ABSTRACT
Acrylamide (AA) formation during coffee roasting happens rapidly, reaching a peak value within the first minutes of roasting followed by a fast decrease to reach an asymptote at approximately 200 µg/kg. Today, the mechanisms by which AA is reduced during roasting remain unclear. In this research, the fate of AA during roasting followed by drip brewed-like extraction was studied using 14C-radiolabeled (14C-AA) and 13C-labeled (13C3-AA) materials. Results showed that 28% of the spiked 14C-AA was lost during the roasting process, presumably by degradation to volatile compounds and 25% was non-extractable; therefore, appeared bound to the matrix. About 50% of initial AA went into the water extract, either unchanged or transformed by conjugation/binding. The release of bound acrylamide was further evidenced by increasing levels of 13C3-AA over prolonged roasting times. In addition, the absence of 14C activity in the hexane extracts suggested acrylamide not to bind to any lipophilic material.
Subject(s)
Acrylamide/chemistry , Coffee/chemistry , Food Handling , Acrylamide/analysis , Carbon Radioisotopes , Hot TemperatureABSTRACT
A series of cyclopenta[c]pyridine aldosterone synthase (AS) inhibitors were conveniently accessed using batch or continuous flow Kondrat'eva reactions. Preparation of the analogous cyclohexa[c]pyridines led to the identification of a potent and more selective AS inhibitor. The structure-activity-relationship (SAR) in this new series was rationalized using binding mode models in the crystal structure of AS.
Subject(s)
Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/antagonists & inhibitors , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/pharmacology , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/chemistry , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Models, Molecular , Protein Conformation , Pyridines/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We report the optimization of a neglected reaction for the rapid and direct conversion of oxazoles into N-substituted imidazoles. The utility of this microwave-promoted reaction for diversity-oriented synthesis is demonstrated in the preparation of >40 N-substituted imidazoles, including α-imidazolyl esters.
Subject(s)
Imidazoles/chemistry , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Oxazoles/chemistry , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Esters , MicrowavesABSTRACT
A continuous flow inverse-electron-demand Kondrat'eva reaction has been developed that provides direct access to cycloalka[c]pyridines from unactivated oxazoles and cycloalkenes. Annulated pyridines obtained by this one-step process are valuable scaffolds for medicinal chemistry.
