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1.
J. int. aids soc ; 25(6): 1-9, Jun. 2022.
Article in English | RSDM | ID: biblio-1552563

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Mentor Mothers (MM) provide peer support to pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV (PPWH) and their infants with perinatal HIV exposure (IPE) throughout the cascade of prevention of vertical transmission (PVT) services. MM were implemented in Zambézia Province, Mozambique starting in August 2017. This evaluation aimed to determine the effect of MM on PVT outcomes. Methods: A retrospective interrupted time series analysis was done using routinely collected aggregate data from 85 public health facilities providing HIV services in nine districts of Zambézia. All PPWH (and their IPE) who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) from August 2016 through April 2019 were included. Outcomes included the proportion per month per district of: PPWH retained in care 12 months after ART initiation, PPWH with viral suppression and IPE with HIV DNA PCR test positivity by 9 months of age. The effect of MM on outcomes was assessed using logistic regression. Results: The odds of 12-month retention increased 1.5% per month in the pre-MM period, compared to a monthly increase of 7.6% with-MM (35-61% pre-MM, 56-72% with-MM; p < 0.001). The odds of being virally suppressed decreased by 0.9% per month in the pre-MM period, compared to a monthly increase of 3.9% with-MM (49-85% pre-MM, 59-80% with-MM; p < 0.001). The odds of DNA PCR positivity by 9 months of age decreased 8.9% per month in the pre-MM period, compared to a monthly decrease of 0.4% with-MM (0-14% pre-MM, 4-10% with-MM; p < 0.001). The odds of DNA PCR uptake (the proportion of IPE who received DNA PCR testing) by 9 months of age were significantly higher in the with-MM period compared to the pre-MM period (48-100% pre-MM, 87-100% with-MM; p < 0.001). Conclusions: MM services were associated with improved retention in PVT services and higher viral suppression rates among PPWH. While there was ongoing but diminishing improvement in DNA PCR positivity rates among IPE following MM implementation, this might be explained by increased uptake of HIV testing among high-risk IPE who were previously not getting tested. Additional efforts are needed to further optimize PVT outcomes, and MM should be one part of a comprehensive strategy to address this critical need.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Child , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Mozambique , Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Retrospective Studies , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Interrupted Time Series Analysis
2.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 36(5): 415-426, 2020 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31914787

ABSTRACT

Support of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) testing and treatment supported by President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in Africa requires immense quantities of tests and medications. We sought to use central pharmacy supply data of Mozambique's rural Zambézia Province (2017 population ≈5.11 million persons; ≈12.6% adult HIV prevalence in 2016) to examine shortages, stockouts, and trends in availability. Using stock surveillance for 60 weeks in 2014-2015, we assessed availability of 36 medications [4 classes: adult antiretroviral (ARV) medications, pediatric ARVs, anti-TB medications, and antibiotics] and diagnostic test kits (2 rapid tests for HIV; 1 each for malaria and syphilis). We contrasted these to 2018-2019 data. We modeled pharmacy data using ordinal logistic regression, characterizing weekly product availability in four categories: good, adequate, shortage, or complete stockout. We found 166 (7.7%) stockouts and 150 (6.9%) shortages among 2,160 weekly records. Earlier calendar time was associated with reduced medication supplies (p < .001). Certain medication/test kit classes were associated with reduced supply (p < .001). We found an interaction between time and medication class on the odds of reduced supply (p < .001). Pediatric ARVs had a 17.4 (95% confidence interval: 8.8-34.4) times higher odds of reduced medication supply compared with adult ARVs at study midpoint. Trends comparing the first and last weeks showed adult ARVs having 67% and pediatric having 71% lower odds of reduced supplies. Only adult ARV shortages improved amid growing demand. Data from 2018 to 2019 suggest continuing inventory management challenges. Monitoring of drug (especially pediatric) and test kit shortages is vital to ensure quality improvement to guarantee adequate supplies to enable patients and care providers to achieve sustained viral suppression. A central Mozambican drug repository in the nation's second largest Province continues to experience drug and rapid test kit stockouts.


Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Pharmacy/statistics & numerical data , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/supply & distribution , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Epidemiological Monitoring , Health Services/standards , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Mozambique/epidemiology
3.
AIDS res. hum. retrovir ; 36(1): 39-47, Jan 2020. graf, ilus
Article in English | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, RSDM | ID: biblio-1532990

ABSTRACT

Before the 2015 implementation of "Test and Start," the initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) was guided by specific CD4 cell count thresholds. As scale-up efforts progress, the prevalence of advanced HIV disease at ART initiation is expected to decline. We analyzed the temporal trends in the median CD4 cell counts among adults initiating ART and described factors associated with initiating ART with severe immunodeficiency in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. We included all HIV-positive, treatment-naive adults (age ≥ 15 years) who initiated ART at a Friends in Global Health (FGH)-supported health facility between September 2012 and September 2017. Quantile regression and multivariable logistic regression models were applied to ascertain the median change in CD4 cell count and odds of initiating ART with severe immunodeficiency, respectively. A total of 68,332 patients were included in the analyses. The median change in CD4 cell count under "Test and Start" was higher at +68 cells/mm3 (95% CI: 57.5-78.4) compared with older policies. Younger age and female sex (particularly those pregnant/lactating) were associated with higher median CD4 cell counts at ART initiation. Male sex, advanced age, WHO Stage 4 disease, and referrals to the health facility through inpatient provider-initiated testing and counseling (PITC) were associated with higher odds of initiating ART with severe immunodeficiency. Although there were reassuring trends in increasing median CD4 cell counts with ART initiation, ongoing efforts are needed that target universal HIV testing to ensure the early initiation of ART in men and older patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Young Adult , Rural Population , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/epidemiology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Health Policy , Mozambique/epidemiology
4.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 36(1): 39-47, 2020 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31359762

ABSTRACT

Before the 2015 implementation of "Test and Start," the initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) was guided by specific CD4 cell count thresholds. As scale-up efforts progress, the prevalence of advanced HIV disease at ART initiation is expected to decline. We analyzed the temporal trends in the median CD4 cell counts among adults initiating ART and described factors associated with initiating ART with severe immunodeficiency in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. We included all HIV-positive, treatment-naive adults (age ≥ 15 years) who initiated ART at a Friends in Global Health (FGH)-supported health facility between September 2012 and September 2017. Quantile regression and multivariable logistic regression models were applied to ascertain the median change in CD4 cell count and odds of initiating ART with severe immunodeficiency, respectively. A total of 68,332 patients were included in the analyses. The median change in CD4 cell count under "Test and Start" was higher at +68 cells/mm3 (95% CI: 57.5-78.4) compared with older policies. Younger age and female sex (particularly those pregnant/lactating) were associated with higher median CD4 cell counts at ART initiation. Male sex, advanced age, WHO Stage 4 disease, and referrals to the health facility through inpatient provider-initiated testing and counseling (PITC) were associated with higher odds of initiating ART with severe immunodeficiency. Although there were reassuring trends in increasing median CD4 cell counts with ART initiation, ongoing efforts are needed that target universal HIV testing to ensure the early initiation of ART in men and older patients.


Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Health Policy , Humans , Lactation , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Mozambique/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , Rural Population , Young Adult
6.
Cad. saúde pública ; 15(3): 533-42, Jul. 1999.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-243249

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para estudar os fatores que influem no adoecimento dos contatos intradomiciliares de hanseníase. Foi estabelecida uma coorte de contatos intradomiciliares de hanseníase no setor de Hanseníase da Fiocruz, no Rio de Janeiro. Entre 1987 e 1991, em que foram acompanhados 670 contatos saudáveis, a taxa de incidência por pessoa-ano de follow-up foi de 0,01694. Porém, houve variação com o tempo de acompanhamento de cada indivíduo, sendo de 0,06385 ao final do primeiro ano, de 0,03299 ao final do segundo, 0,02370 ao final do terceiro, 0,018622 ao final do quarto e 0,01694 ao final do período. Foi especificado um modelo de regressão logística para os indivíduos acompanhados nos primeiros cinco anos, envolvendo 758 contatos, incluindo nessa situação os casos co-prevalentes. O risco de incidência de hanseníase está relacionado com a negatividade do teste de Mitsuda, com OR de 3,093 (IC95 percent = 1,735-5,514), com a vacinação pelo BCG, OR de 0,3802 (IC95 por cento = 0,2151-0,66719), e com a forma multibacilar do caso-índice, OR de 2,547 (IC95 por cento = 1,249-5,192). Os resultados indicam que a incidência da hanseníase em contatos está associada à forma multibacilar da doença e aos fatores imunes dos contatos


Subject(s)
Humans , Leprosy/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Residence Characteristics , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Incidence , Leprosy/classification , Leprosy/transmission , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Time Factors
7.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 1999. 10 p. tab, graf.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: lil-317900

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para estudar os fatores que influem no adoecimento dos contatos intradomiciliares de hanseniase. Foi estabelecida uma coorte de contatos intradomiciliares de hanseniase no Setor de Hanseniase da Fiocruz, no Rio de Janeiro. Entre 1987 e 1991, em que foram acompanhados 670 contatos saudaveis, a taxa de incidencia por pessoa-ano de follow-up foi de 0,01694. Porem, houve variacao com o tempo de acompanhamento de cada individuo, sendo de 0,06385 ao final do primeiro ano, de 0,03299 ao final do segundo, 0,02370 ao final do terceiro, 0,018622 ao final do quarto e 0,01694 ao final do periodo. Foi especificado um modelo de regressao logistica para os individuos acompanhados nos primeiros cinco anos, envolvendo 758 contatos


Subject(s)
Time Factors , Brazil , Incidence , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Multivariate Analysis , Residence Characteristics , Leprosy/classification , Leprosy/epidemiology , Leprosy/transmission , Logistic Models
8.
Hansen. int ; 22(1): 5-14, jun. 1997. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: lil-217888

ABSTRACT

Estudo comparativo de evoluçäo clínica e baciloscópica de 140 casos de hanseníase classificados como multibacilares, divididos em dois grupos e submetidos a dois tratamentos com associaçäo de quimioterápicos com duraçäo fixa. Grupo I: 70 casos submetidos a Rifampicina (RFM) 600 mg e Dapsona (DDS) 100 mg diários auto administrados por 3 meses consecutivos seguidos de DDS - 100 mg diários auto administrados por 21 meses. Grupo II: RFM - 600 mg e Clofazimina (CFZ) 300 mg uma vêz ao mês, supervisionados, associados a DDS - 100 mg e CFZ 50 mg diários, auto administrados com duraçäofixa de 24 doses supervisionadas. Näo foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p > 0.05) na evoluçäo baciloscópica e neuromotora entre os grupos, na vigência dos tratamentos e no seguimento pós alta cura. Foi encontrada difrença estatística (p < 0.05) na ocorrência de manifestaçöes reacionais tendo o Grupo I apresentado maior número de casos com reaçäo durante o tratamento e pós alta. Esta diferença foi atribuida a presença da CFZ no esquema terapêutico do Grupo II. O follow-up total do grupo I foi de 2.110/pacientes ano com média de 50.32(mais ou menos) 19.62 meses sendo diagnosticado dois casos de recidiva. Em 1 dos casos procedeu-se a inoculaçäo da biópsia cutânea para inoculaçäo no coxim plantar do camundongo de acordo com Shepard para verificaçäo da viabilidade bacilar e rsistência a RFM e DDS. Os resultados demonstraram bacilos viáveis, susceptíveis as drogas testadas. Este resultado foi confirmado pela evoluçäo clínica e baciloscópica do caso após introduçäo no esquema poliquimioterápico preconizado pela OMS. Para o Grupo II, submetido ao esquema preconizado pela OMS e o atual em vigência em nosso país, o seguimento total foi de 1.897/pacientes ano, média 39.70 (mais ou menos) 19.47 meses näo tendo sido diagnosticada nenhuma recidiva


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Leprosy , Rifampin , Clofazimine , Dapsone , Drug Therapy, Combination , Leprosy/therapy
9.
Brasília, DF; Ministério da Saúde. Fundaçäo Nacional da Saúde; 1996. s.p tab.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-198749

ABSTRACT

Relata oficina de trabalho orientada para a consecuçäo de três produtos básicos: normas técnicas, notificaçäo e investigaçäo de caso humano de Leishmaniose visceral e de caso de LTA


Subject(s)
Incidence , Leishmaniasis/epidemiology , Disease Notification
10.
Brasília; Funasa; 1995. [66] p. ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-921966
11.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 1993. 105 p. tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-363277

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo se propôs a determinar o efeito protetor da vacinação intradérmica com BCG (bacilodeCalmette-Guérin) em contatos de pacientes de hanaseníase através do desenho de estudo caso-controle.Selecionou-se 65 casos e 904 controles, de zero a 29 anos de idade, provenientes de uma população base de contatos de pacientes de hanseníase residentes no Município e Área Metropolitando do Rio de Janeiro (área endêmica de hanseníase). De ambos os grupos obtiveram-se informações quanto a exposição ao BCG (presença ou ausência de cicatriz vacinal), idade, sexo, tipo de contato, parentesco e forma clínica,bacterioscopia, Mitsuda e grau de incapacidade. Realizou-se análise não pareada dos dados onde a presença de cicatriz de BCG mostrou-se negativamente associada com hanseníase indicando uma eficácia protetora de 59% (95% I.C. = 29% - 77%). A análise estratificada não revelou que as variáveis idade, sexo, tipo de contato, parentesco e forma clínica do caso primário introduziram confusão na avaliação da eficácia vacinal.Discute-se a adequação do desenho de estudo tipo caso-controle para a avaliação de eficácia vacinal em doença crônica, as implicações dos resultados e sua importância para a atividade de vigilância de contatos no Programa de Controle da Hanseníase.


Subject(s)
Humans , BCG Vaccine , Leprosy
12.
Cad. saúde pública ; 6(2): 175-85, abr.-jun. 1990. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-96027

ABSTRACT

Foram testados intradermicamente com PPD (RT23 e FAP 5U) 236 pacientes hansenianos (138 multibacilares e 98 paucibacilares) e 291 contatos sadios. Observa-se um percentual menores de reatores ao PPD em pacientes multibacilares (42%), quando comparados a paucibacilares (62,2%) e contatos sadios (63,2%). Entre os pacientes multibacilares, o índice bacteriológico (IB) mostrou ser fator de interferência na resposta ao PPD, sendo significativamente maior o percentual de respondedores em pacientes com IB negativo, quando comparados aos com IB igual ou acima de 3. Foi obervado um elevado índice de positividade à tuberculina em contatos sadios (61,0%) e pacientes paucibacilares (65,3%) com teste de Mitsuda positivo


Subject(s)
Leprosy , Mycobacterium leprae , Tuberculin Test
13.
Cad. saúde pública ; 3(3): 266-71, jul.-set. 1987. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-103098

ABSTRACT

Foi determinado o grau de incapacidade em 189 pacientes hansenianos virgens de tratamento, sendo 39 Tuberculóides, 16 Indeterminados, 91 Dimorfos e 43 Virchowianos. Apenas 62 (32,8%) dos pacientes apresentavam grau 0, nos 127 (67,2%) restantes, os graus I, II e III determinados indicam a necessidade de educaçao sanitária e técnicas simples de fisioterapia, para evitar a instalaçao de sequelas irreversíveis


Subject(s)
Disability Evaluation , Leprosy
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