of reference and counter reference for emergency care in a city in Minas Gerais ? Brazil

Introdução: o sistema de referência e contrarreferência caracteriza-se pela tentativa de organizar o acesso ao sistema secundário de saúde, que tem sido realizado, especialmente, pelos prontos-socorros (PS). Objetivo: analisar a estrutura da rede de referência e contrarreferência do município de Diamantina, sob a visão dos atendimentos realizados em um serviço de urgência. Métodos: estudo descritivo que utilizou ficha estruturada para coleta de informações do quadro clínico dos pacientes e dadosda classificação de risco. Foram avaliados 605 pacientes que deram entrada no PS e ali permaneceram por mais de 24 horas. Os dados foram digitados e analisados com estatística descritiva. Resultados: os pacientes foram classificados nas cores vermelha (3,9%), laranja (27,3%), amarelo (46,3%), verde (10,7%), azul (0,2%) e branco (11,6%). Os encaminhamentos foram feitos em 4,6%, 4,2% e 9,5% por intermédio do Serviço de Atenção Móvel de Urgência, Corpo de Bombeiros ou por consultório particular, respectivamente. A população que procura o PS distribuiu-se de acordo com a seguinte frequência: 2,9%, 37,6%, 36,3% e 0,82% do Programa de Estratégia de Saúde da Família, diretode sua residência, de municípios vizinhos e do setor secundário, respectivamente.Conclusão: é significativa a quantidade de pessoas que se autorreferenciam ao PS, sendo este procurado como atendimento de primeira escolha. Os dados permitem a reflexão sobre a necessidade de organização da rede de saúde no município e melhor articulação dos serviços nos diferentes níveis de atenção.

Introduction: the reference and counter reference systems are characterized by the attempt to organize access to secondary health care system, which has been mainly provided by emergency services (PS). Objective: To analyze the structure of the reference and counterreference network in the municipality of Diamantina in the view of assistance provided in the emergency care. Methods: this was a descriptive study using a structured form to collect clinical information on patients and risk classification data. We evaluated 605 patientswho were admitted to the PS and remained there for more than 24 hours. Data were entered and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: the patients were classified in red (3.9%), orange (27.3%), yellow (46.3%), green (10.7%), blue (0.2%), and white (11.6%) labels. Assistance was provided in 4.6%, 4.2%, and 9.5% by the Mobile Emergency CareService, Fire Department, or private practice, respectively. The population that sought out assistance in the PS was distributed according to the following frequencies: 2.9%, 37.6%, 36.3%, and 0.82% of the Family Health Strategy Program, straight from their residences, from neighboring municipalities, and the secondary sector, respectively. Conclusion: theamount of people who self-refer to the PS is significant, which is in demand as the first choice service. The data allow the reflection on the need for health network organization in the municipality and improved coordination of services at different levels of attention.

A percepção dos alunos com deficiência sobre a sua inclusão nas aulas de Educação Física escolar: um estudo de caso / Students with disability's perceptions about inclusion in Physical Education classes: a case study

O estudo tem como objetivo investigar a inclusão a partir da perspectiva do aluno com deficiência dentro do contexto das aulas de educação física escolar. Participaram do estudo três estudantes entre 12 e 21 anos com deficiência física ou visual do sexo feminino. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com roteiro pré-definido e anotações de campo como instrumentos de medida. A inclusão no contexto das aulas de educação física esteve vinculada a três fatores: adaptação, participação social e capacidade. Estes fatores agiram de forma dependente e complementar para a construção de um senso de pertencimento, aceitação e valor dentro do grupo.

The study aims to investigate the inclusion from the perspective of disabled students within the context of physical education classes. Participants were three female students between 12 and 21 years with physical disabilities or visual. The study used semi-structured interviews with pre-defined schedule and field records as measuring instruments. Inclusion in the context of physical education classes is linked to three key factors: adaptation, social participation and capacity. These factors act dependent and complementary to building a sense of belonging, acceptance and value within the group.

Inclusão social e o aluno com síndrome de down: um estudo de caso nas aulas de educação física / Social inclusion and the student with doun syndrome: a case study in physical education classes / La inclusión social y alumnos con síndrome de down: un estudio de caso en las clases de educación física

O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a inclusão social de crianças com deficiência intelectual nas aulas de educação física escolar. Foi aplicado o teste sociométrico no início e final do ano letivo para identificação e análise do status social do aluno com deficiência intelectual. Participaram do estudo um aluno com síndrome de Down da 3ª. série do ensino fundamental e seus 32 colegas de classe. O aluno com SD encontrou dificuldades para interação com seus pares durante as aulas de educação física. O aluno com SD demonstrou limitações importantes na estruturação de relações sociais, com relações restritas em quantidade.

The aim of this study was to investigate the social inclusion of children with intelectual disability in physical education classes. At the beginning and at the end of the year sociometric test was applied to analyze the social status of a student with intellectual disability. Thirty ­three third grade students, one with Down Syndrome (DS) student and 32 peers, served as subjects for this study. The SD student had difficulties to Interact with peers during physical education classes. Further, SD student presented important limitations in building social relationships, having built few of them.

El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la inclusión de los niños con discapacidad intelectual en las clases de educación física. Test sociométrico se aplicó al inicio y al final del año para la análisis de la inclusión. El estudio incluyó a un estudiante con síndrome de Down de la escuela primaria y sus compañeros de clase 32. El estudiante con síndrome de Down tenían dificultades para interactuar con sus compañeros durante las clases de educación física. El estudiante con síndrome de Down mostraron limitaciones significativas en la estructuración de las relacionessociales, las relaciones con cantidad limitada.

Preoperative coping mechanisms have no predictive value for postoperative pain in breast cancer

Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between psychological coping mechanisms and symptoms of anxiety and depression in the preoperative and postoperative periods in relation to the intensity of postoperative pain among patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Methods: Female patients who were scheduled to receive immediate surgical treatment for breast cancer were invited to participate, and answered the following questionnaires: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), and the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: Of the 139 patients, 122 (87.8%) had an aggressive procedure. Eighty-five patients (61.2%) had a history of preoperative pain while 54 (38.7%) had not. There was no difference in VAS scores between patients subjected to aggressive or non-aggressive surgery. Only the CSQ subscale catastrophizing showed correlation with VAS at 24 hours and with HADS/D postoperatively. The HADS scores indicated both anxiety and depression, but did not distinguish patients subjected to aggressive or non-aggressive surgery. Conclusions: The majority of patients did not exhibit depression and anxiety. Coping mechanisms and pain in the preoperative period did not have a strong predictive value for additional postoperative pain, but those with a higher anxiety score had greater pain. .