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1.
Ciênc. rural ; 41(11): 1867-1870, nov. 2011. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-608043

ABSTRACT

A transmissão horizontal de fungos entomopatogênicos tem papel importante na epizootiologia, pois está diretamente associada à disseminação do agente causal da doença de insetos. Em hospedeiros que apresentam restrita mobilidade, a presença de pragas secundárias no agroecossistema pode ajudar na formação de focos secundários da doença e, com isso, aumentar a mortalidade das pragas-chave. Para tanto, a disseminação de Beauveria bassiana, introduzida inoculativamente através de iscas tipo telha, foi avaliada em um bananal infestado por Cosmopolites sordidus (Piracicaba) e outro por C. sordidus e Metamasius hemipterus (Botucatu). Constatou-se que, em Piracicaba, não foram capturados insetos infectados na testemunha, sendo os índices de infecção nas parcelas que receberam B. bassiana de 8 e 15 por cento. Em Botucatu, o índice de infecção dos insetos capturados na testemunha chegou a 17 por cento, enquanto que, nas parcelas tratadas, variou de 28 a 54 por cento. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demostram que a presença de M. hemipterus influenciou na disseminação de B. bassiana para a população de C. sordidus, praga-chave dessa cultura.


Horizontal transmission of entomopathogenic fungi plays an important role in the epizootiology, because it is directly associated with the spread of causal agents of insect diseases. In hosts with restricted mobility, the presence of secondary pests in the agroecosystem can help in the formation of secondary disease outbreaks and increase the mortality of the target pest. For this purpose, the dissemination of Beauveria bassiana inoculated using tile-type baits was evaluated in a banana plantation infested with Cosmopolites sordidus (Piracicaba) and one with C. sordidus and Metamasius hemipterus (Botucatu). In Piracicaba, insects contaminated with the pathogen were not found in the control group, and infection rates in the plots that received B. bassiana ranged between 8 and 15 percent. In Botucatu, the infection rate of insects in the control reached 17 percent, whereas in the fungal treatment plots, it varied from 28 to 54 percent. The present results demonstrate the influence of M. hemipterus in the dissemination of B. bassiana in populations of C. sordidus, a target pest of this crop.

2.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 53(4): 753-761, July-Aug. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-554767

ABSTRACT

This work investigated the production of the fungi Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa in biphasic fermentation using agro-industrial products and residues. Combinations of natural liquid substrates, alternative to the complete medium and potato dextrose medium, were evaluated. The best liquid media were sugarcane molasses + rice broth, rice broth + yeast and sugarcane molasses + yeast + rice broth, which resulted in the highest viable propagule concentration. The molasses + rice broth medium was selected for the next phase of the study in which the production of both fungal isolates was evaluated in solid grain substrates. In solid-state fermentation, the best conidia production was achieved with the soybean meal and broken corn for I. farinosa, and whole rice and broken rice for I. fumosorosea. Results demonstrated that the two fungal species could be rapidly produced with higher yield of conidia on agro-industrial resources by using biphasic fermentation techniques.


Estudou-se a produção dos fungos Isaria fumosorosea (ESALQ1296) e Isaria farinosa (ESALQ1205) em fermentação líquida e sólida utilizando produtos e resíduos agroindustriais. Inicialmente, avaliaram-se combinações de substratos líquidos naturais e alternativos aos meios completo e batata-dextrose. Os meios líquidos mais promissores foram: melaço + caldo de arroz, caldo de arroz + levedura e melaço + levedura + caldo de arroz, pois resultaram nas maiores produções de propágulos viáveis. O meio melaço + caldo de arroz foi selecionado para etapa seguinte do trabalho, na qual se avaliou a produção dos fungos em grãos. A fermentação sólida foi mais eficiente quando se utilizaram os meios de farelo de soja e milho quirela para I. farinosa,e arroz inteiro e arroz quirela para I. fumosorosea. A fermentação bifásica para os fungos estudados a partir desses produtos agroindustriais selecionados proporcionou elevada produção de conídios em curto intervalo de tempo, podendo ser implantada em escala industrial.

3.
Ciênc. rural ; 39(1): 1-5, Jan.-Feb. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-502628

ABSTRACT

The soil and other substrates such as mushroom compounds are the main sources of new Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates for Integrated Pest Management programs. This study describes the relationship between chemical properties of the soil (pH, OM, P3+, K1+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H1++Al3+, B3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) and the occurrence of Bt in Brazil. A total of 1,197 bacterial colonies were obtained, being 512 of them identified as Bt. The Bt index (iBt), which is the relation between Bt colonies and bacterial counts ranged from 0.18 to 0.86. The iBt may be expressed with the formula: iBt= -0.4 + 0.6Ca2+ + 0.07Cu2+ + 0.009Fe2+ - 0.53Mg2+ -0.12Mn2+ + 1.26Zn2+. A cluster of samples with fewer colonies and a high negative correlation (antagonism) between Mn2+ and Ca2+; Mg2+ and Ca2+; Mg2+ and Zn2+; Mn2+ and Zn2+ and a high positive correlation (synergism) between Mn2+ and Mg2+; Zn2+ and Ca2+ was observed. The relationship between these elements and their effect on the Bt presence are discussed.


O solo e outros substratos, como restos vegetais são as principais fontes de obtenção de isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) para programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Este estudo descreve uma investigação sobre a relação entre algumas propriedades químicas do solo (pH, MO, P3+, K1+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H1+ + Al3+, B3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ e Zn2+) e a ocorrência de Bt em solos do Brasil. Entre 1197 colônias bacterianas, 512 foram identificados como Bt. O índice de Bt (iBt), que é a relação entre o número de colônias de Bt e de colônias bacterianas, variou de 0,18 a 0,86. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o iBt pode ser representado pelo iBt da fórmula = -0,.4 + 0,6Ca2+ + 0,07Cu2+ + 0,009Fe2+ - 0,53Mg2+ -0,12Mn2+ + 1,26Zn2+. Observou-se o agrupamento das amostras com poucas colônias; uma correlação negativa elevada (antagonismo) entre Mn2+ e Ca2+, Mg2+ e Ca2+, Mg2+ e Zn2+, Mn2+ e Zn2+; uma correlação positiva elevada (sinergismo) entre Mn2+ e Mg2+, Zn2+ e Ca2+. A relação entre esses elementos e o efeito dessa relação na presença de Bt são discutidos.

4.
Exp Appl Acarol ; 40(1): 37-47, 2006.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17004029

ABSTRACT

The pathogenicity of 52 isolates from several fungus species was studied for the false spider mite Brevipalpus phoenicis. In addition, the main stages during the course of infection by Hirsutella thompsonii, by far the most virulent pathogen, were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Adult mites were confined to arenas prepared with citrus leaves in acrylic dishes containing agar-water. Conidial suspensions containing 10(8) conidia/ml were applied, except for H. thompsonii, where a concentration of 10(7) conidia/ml was used. The H. thompsonii isolates caused higher mortality, with indices higher than 90%. Observations under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h after application of a H. thompsonii suspension containing 10(7) conidia/ml. Twenty-four hours after inoculation, H. thompsonii conidia were observed attached to the mite's integument. The conidia germinated and penetrated through the base of the setae on the hysterosoma. Colonization occurred after 48 h, as evidenced by mortality. Conidiogenesis occurred after 120 h, with the development of mycelium and conidiophores emerging from the posterior and anterior parts of the mite.


Subject(s)
Mite Infestations/prevention & control , Mites/microbiology , Mitosporic Fungi/pathogenicity , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Animals , Brazil , Citrus/parasitology , Female , Microscopy, Electron , Mites/ultrastructure , Mitosporic Fungi/growth & development , Plant Diseases/parasitology , Plant Leaves/parasitology
5.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 36(4): 309-314, Oct.-Dec. 2005. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-433465

ABSTRACT

A curva de persistência de produtos à base de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) no campo é um importante parâmetro para avaliar a sua eficiência. A meia-vida, baseada em estimativas dos parâmetros desta curva, é um aspecto importante na seleção de pesticidas microbianos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a relação entre a perda de viabilidade de esporos de Bt em folhas de milho, e sua concentração, comparando-as com a persistência em campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, composto por plantas de milho às quais foram aplicadas três concentrações (meia dose e dose normal e dobro da dose recomendada) de uma formulação comercial de Dipel. Em cada parcela foram escolhidas ao acaso 3 folhas na parte superior de 3 plantas. Nestas, foram feitas amostragens entre 3 e 72 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos, para contar o número de esporos viáveis, utilizando-se dois discos com 1 cm de diâmetro. A persistência em campo foi medida com um modelo exponencial, linearizado por transformação logarítmica do número de esporos viáveis no tempo. Utilizando o método linear logarítmico dos intervalos de confiança, não foi verificada diferença significativa (P=0.05) nas meias-vidas em 18,2 horas para meia dose, 16,5 horas para dose normal e 13,6 horas para o dobro da dose. Considerando uma taxa fictícia de consumo de um inseto de, calculou-se as doses eficazes em cada concentração. Constatou-se que 77%, 78% e 80,5% das doses efetivas (esporos viáveis) permaneceram na superfície das folhas um dia após o tratamento, respectivamente.


Subject(s)
Bacillus thuringiensis , In Vitro Techniques , Pesticides , Plant Leaves , Zea mays , Methods , Spores
6.
Exp Appl Acarol ; 37(1-2): 117-22, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16180077

ABSTRACT

The pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to one of the major pests of citrus crops, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, was assessed by inoculating mites with different concentrations of conidia (1 x 10(6), 5 x 10(6), 1 x 10(7), 5 x 10(7) and 1 x 10(8)). Treated mites were kept at controlled conditions (25 +/- 0.5 degrees C, 12 h photoperiod and 98% relative humidity) and mite survivorship was evaluated daily. Mortality was found to increase in time and was dependent on the conidia concentration, with values ranging from 24 to 91% for the lowest and highest conidia concentration, respectively. The calculated LC50 on the fifth day was 4.23 x 10(6) conidia/ml. Mean lethal time was 3.98, 9.79, 3.09 and 2.74 days for 5 x 10(6), 1 x 10(7), 5 x 10(7) and 1 x 10(8) conidia/ml, respectively. Conidia were found to adhere all over the mite body surface, especially at the anal region, where vegetative mycelium was found entering the mite body. We noticed the formation of small crystals inside the mite's body that were produced during colonization of the body cavity by the fungus. This is the first report of B. bassiana pathogenicity for this species.


Subject(s)
Ascomycota/pathogenicity , Citrus , Mite Infestations/prevention & control , Mites/microbiology , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Plant Diseases/parasitology , Animals , Ascomycota/growth & development , Mites/growth & development
7.
Rev Saude Publica ; 37(6): 813-6, 2003 Dec.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14666315

ABSTRACT

The importance of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in the control of Aedes aegypti is presented. The use and potential of B. thuringiensis israelensis against the mosquito vector of dengue fever is described. Other aspects such as insect's resistance development against chemicals and advantages and constraints of using microbial control are discussed. Emphasis is given to the importance of the use of this bacterium in Brazil, which could contribute significantly to solving the mosquito problem without affecting the environment, humans and others invertebrate organisms in critical regions.


Subject(s)
Aedes , Bacillus thuringiensis , Dengue/prevention & control , Insect Vectors , Mosquito Control , Animals , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn
8.
Rev. saúde pública ; 37(6): 813-816, dic. 2003.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-350442

ABSTRACT

Relata-se a importância da bactéria entomopatogênica Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis para o controle de Aedes aegypti. São abordados a utilizaçäo e potencial de B. thuringiensis israelensis contra o mosquito vetor da dengue. Outros aspectos säo discutidos como a evoluçäo da resistência dos insetos em relaçäo aos inseticidas químicos e as vantagens e desvantagens do controle microbiano como estratégia de controle. É dada ênfase à importância da utilizaçäo desta bactéria no Brasil como alternativa para resolver o problema em questäo sem afetar o ambiente, o homem e outros vertebrados nas áreas de risco.


Subject(s)
Bacillus thuringiensis , Aedes , Dengue , Insect Vectors , Pest Control, Biological
9.
J Invertebr Pathol ; 81(2): 70-7, 2002 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12445790

ABSTRACT

Beauveria bassiana colonizes insect hosts initially through a yeast phase, which is common in some artificial liquid cultures, but not reported on artificial solid media. We describe a yeast-like phase for B. bassiana isolate 447 (ATCC 20872) on MacConkey agar and its virulence toward Diatraea saccharalis and Tetranychus urticae. The yeast-like cells of B. bassiana developed by budding from germinating conidia after 24-h incubation. Cells were typically 5-10 microm and fungal colonies were initially circular and mucoid, but later were covered with mycelia and conidia. Ability to produce yeast-like cells on MacConkey medium was relatively common among different B. bassiana isolates, but growth rate and timing of yeast-like cell production also varied. Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces spp. isolates did not grow as yeast-like cells on MacConkey medium. Yeast-like cells of B. bassiana 447 were more virulent against D. saccharalis than conidia when 10(7)cells/ml were used. At 10(8)cells/ml, the estimated mean survival time was 5.4 days for the yeast suspension and 7.7 days for the conidial suspension, perhaps due to faster germination. The LC(50) was also lower for yeast than conidial suspensions. Yeast-like cells and conidia had similar virulence against T. urticae; the average mortalities with yeast-like cells and conidia were, respectively, 42.8 and 45.0%, with 10(7)cells/ml, and 77.8 and 74.4%, with 10(8)cells/ml. The estimated mean survival times were 3.6 and 3.9 for yeast and conidial suspensions, respectively. The bioassay results demonstrate the yeast-like structures produced on MacConkey agar are effective as inoculum for B. bassiana applications against arthropod pests, and possibly superior to conidia against some species. Obtaining well-defined yeast phase cultures of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes may be an important step in studies of the biology and nutrition, pathogenesis, and the genetic manipulation of these fungi.


Subject(s)
Cordyceps/growth & development , Cordyceps/pathogenicity , Life Cycle Stages/physiology , Moths/microbiology , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Tetranychidae/microbiology , Agar , Animals , Cordyceps/ultrastructure , Female , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Yeasts/pathogenicity , Yeasts/ultrastructure
10.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 43(4)2000. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-458248

ABSTRACT

Fifty strains of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. were tested against the termite Cornitermes cumulans. In the first phase of the experiments, several bioassays were conducted and the five best strains were selected. The criterion for strain selection during this phase was the confirmed mortality above 50 percent five days after application of the fungus. Three M. anisopliae and two B. bassiana strains were the most virulent. The second phase of the experiments consisted of a bioassay and a conidial production test using a rice medium. The best M. anisopliae and B. bassiana strains were selected using both the confirmed insect mortality nine days after application of the fungus and the yield of conidia. Considering results from the bioassay, M. anisopliae 1037 showed the highest confirmed (57.8 percent) and total (89.2 percent) mortalities after nine days. Among the B. bassiana strains, 447 was the most virulent with confirmed and total mortalities of 45.9 percent and 89.8 percent, respectively. M. anisopliae 1037 had the highest conidial yield with mean of 3.37 x 10(12) conidia/kg of rice, followed by B. bassiana strain 447 with 2.66 x 10(12) conidia/kg of rice. The M. anisopliae strain 1037 was the highest virulent followed by B. bassiana strain 447. This strains showed the greatest potential as agents to be used in biological control programs against C. cumulans.


Nesta pesquisa foram testados cinqüenta isolados dos fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. sobre Cornitermes cumulans. Na primeira fase foram realizados vários bioensaios, selecionando-se os 5 melhores isolados. O critério usado para a seleção foi a mortalidade confirmada acima de 50 por cento, no quinto dia após a aplicação. Três isolados de M. anisopliae e dois de B. bassiana foram os mais virulentos. A segunda fase de seleção constou de um bioensaio e um teste de produção de conídios em meio de arroz, selecionando-se o melhor isolado de M. anisopliae e de B. bassiana. Os critérios adotados foram: mortalidade confirmada até ao nono dia após a inoculação e quantidade de conídios produzidos. Considerando os resultados do bioensaio, o isolado 1037 M. anisopliae foi o que apresentou maior média de mortalidade confirmada (57,8 por cento) e mortalidade total (89,2 por cento), decorridos nove dias da inoculação. Dos isolados de B. bassiana, o 447 foi o mais virulento, causando mortalidade confirmada média de 50,5 por cento e total de 89,8 por cento. O isolado 1037 de M. anisopliae foi o mais produtivo, com produções médias de 3,37 x 10(12) conídios/kg de arroz, seguido do 447 com 2,66 x 10(12) conídios/kg de arroz. Estes isolados possuem grande potencial para utilização em programas de controle biológico de C. cumulans.

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