Arte, corpo e humanidades na formação do profissional em saúde / Art, body, and humanities in the formation of the health professional / Arte, cuerpo y humanidades en la formación de los profesionales de la salud

RESUMO: O presente artigo teve por objetivo principal explicitar os fundamentos teórico-metodológicos de uma experiência pedagógica realizada na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, no campo das 'humanidades médicas'. Trata-se da disciplina 'Arte e saúde', ministrada desde 2016, na qual se procurou desenvolver uma estratégia de ensino que explicita e discute, na prática médica, questões relacionadas a corporeidade, gênero e cuidado à saúde. Nessa perspectiva, procurou-se explorar a potencialidade transgressora da arte como uma forma de problematizar um conjunto de pressupostos, princípios e valores subjacentes às relações sociais que, usualmente, são estabelecidas nos encontros entre terapeutas e pacientes. Neste artigo, discutimos apenas sobre um módulo dessa disciplina: aquele em que usamos exemplos de performances artísticas para refletir a dimensão corporal da experiência humana (corporeidade) e o mundo da vida cotidiana.

ABSTRACT: The primary focus of this article was to elucidate the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of a unique and innovative pedagogical endeavor undertaken at the Faculdade de Medicina of Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil, within the realm of 'medical humanities.' This is the domain of 'Art and Health,' introduced in 2016, where our aim was to devise a teaching approach that delves into and deliberates, in the context of medical practice, on issues pertaining to corporeality, gender, and health care. From this standpoint, we endeavored to harness the transformative power of art as a means of questioning a set of assumptions, principles, and values that underlie social interactions typically observed in therapeutic encounters. This article specifically delves into one module of this course: a module that employs instances of artistic performances to contemplate the physical aspect of human existence (corporeality) and the realm of everyday life.

RESUMEN: Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal exponer los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de una experiencia pedagógica llevada a cabo en la Faculdade de Medicina of Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil, en el ámbito de las 'humanidades médicas'. Se trata de la asignatura 'Arte y Salud', que se imparte desde 2016, con el objetivo de desarrollar una estrategia didáctica que evidencie y discuta cuestiones relacionadas con la corporalidad, el género y el cuidado de la salud en la práctica médica. Desde esta perspectiva, se buscó explorar el potencial transgresor del arte como una manera de problematizar un conjunto de presupuestos, principios y valores subyacentes a las relaciones sociales que suelen establecerse en los encuentros entre terapeutas y pacientes. En este artículo, hablaremos de un solo módulo de esta asignatura: aquel en el que utilizamos ejemplos de representaciones artísticas para reflexionar sobre la dimensión corporal de la experiencia humana (corporeidad) y el mundo de la vida cotidiana.

Effective combined antiretroviral therapy provides partial immune recovery to mycobacterial antigens in vertically infected, BCG-vaccinated youth living with HIV.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the cytokine response by PBMC of youth living with HIV (YLHIV) under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) antigens. METHODS: PBMC from 20 Brazilian YLHIV under cART with long-term (≥1 year) virological control, and 20 healthy controls were cultured for 24-96 h under stimulation with BCG, Mtb lysates, ESAT-6 and SEB. We measured TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-17 in culture supernatants using a cytometric bead array. RESULTS: Controls had higher IFN-γ production at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h upon stimulation with BCG lysate, plateauing at 48 h (Median = 1991 vs. 733 pg/mL; p = 0.01), and after 48-72 h of stimulation with Mtb lysate, plateauing at 48 h (3838 vs. 2069 pg/mL; p = 0.049). YLHIV had higher TNF-α production at all time points upon stimulation with ESAT-6, with highest concentration at 36 h (388 vs. 145 pg/mL; p = 0.02). Within the YLHIV group, total CD4 T cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio were associated with IFN-γ response to Mtb lysate and ESAT-6, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Even under long-term cART, YLHIV seem to have a suboptimal T-helper-1 response to mycobacterial antigens. This can be explained by early immunodeficiency in vertical infection, with lasting damage.

Ovarian Cancer-Associated Ascites Have High Proportions of Cytokine-Responsive CD56bright NK Cells.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with serous histotype as the most prevalent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Peritoneal ascites is a frequent comorbidity in advanced EOC. EOC-associated ascites provide a reliable sampling source for studying lymphocytes directly from tumor environment. Herein, we carried out flow cytometry-based analysis to readdress issues on NK and T lymphocyte subsets in women with advanced EOC, additionally evaluating phenotypic modulation of their intracellular pathways involved in interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 signaling. Results depicted ascites as an inflammatory and immunosuppressive environment, presenting significantly (p < 0.0001) higher amounts of IL-6 and IL-10 than in the patients' blood, as well as significantly (p < 0.05) increased expression of checkpoint inhibitory receptors (programmed death protein-1, PD-1) and ectonucleotidase (CD39) on T lymphocytes. However, NK lymphocytes from EOC-associated ascites showed higher (p < 0.05) pS6 phosphorylation compared with NK from blood. Additionally, in vitro treatment of lymphocytes with IL-2 or IL-15 elicited significantly (p < 0.001) phosphorylation of the STAT5 protein in NK, CD3 and CD8 lymphocytes, both from blood and ascites. EOC-associated ascites had a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher proportion of NK CD56bright lymphocytes than blood, which, in addition, were more responsive (p < 0.05) to stimulation by IL-2 than CD56dim NK. EOC-associated ascites allow studies on lymphocyte phenotype modulation in the tumor environment, where inflammatory profile contrasts with the presence of immunosuppressive elements and development of cellular self-regulating mechanisms.

Lymphocyte responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are similar between BCG-vaccinated patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: The low rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) among Brazilian patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) may be due to cross-reactive Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. In the present pilot study, we aimed to compare the lymphocyte responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in BCG-vaccinated CF patients and healthy controls. METHODS: The lymphocyte responses of CF patients (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 10) were assessed in terms of lymphocyte proliferation index (LPI), using flow cytometry. Median rates of each cell subtype - CD4, CD8, γδ T cells and CD19 (B) cells - were also determined. RESULTS: Median LPIs (CF vs. controls) were 22.9% vs. 13.0% (p = 0.481) and 23.1% vs. 17.6% (p = 0.481), upon stimulation with Mtb and BCG, respectively. Both groups had a predominant CD4 T cell response to Mtb (median rate = 82.5% vs. 79.7%; p = 0.796) and BCG (LPI = 84.3% vs. 83.0%; p = 0.853), which were significantly higher than the CD8, CD19 and γδ responses within both groups. CF patients tended to have a higher CD8 T cell response upon stimulation with the phytohemagglutinin mitogen than healthy controls (median rate = 42.8% vs. 31.7%, p = 0.075). CONCLUSION: The responses of BCG-vaccinated CF patients to Mtb and BCG are at least similar to those of healthy individuals. These are probably memory responses elicited by the BCG vaccination, which can cross-react with NTM and may explain the low frequency of NTM lung infection in our CF center.

A topical cell therapy approach for diabetic chronic ulcers: Effects of mesenchymal stromal cells associated with platelet-rich plasma.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic cutaneous ulcers are subjected to several physiological and biochemical defects, which contribute to wound chronicity and therapeutic failure. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used for stimulating tissue regeneration, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic properties in all phases of skin regeneration in cell therapy studies. AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects related to the use of a biomembrane composed of autologous MSCs and PRP on chronic wounds of diabetic patients (pre-post pilot study). PATIENTS/METHODS: Six diabetic patients with chronic wounds for more than 6 months were subjected to adipose tissue collection for isolation of MSCs, blood collection for PRP preparation, and topical administration of a biomembrane of MSCs and PRP on each chronic wound. The statistical difference regarding the evolution of ulcers was calculated by means of paired t test. RESULTS: There was granulation tissue formation starting from 7 days after topical application. Total re-epithelialization occurred in 5 of the 9 lesions treated, and the mean wound healing rate (WHR) was 74.55% (±32.55%) after 90 days. No cicatricial hypertrophy or retraction was observed. CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stromal cells topical therapy associated with PRP is well-tolerated and able to provide a reduction in ulcer area of diabetic chronic wounds.

Preservation of cytotoxic granule production in response to mycobacterial antigens by T-lymphocytes from vertically HIV-infected Brazilian youth on effective combined antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection harms adaptive cellular immunity mechanisms. Long-term virological control by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces the risk of mycobacterial infections. Thus, we aimed to study cellular responses to mycobacterial antigens in 20 HIV-infected adolescents with at least one year of virological control (HIV-RNA <40 copies/mL) and 20 healthy adolescents. METHODS: We evaluated CD8 and γδ T-cell degranulation by measurement of CD107a membrane expression after stimulation with lysates from BCG (10 µg/mL) and H37RA Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, 10 µg/mL). Immune activation and antigen-presenting ability were also assessed by determination of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 markers. RESULTS: TCR γδ T-cell CD107a expression was similar between groups in response to mycobacterial antigens, and lower in the HIV-infected group in response to mitogen. Higher baseline HLA-DR expression and lower mycobacterial-stimulated expression was found within the HIV-infected group. CONCLUSIONS: Similar degranulation in stimulated CD8+ and TCR γδ T-cells from HIV-infected adolescents, when compared to healthy controls suggests long-term immunological preservation with immune reconstitution under successful cART. However, differences in HLA-DR expression may represent ongoing inflammation and lower specific responses in HIV-infected youth. These features may be relevant in the context of the precocity and severity of vertically acquired HIV infection.

Preservation of cytotoxic granule production in response to mycobacterial antigens by T-lymphocytes from vertically HIV-infected Brazilian youth on effective combined antiretroviral therapy

ABSTRACT Background: HIV infection harms adaptive cellular immunity mechanisms. Long-term virological control by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces the risk of mycobacterial infections. Thus, we aimed to study cellular responses to mycobacterial antigens in 20 HIV-infected adolescents with at least one year of virological control (HIV-RNA <40 copies/mL) and 20 healthy adolescents. Methods: We evaluated CD8 and γδ T-cell degranulation by measurement of CD107a membrane expression after stimulation with lysates from BCG (10 µg/mL) and H37RA Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, 10 µg/mL). Immune activation and antigen-presenting ability were also assessed by determination of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 markers. Results: TCR γδ T-cell CD107a expression was similar between groups in response to mycobacterial antigens, and lower in the HIV-infected group in response to mitogen. Higher baseline HLA-DR expression and lower mycobacterial-stimulated expression was found within the HIV-infected group. Conclusions: Similar degranulation in stimulated CD8+ and TCR γδ T-cells from HIV-infected adolescents, when compared to healthy controls suggests long-term immunological preservation with immune reconstitution under successful cART. However, differences in HLA-DR expression may represent ongoing inflammation and lower specific responses in HIV-infected youth. These features may be relevant in the context of the precocity and severity of vertically acquired HIV infection.

"The Death of Ivan Ilyich" and multiple dimensions of illness. / "A Morte de Ivan Ilitch" e as múltiplas dimensões da doença.

The short story "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886), Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) provides key elements for a reflection on the meaning of long-term illness. Based on Tolstoy's short story the present paper analyzes the multiple dimensions of the process of illness. It starts with the argument that illness is not an a priori totality, but a trajectory of associations between the sick person, the doctor, family members, friends and caregivers. Acting, being affected, thinking and feeling all come together in the development of these associations. The analysis of the Ivan Ilyich's illness will consider the following points: (a) illness as otherness and incomprehensibility (growing unfamiliarity with one's body and the stages by which the body is gradually objectified); (b) illness as trajectories in an field of practices that involves the development of skills and the "education of attention"; (c) modes of health care as a set of techniques, objects and discourses that are put together or associated throughout trajectories concerned with the establishment of health. Long-term illness is therefore a mode of immersion of the sick person in networks of relations that come to be a part of her everyday life.

A novela "A morte de Ivan Ilitch" (1886), de Liev Tolstói (1828-1910), fornece-nos valiosos subsídios para pensarmos o significado de doença de longa duração. Fundamentando-se nessa obra literária, o presente artigo analisa as múltiplas dimensões do processo de adoecimento. Parte do princípio de que a doença não é uma totalidade formada a priori, mas um trajeto de associações entre o doente, o médico, a família, os amigos e cuidadores. Agir, ser afetado, pensar e sentir são fenômenos que caminham juntos no desenvolvimento dessas associações. A análise sobre o adoecimento de Ivan Ilitch está dividida nos seguintes itens: (a) a doença como alteridade e incompreensibilidade (estranhamento do corpo e estágios pelos quais o corpo é gradualmente objetificado); (b) a doença como trajetos em um campo de práticas que envolve aquisição de habilidades e uma "educação da atenção"; (c) cuidados à saúde como um conjunto de técnicas, objetos, discursos e práticas que em situações concretas são agregados ou associados ao longo de trajetos que envolvem a busca pela manutenção da saúde. Doença de longa duração é, portanto, uma forma de imersão do doente em redes de relações que passam a fazer parte de sua vida cotidiana.

"A Morte de Ivan Ilitch" e as múltiplas dimensões da doença / "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" and multiple dimensions of illness

Resumo A novela "A morte de Ivan Ilitch" (1886), de Liev Tolstói (1828-1910), fornece-nos valiosos subsídios para pensarmos o significado de doença de longa duração. Fundamentando-se nessa obra literária, o presente artigo analisa as múltiplas dimensões do processo de adoecimento. Parte do princípio de que a doença não é uma totalidade formada a priori, mas um trajeto de associações entre o doente, o médico, a família, os amigos e cuidadores. Agir, ser afetado, pensar e sentir são fenômenos que caminham juntos no desenvolvimento dessas associações. A análise sobre o adoecimento de Ivan Ilitch está dividida nos seguintes itens: (a) a doença como alteridade e incompreensibilidade (estranhamento do corpo e estágios pelos quais o corpo é gradualmente objetificado); (b) a doença como trajetos em um campo de práticas que envolve aquisição de habilidades e uma "educação da atenção"; (c) cuidados à saúde como um conjunto de técnicas, objetos, discursos e práticas que em situações concretas são agregados ou associados ao longo de trajetos que envolvem a busca pela manutenção da saúde. Doença de longa duração é, portanto, uma forma de imersão do doente em redes de relações que passam a fazer parte de sua vida cotidiana.

Abstract The short story "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886), Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) provides key elements for a reflection on the meaning of long-term illness. Based on Tolstoy's short story the present paper analyzes the multiple dimensions of the process of illness. It starts with the argument that illness is not an a priori totality, but a trajectory of associations between the sick person, the doctor, family members, friends and caregivers. Acting, being affected, thinking and feeling all come together in the development of these associations. The analysis of the Ivan Ilyich's illness will consider the following points: (a) illness as otherness and incomprehensibility (growing unfamiliarity with one's body and the stages by which the body is gradually objectified); (b) illness as trajectories in an field of practices that involves the development of skills and the "education of attention"; (c) modes of health care as a set of techniques, objects and discourses that are put together or associated throughout trajectories concerned with the establishment of health. Long-term illness is therefore a mode of immersion of the sick person in networks of relations that come to be a part of her everyday life.

Terapia celular combinada com membranas de biopolímeros melhora a cicatrização de úlceras em paciente com dermatomiosite juvenil / Combining cell therapy with biopolymer films improves wound healing in a juvenile dermatomyositis patient

Introdução: Dermatomiosite juvenil (DMJ) é doença sistêmica que afeta a musculatura proximal e a pele de crianças. A doença ulcerada é um desafio terapêutico. Objetivo: Avaliar a melhora da doença ulcerada na DMJ, pelo uso de terapia celular. Métodos: Realização de cocultura de fibroblastos e queratinócitos autólogos e aplicação dessas células nas úlceras juntamente com cola de fibrina e colocação de membrana de quitosana-alginato ou quitosana-xantana sobre as lesões. Resultados: Menos de 12 horas após a terapia, o paciente referiu completa eliminação da dor e, dentro de dois dias, estava presente tecido de cicatrização. Algumas das úlceras estavam quase completamente cicatrizadas no final da primeira semana, e algumas das calcinoses desapareceram. Essa técnica não cura a doença, mas melhora a qualidade de vida, sendo possível criopreservar as células saudáveis do paciente para tratar novas lesões. Sendo as células de origem autóloga, elimina-se o risco de rejeição. Além disso, esse procedimento não necessita de debridamento das lesões nem hospitalização. Conclusões: A aplicação de culturas autólogas de fibroblastos e queratinócitos em úlceras já é considerada tratamento efetivo em pacientes com queimaduras e outras feridas cutâneas e, agora mostrou-se também eficaz no tratamento de feridas na DMJ.

Introduction: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a systemic disease that affects children's proximal musculature and skin. The ulcerated stage of the disease is a therapeutic challenge. Objective: To evaluate the improvement of ulcerated stage of JDM caused by the use of cell therapy. Methods: Co-culture of autologous fibroblasts and keratinocytes, application of these cells in ulcers in conjunction with fibrin glue, and placement of chitosan-alginate or chitosan-xanthan membrane on the lesions. Results: Less than 12 hours after therapy, the patient reported complete cessation of pain and, within 2 days, healing tissue emerged. Some of the ulcers were almost completely healed by the end of the 1st week, and some of the calcinoses disappeared. This technique does not cure the disease, however it improves the patient's quality of life, and it is possible to cryopreserve healthy cells to treat new lesions. Given the fact that the cells are of autologous origin, the risk of rejection is eliminated. Furthermore, this procedure does not require debridement of the lesions or hospitalization. Conclusions: The application of autologous cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in ulcers is already considered an effective treatment in patients with burns and other skin wounds, and has now also been proven effective in the treatment of wounds in JDM.

Myiasis associated with an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast: case study.

Most breast cancers originate in the ductal epithelium and are referred to as invasive ductal carcinoma. In this study we report on the clinical procedures adopted to diagnose myiasis in association with infiltrating metastatic breast carcinoma in a female patient. A 41 years old woman came to the Federal Hospital of Andaraí complaining of intense itching, warmth, redness and hardening of the breast, which had acquired the aspect of an orange peel. A lesion in the left breast was cavitated, dimpled, had fetid odor, and had fibrotic and infected air nodules filled with exudate and Dipteran larvae. The tissue was cleaned and 33 larvae were extracted. The patient was hospitalized and received Ivermectin. Eighteen of the larvae extracted from the patient were placed in 70% alcohol, and twelve were placed in a container with sterile wood shavings under controlled conditions until they metamorphosed into adults. The taxonomic identification of the flies revealed that the culprit was Cochliomyia hominivorax. A histopathological exam conducted three months earlier had revealed infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Two months after the myiasis treatment, the breast tissue had healed. The patient had waited ten days from the onset of the myiasis to seek treatment, and that delay interfered negatively in the prognosis of both the neoplasm and the myiasis. This study is relevant to public health in view of the strong social impact of myiasis.

Myiasis associated with an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast: case study

ABSTRACT Most breast cancers originate in the ductal epithelium and are referred to as invasive ductal carcinoma. In this study we report on the clinical procedures adopted to diagnose myiasis in association with infiltrating metastatic breast carcinoma in a female patient. A 41 years old woman came to the Federal Hospital of Andaraí complaining of intense itching, warmth, redness and hardening of the breast, which had acquired the aspect of an orange peel. A lesion in the left breast was cavitated, dimpled, had fetid odor, and had fibrotic and infected air nodules filled with exudate and Dipteran larvae. The tissue was cleaned and 33 larvae were extracted. The patient was hospitalized and received Ivermectin. Eighteen of the larvae extracted from the patient were placed in 70% alcohol, and twelve were placed in a container with sterile wood shavings under controlled conditions until they metamorphosed into adults. The taxonomic identification of the flies revealed that the culprit was Cochliomyia hominivorax. A histopathological exam conducted three months earlier had revealed infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Two months after the myiasis treatment, the breast tissue had healed. The patient had waited ten days from the onset of the myiasis to seek treatment, and that delay interfered negatively in the prognosis of both the neoplasm and the myiasis. This study is relevant to public health in view of the strong social impact of myiasis.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: stimulatory effects on proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro.

The clinical use of tissue engineering associated with cell therapy is considered a new alternative therapy for the repair of chronic lesions with potential application in different medical areas, mostly in orthopedic and dermatological diseases. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a rich source of growth factors and cytokines important for wound healing. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have shown potential to accelerate the resolution of ulcers, to stimulate cell proliferation, and to benefit the quality of skin repair. This study aims to determine the effect of PRP and conditioned medium (CM) from ADSC on fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. Migration and proliferation assays were performed to evaluate the growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in the presence of PRP, CM, and CM + PRP. Significant proliferative stimulation was observed after 48 h of culture (p < 0.05) on mean absorbance of fibroblasts cultured with 10 and 25 % PRP, 100 % CM, and 25 % PRP + 25 % CM, if compared with control. Keratinocyte proliferation was stimulated after 48 h in cultures with 25, 50, and 100 % CM, and growth was compared with controls. The migration assay detected a significant migratory stimulus in fibroblasts cultured with 10 % PRP + 10 % CM after 48 h. These in vitro results suggest that PRP and ADSC have therapeutic potential for healing and re-epithelialization of chronic wounds in vivo.

Trifluoperazine protects brain plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase from oxidative damaging.

In the central nervous system (CNS), a number of different pathological processes such as necrosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases are related to disturbance in calcium homeostasis associated with oxidative stress. Here we compare the susceptibility of rat brain plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) isoforms to in vitro oxidative stress, and investigate a putative role of trifluoperazine (TFP), an antipsychotic drug that is also a powerful inhibitor of Ca(2+)-transporter proteins, in protecting these enzymes. It is shown that, in rat brain, PMCA is very sensitive to the damage induced by preincubation with Fe(2+)-ascorbate, or Fe(2+)-ascorbate plus H2O2, while SERCA is resistant. Inhibition of PMCA activity promoted by Fe(2+)/ascorbate medium is fully prevented by the presence of microM concentrations of either butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or TFP, but only partially protected, or reversed, by dithiothreitol (DTT), pointing to some protein cysteine(s) as one of the main targets for a lipid peroxidation-dependent damaging mechanism. However, when 0.5-1 mM H2O2 is added together with Fe(2+)/ascorbate, both BHT and TFP only partially prevent ATPase activity inhibition, and DTT does not confer any protection, suggesting two possible additional mechanisms involving both lipid peroxidation and direct damage to PMCA at amino acid residues other than cysteines. A possible use of micromolar concentrations of TFP as a direct antioxidant protector for PMCA under oxidative stress conditions is discussed.

A fenomenologia e as abordagens sistêmicas nos estudos sócio-antropológicos da doença: breve revisão crítica / Phenomenology and systemic approaches in socio-anthropological studies of illness: a brief critical review

O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar, em linhas gerais, como os principais quadros de referência no campo das ciências sociais explicam as concepções, as práticas, as vivências, os valores e atitudes que os atores sociais têm sobre questões relacionadas aos cuidados com a saúde. Examina inicialmente alguns dos pressupostos aos estudos nessa área orientados por "teorias sistêmicas", para em seguida explicitar em que sentido os estudos de base fenomenológica, ao enfatizar a temática da experiência da doença, contrastam com os modelos dominantes.

[Phenomenology and systemic approaches in socio-anthropological studies of illness: a brief critical review]. / A fenomenologia e as abordagens sistêmicas nos estudos sócio-antropológicos da doença: breve revisão crítica.

This paper aims to identify the ways by which the principal frames of reference in the social sciences explain the structure of social actors' knowledge, practices, values, and behaviors regarding health care. The article begins by examining some of the assumptions underlying studies produced within what are called systemic theories. It then proceeds to discuss phenomenological approaches to the health and illness experience. The goal is to clarify how these approaches focus on experience and depart from prevailing systemic models.

Atendimento domiciliar na ótica do enfermeiro especialista / Home care under the nurse specialist's view

Devido ao desconhecimento sobre as atividades do enfermeiro no atendimento domiciliar, realizamos pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando um formulário para analisar a opinião desse profissional e suas principais atividades, em 2000, em Niterói, Estado do Rio de Janeiro/Brasil. Participaram do estudo cinco enfermeiras da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Com o presente trabalho verificamos que as opiniões são positivas e as atividades são do domínio do sistema de saúde (gerenciamento e mediação), nos níveis secundário e terciário. Concluímos que as atividades descritas circunscrevem um campo limitado, característico da área hospitalar, sendo necessário o resgate das experiências baseadas em modelos extra-hospitalares, holísticos e plurais para a especialidade de Enfermagem em Home Care e suas inserção no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)

Nervoso e experiência de fragilizaçäo: narrativas de mulheres idosas / Nervous and experience of fragilization: narratives of aged women

Na literatura gerontológica, a velhice é usualmente concebida como um período de ajustamento às mudanças fisiológicas provocadas pela força física cada vez menor, às transformações físicas no corpo, à incapacidade de procriaçäo, à morte do cônjuge, ao abandono do lar pelos filhos

Experiência de doença e narrativa / Experience of disease and narrative

Aborda a construçao social da doença, em especial a "doença mental", enfocando as experiências de afliçao através dos processos sociais e diálogos que lhe dao forma. Focaliza o doente e a experiência do adoecer e do se tratar. A instigante análise penetra em questoes relativas à subjetividade, corporalidade e açao, aspectos fundamentais para o entendimento dos modos socialmente compartilhados através dos quais os moradores do Nordeste de Amaralina identificam, explicam e reagem à doença mental.