Urate-lowering effect of calcium supplementation: Analyses of a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if the gout-protective effect of low-fat dairy products could be attributed to the urate-lowering effect of calcium. METHODS: This is a placebo-controlled trial in which thirty-five adult (aged 18-42 years) female low-calcium consumers (<800 mg/d) were randomized to one of three treatment groups: low calcium breakfast (control, ∼70 mg of calcium/d) -C or high-calcium breakfast (∼770 mg/d) from calcium citrate - CIT or from skim milk - SM, during 45 consecutive days. Breakfasts were matched for potential confounders and were provided as part of an energy-restricted normoprotein diet containing an additional 800 mg of calcium/d. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements (body fat assessment) and fasting blood samples (urate, ionic calcium, PTH, and 1,25-(OH)2-D3) were taken at baseline and the end of the experiment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/ (RBR-7Q2N33). RESULTS: Despite no significant changes in total body weight/fat, CIT and SM led to a significant reduction in serum urate and ionic calcium, but did not affect PTH and vitamin D concentrations compared to C. CIT and SM reduced baseline serum urate by ∼14% and ∼17%, respectively. There was a trend to a positive correlation between changes in serum urate and changes in ionic calcium on day 45 (r = 0.327, P = 0.055). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium supplementation (770 mg/d from dairy or calcium citrate) reduced serum urate concentrations, suggesting that the gout-protective effect of low-fat dairy consumption is at least partly due to a urate-lowering effect of calcium.

The fatty acid profile of adipose tissue as a predictor of the ponderal and inflammatory response in adult women six years after bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue is involved in several metabolic changes. This study investigated the association between the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue pre-surgery and the postsurgical response regarding the evolution of weight and concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in adult women who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 14) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 19) at one (T1), three (T3) and six (T6) years after surgery. METHODS: Blood samples were collected to obtain plasma for the measurement of IL-6 and TNF. Anthropometric measurements were performed, collecting samples of VAT and SAT during surgery to assess the FA profiles. RESULTS: Weight loss had a positive correlation with the percentage of VAT-C17:0 (T1, T3) and SAT-C18:2 (T1, T3, T6), and it had a negative correlation with SAT-C22:0 (T1, T3) and VAT-C22:0 (T3). Regarding the inflammatory response, SAT-C14:0 (T6), VAT-C14:0 (T6), SAT-C14:1 (baseline), SAT-C15:0 (T6), SAT-C16:1 (T6), VAT-C16:1 (baseline), SAT-C17:1 (T6), VAT-C17:1 (baseline), VAT-C18:1 (T6), and VAT-C20:1 (T6) exhibited positive correlations with the concentration of IL-6, which were different from the correlations of IL-6 concentrations with SAT-C18:2, VAT-C18:2 (T6), and VAT-C18:3 (T6). The FA SAT-C18:0 (T1) was negatively correlated with TNF concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Saturated FAs were predominantly proinflammatory, primarily in the late postoperative period. Alternately, the polyunsaturated FAs exhibited anti-inflammatory potential and predicted weight loss. Thus, the FA profile of the adipose tissue of obese adult women may be a predictor of the ponderal and inflammatory response 6 years after bariatric surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the ethics committee of Federal University of Viçosa; Registration n. 17287913.2.0000.5153; Date: 07/05/2013.

Effects of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status of overweight men: a randomised controlled trial.

The consumption of food with MUFA has been associated with improvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight individuals. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of high-oleic peanut intake within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status markers in overweight men. Sixty-four overweight men (BMI 26-35 kg/m2, 18-50 years old) participated in this randomised controlled study for 4 weeks, allocated into three groups: control (CT, n 22), conventional peanut (CVP, n 21) and high-oleic peanut (HOP, n 21). They followed a hypoenergetic diet (-250 kcal/d; -1045 kJ/d) with or without 56 g of high-oleic or conventional peanuts. After the intervention, the inflammatory markers did not show significant changes in fasting concentrations or postprandial response among the experimental groups (P > 0·05). The activity of oxidative status markers remained unchanged after the intervention. However, in the CT, malondialdehyde showed lower concentration in comparison with the baseline (P = 0·020) and among the groups (P = 0·002). In the present study, the daily intake of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet did not modify the inflammatory markers and oxidative status in overweight men. More studies are needed to better understand the effect of high-oleic peanut intake on health outcomes.

Higher plasma lipopolysaccharide concentrations are associated with less favorable phenotype in overweight/obese men.

PURPOSE: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria might be an inflammation trigger in adipose tissue. It has recently been proposed that there is a link between adipose tissue distribution and blood LPS. However, the number of studies on this topic is scarce, and further investigation in humans is required. In this study, we explored the association between plasma LPS concentrations and body fat distribution, as well as the biochemical parameters that may indicate the presence of metabolic disorders. METHODS: Sixty-seven young adult men with body mass index of 26-35 kg/m(2) were evaluated. Anthropometry, body composition and body fat distribution, blood pressure, energy expenditure, physical activity level, dietary intake, and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Men with median plasma LPS ≥ 0.9 EU/mL presented higher sagittal abdominal diameter, trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and beta cell dysfunction (HOMA-B) than those with lower plasma LPS. LPS correlated positively with the trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, as well as HOMA-IR and HOMA-B. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher plasma LPS concentration is associated with a less favorable phenotype as characterized by higher central adiposity, higher values of HOMA-IR, and beta cell function impairment in overweight/obese men.

High-oleic peanuts increase diet-induced thermogenesis in overweight and obese men / Cacahuete alto-oleico aumenta la termogénesis inducida por la dieta en hombres con sobrepeso y obesidad

Background: Evidences suggest that nuts consumption can improve energy metabolism. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of acute ingestion of high-oleic and conventional peanuts on appetite, food intake, and energy metabolism in overweight and obese men. Methods: Seventy one subjects (29.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2) were assigned to the groups: control (CT, n = 24); conventional peanuts (CVP, n = 23); high-oleic peanuts (HOP, n = 24). Subjects consumed 56 g of peanuts (CVP and HOP) or control biscuits (CT) after overnight fasting. Thereafter, energy metabolism was evaluated over 200 minutes, during which diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate oxidation were analyzed. Appetite sensation was recorded for 3 hours. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software considering 5% as the significance level. Results: Postprandial energy expenditure and DIT were significantly higher in HOP than in CVP. Substrate oxidation did not differ between groups. Only HOP presented score below 100 indicating incomplete compensation. CT and CVP showed a complete caloric compensation (scores > 100). Regarding appetite sensation, CVP group felt less «full» than HOP and CT. After 3 hours, satiety score of CVP returned to baseline, whereas HOP and CT remained significantly higher. Hunger scores returned to baseline in CVP and CT and they were maintained significantly lowered in HOP. Conclusion: High-oleic peanuts contributed to higher DIT, higher sensation of fullness and incomplete compensation for energy intake compared to conventional peanuts and may be useful to dietary intervention to reduce body weight (AU)

Antecedentes: Las pruebas sugieren que el consumo de frutos secos puede mejorar el metabolismo energético. Propósito: Este estudio tenía por finalidad comparar los efectos de la ingesta aguda de cacahuetes con alto contenido en oleico y cacahuetes convencionales sobre el apetito, el consumo de alimentos y el metabolismo energético in hombres con sobrepeso y obesos. Métodos: Se distribuyó a 71 individuos (29,8 ± 2,4 kg/m2) a los grupos: control (CT, n = 24); cacahuetes convencionales (CVP, n = 23); cacahuetes con alto contenido en oleico (HOP, n = 24). Los individuos consumieron 56 g de cacahuetes (CVP y HOP) o control (CT) tras un ayuno nocturno. Posteriormente, se evaluó el metabolismo energético a lo largo de 200 minutes, durante los cuales se analizaron la termogénesis inducida por la dieta (TID) y la oxidación de sustratos. La sensación de apetito se registró durante 3 horas. Se realizaron los análisis estadísticos con el programa SAS considerando un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: El consumo de energía posprandial y la TID fueron significativamente superiores en el HOP que el CVP. La oxidación de sustratos no difirió entre los grupos. Sólo el HOP presentó una puntuación por debajo de 100, lo que indicaba una compensación incompleta. El CT y el CVP mostraron una compensación calórica completa (puntuaciones > 100). Con respecto a la sensación de apetito, el grupo CVP se mostró menos «lleno» que los grupos HOP y CT. A las 3 horas, la puntuación de saciedad del CVP volvió a la situación basal, mientras que en los grupos HOP y CT permanecía significativamente superior. Las puntuaciones de hambre volvieron a la situación basal in los grupos CVP y CT y se mantuvieron significativamente por debajo a las del grupo HOP. Conclusión: Los cacahuetes con alto contenido en oleico contribuyen a una mayor TID, mayor sensación de plenitud y una compensation incompleta del consumo de energía en comparación con los cacahuetes convencionales y pueden ser de ayuda como intervention dietética para disminuir el peso corporal (AU)

Regular intake of high-oleic peanuts improves fat oxidation and body composition in overweight/obese men pursuing a energy-restricted diet.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of high-oleic and conventional peanuts within a hypocaloric-diet on energy metabolism and body composition. METHODS: This 4-week randomized clinical trial included males with BMI of 29.7 ± 2.4 kg m(-2) and aged between 18 and 50 years. Participants were assigned to the groups: control (CT, n = 22) that followed a hypocaloric-diet; conventional peanuts (CVP, n = 22) or high-oleic peanuts (HOP, n = 21) that received the hypocaloric-diet including (not adding) 56 g day(-1) of peanuts. Glucose, fat oxidation, and body fatness and lean mass were the main outcomes. RESULTS: Body weight and composition did not differ between groups. However, within group total body fat (kg) reduced with CVP and HOP, with a significant decrease in body fat percentage in HOP. While total lean mass (kg) decreased in CT, total lean mass (%) increased in HOP. Truncal lean mass decreased in the CT. At baseline, HOP had greater postprandial fat oxidation than the CVP. After 4-weeks, fasting fat oxidation increased in CVP and HOP. Fat oxidation increased in CT and HOP during the 200 min after meal intake compared to the fasting condition. CONCLUSION: Regular peanut consumption, especially the high-oleic type, within a hypocaloric-diet increased fat oxidation and reduced body fatness in overweigh and obese men.

Eating carbohydrate mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner within a covert hypocaloric diet influences morning glucose homeostasis in overweight/obese men.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of two dietary patterns in which carbohydrates and proteins were eaten mostly at lunch or dinner on body weight and composition, energy metabolism, and biochemical markers in overweight/obese men. METHODS: Fifty-eight men (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 30.8 ± 2.4 kg/m(2)) followed a covert hypocaloric balanced diet (-10 % of daily energy requirements) during 8 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: control diet (CT); diurnal carbohydrate/nocturnal protein (DCNP); and nocturnal carbohydrate/diurnal protein (NCDP). Main analyzed outcomes were weight loss, body composition, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and glucose/lipid profile. RESULTS: In all groups, a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and fat mass (kg and %) was verified, without differences between groups. Interestingly, within group analyses showed that the fat-free mass (kg) significantly decreased in NCDP and in CT after 8-week intervention, but not in DCNP. A detrimental increase in fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR) was verified only in DCNP, while NCDP and CT groups presented a non-significant reduction. Moreover, significant differences between DCNP and the other groups were detected for fasting insulin and HOMAIR. After the adjustments, NCDP presented a significantly higher DIT and energy expenditure after lunch, compared with DCNP, but after dinner, there were no differences among groups. CONCLUSION: Eating carbohydrates mostly at dinner and protein mostly at lunch within a hypocaloric balanced diet had similar effect on body composition and biochemical markers, but higher effect on DIT compared with control diet. Moreover, eating carbohydrates mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner had a deleterious impact on glucose homeostasis.

Agreement between different methods and predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in overweight and obese Brazilian men.

Predictive equations and methods tend to overestimate or underestimate resting energy expenditure (REE) compared with indirect calorimetry (IC). This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the agreement between methods and equations for REE estimation of overweight and obese Brazilian men. Data from 48 healthy volunteers, ages 20 to 43 years and with body mass index ranging from 26.4 to 35.2, were collected between October 2008 and October 2009. REE was measured by IC, using Deltatrac (IC1) and KORR-MetaCheck (IC2) devices. It was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using tetrapolar (BIA1) and bipolar (BIA2) devices, and by the equations of Mifflin, World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University, Fleisch, Horie-Waitzberg and Gonzalez, and Ireton-Jones. The association and agreement among the methods and equations were assessed by the interclass correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analysis, and by the percentage of the difference between values obtained from the standard method and alternative methods and equations. Most methods showed high agreement with IC1. The highest agreements were found for Mifflin (-2.14%), Fleisch (-3.05%), Horie-Waitzberg and Gonzalez (4.41%), and BIA2 (5.25%). Similar results were shown by the Bland-Altman analyses. BIA2, followed by BIA1, Ireton-Jones, Mifflin, and Fleisch, showed the highest association with IC1. Thus, the Mifflin, Fleisch, Horie-Waitzberg and Gonzalez equations, and BIA2, were the most accurate methods for REE estimation in this study. However, because those equations have shown considerable variability, they should be used cautiously. In addition, the IC2 was not found to be an accurate method for REE estimation in overweight and obese men included in this study.

Intervenção nutricional sobre medidas antropométricas e glicemia de jejum de pacientes diabéticos / Nutritional intervention on anthropometric measurements and fasting glycemia of diabetic patients

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o alcance das atividades desenvolvidas em um projeto de atendimento nutricional, promovido pela Universidade Federal de Viçosa (MG), sobre a glicemia de jejum, medidas antropométricas e de composição corporal de indivíduos diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, no qual pacientes diabéticos, recrutados do Projeto de Atendimento Nutricional a Diabéticos da Terceira Idade, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, participaram de reuniões quinzenais, nas quais foram abordados temas relativos à ingestão de dietas saudáveis, e receberam atendimento nutricional individualizado. Os dados foram coletados a partir da aplicação de um roteiro clínico-nutricional, a 42 pacientes, contendo informações pessoais e itens referentes a: história clínica, inquérito dietético, dados antropométricos, de composição corporal e bioquímicos. Analisaram-se o peso, o índice de massa corporal, a circunferência da cintura, o percentual de gordura corporal e a glicemia de jejum antes de qualquer intervenção e após seis meses de acompanhamento. As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas utilizando-se o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 12.5. O critério de significância estatística adotado foi p<0,05. As análises, antes e depois do período de intervenção, foram realizadas pelo teste de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Observou-se redução estatisticamente significante dos valores medianos do índice de massa corporal (p=0,032 e 0,022), da circunferência da cintura (p=0,036 e 0,03) e do percentual de gordura corporal (p=0,045 e 0,039) dos voluntários dos sexos masculino e feminino, respectivamente. Também foi observada redução estatisticamente significante na glicemia de jejum (p=0,035), apesar de o valor mediano deste parâmetro ainda ter permanecido acima das recomendações. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que a terapia nutricional parece ter contribuído para a melhoria na adequação das medidas antropométricas e bioquímicas dos...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the scope of a project of nutritional intervention, conducted by the Federal University of Viçosa (MG), on fasting glucose, anthropometric measurements and body composition of diabetic patients. METHODS: In this cohort study, diabetic patients recruited from the " Elderly Diabetics Nutritional Care" project, conducted at the Federal University of Viçosa, participated in meetings twice a month, where healthy diets were discussed and individual nutritional intervention was given. The data were collected by the application of a clinical-nutritional questionnaire to 42 patients containing personal information and information regarding clinical history, dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, body composition and biochemical data. Body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, percentage of body fat and fasting glucose of the participants were analyzed at baseline and after six months of nutritional intervention. The statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 12.5. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The analyses before and after the intervention were done using the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: At the end of the study, there was a significant reduction in the median body mass index (p=0.032 and 0.022), waist circumference (p=0.036 and 0.03), and percentage of body fat (p=0.045 and 0.039) of males and females, respectively. Furthermore, there was also a significant reduction in fasting glucose (p=0.035). However, the median value of this last parameter was still above the recommended value. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the nutritional therapy helped improve the anthropometric and biochemical data of the participants, although they must continue with this treatment for more time for these changes to become more evident.