A Systematic Review of Epigenetics of Endometriosis.

Objective: To assess the current literature evaluating the epigenetics of endometriosis in humans. Evidence Review: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines within PubMed, EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection. A comprehensive search strategy was developed by a data informationist. Observational and interventional studies assessing epigenetics in humans published in English up to January 15th, 2023, were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies evaluating the role of epigenetics in endometriosis. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Extracted data were analyzed descriptively. Results: We identified 18.639 studies, of which 57 were included, comprising 1.623 patients with endometriosis and 1.243 controls. Among the 57 studies included, 50 (88%) were case-control studies, and 7 (12%) were cross-sectional. Fifty-nine percent of the studies were Asian, 25% were from America, 14% were European, and 2% were from Africa. Acetylation and methylation were the two main key histone modifications that were centered in this review. Accordingly, we classified the studies as those focusing on genome-wide methylation and those on histone acetylation. Several studies identified an association between endometriosis and hypermethylated genes, including the PGR-B, SF-1, and RASSF1A. The genes HOXA10, COX-2, IL-12B, and GATA6 were found to be hypomethylated in endometriotic tissue by several studies. In regards to histone modification, multiple studies reported that the acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4 affect multiple genes associated with endometriosis. In addition, HDAC2 was found to be elevated in endometriosis patients in two studies. Conclusion: Several studies reported a significant difference between specific genes' methylation levels in endometrial biopsies and normal tissue, which suggests that DNA methylation may play an important role in the modulation of the genotype in endometriotic tissue. Acetylation and methylation are the two key histone modifications leading to differential gene expression in endometriotic tissues. The alterations in gene expression reported by the 57 studies can have direct implications on cell cycle growth, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis and, therefore, might play a key role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. This review offers insight that histone modifications need further research to evaluate their role as potential biomarkers and treatment targets for endometriosis. Although several key similarities were reported, there were some disagreements among the results, which might be attributable to the heterogeneity between studies. Further research with a more robust standardization is needed to validate the epigenetic changes in endometriosis.

Hamamelis virginiana L. extract presents antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects, absence of cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory action, and potential to fight infections through the nitric oxide production by macrophages.

The potential of H. virginiana L. was evaluated against Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis) and bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans). Effect on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) was also evaluated with respect to cytotoxicity and production of cytokines (IL-1ß and TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO). The most effective concentrations of the extract were determined by microdilution broth. These concentrations were analyzed on biofilms, after 5 min or 24 h exposure. Cytotoxicity was performed by MTT assay and quantification of cytokines and NO by ELISA and Griess reagent, respectively. The extract acted against the planktonic forms and provided significant reductions of all the microbial biofilms; besides, showed no cytotoxic effect, except at 100 mg/mL, after 24 h exposure. There was cytokine production; however, a modulatory effect was observed in groups exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli. NO production was similar or higher than the control group. Thus, H. virginiana L. extract showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects; absence of cytotoxicity for RAW 264.7; anti-inflammatory action; and potential to fight infections through the NO production.

The Mediator Complex Subunit 12 (MED-12) Gene and Uterine Fibroids: a Systematic Review.

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumor of reproductive-age women worldwide. Although benign, uterine fibroids cause significant morbidity and adversely impact the quality of life for affected women. Somatic mutations in the exon 2 of the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED-12) gene represent the most common single gene mutation associated with uterine leiomyomas. The objective of this review was to evaluate the current role of MED-12 mutation in the pathophysiology of uterine fibroids, to assess the prevalence of MED-12 mutation among different populations, and to identify the most common subtypes of MED-12 mutations found in uterine fibroids. A comprehensive search was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and the Web of Science. English-language publications that evaluated MED-12 mutation and uterine fibroids in humans, whether experimental or clinical, were considered. We identified 380 studies, of which 23 were included, comprising 1353 patients and 1872 fibroid tumors. Of the total number of tumors analyzed, 1045 (55.8%) harbored a MED-12 mutation. Among the 23 studies included, the frequency of MED-12 mutation varied from 31.1 to 80% in fibroid samples. The most common type of MED-12 mutation was a heterozygous missense mutation affecting codon 44 of exon 2, specifically the nucleotide 131. Studies reported that MED-12 mutation acts by increasing levels of AKT and disrupting the cyclin C-CDK8/19 kinase activity. The overall average prevalence of MED-12 mutation in uterine fibroids was found to be 55.8% across the global population, though the frequency varied greatly among different countries.

Efeito de extratos vegetais de Hamamelis virginiana, Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L e Stryphnodendron barbatiman Msobre a expressão fenotípica dos fatores de virulência em biofilmes de Candida albicans / Effect of Hamamelis virginiana, Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L and Stryphnodendron barbatiman M plant extracts on the phenotypic expression of virulence factors in biofilms of the Candida albicans

Objetivo: Analisar a expressão fenotípica de fatores de virulência em biofilmes de Candida albicans frente a extratos glicólicos de plantas. Material e Métodos: Os biofilmes de Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) obtidos a partir de incubação de 48 horas foram expostos por 5 minutos e 24 horas a diferentes concentrações de extratos glicólicos de Hamamelis virginiana e Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L e Stryphnodendron barbatiman M, a fim de verificar a ação antifúngica da proteinase, fosfolipase e hemolisina. Resultados: Todos os extratos foram eficazes na redução do biofilme. Em contato por 5 minutos. os extratos reduziram 50% do biofilme. Após 24 horas. o extrato de Persea americana apresentou o biofilme em 90%, seguido de Cynara scolymus, que o interrompeu em 85%. Houve mudança na intensidade da proteinase após 5 minutos e 24 horas, com uma atividade enzimática média de 0,69 em comparação com o controle de 0,49. Cynara scolymus foi o extrato com maior concentração média de 100 mg/ml; a intensidade da fosfolipase foi alterada com Stryphnodendron barbatiman sendo mais efetivo em 24 horas em relação ao controle (p< 0,0001). A secreção de hemolisina foi modificada por Hamamelis virginiana (12,5 mg/ml) após 5 minutos de exposição e em 24 horas. todos os extratos foram capazes de causar alterações na secreção. Conclusão: Os extratos testados apresentam potencial antifúngico em biofilmes de Candida albicans, implicando em redução significativa dos fatores de virulência. Assim, estes podem ser indicados como uma ferramenta terapêutica alternativa para reduzir a morbidade dessas infecções, já que em ambos os tempos de exposição investigados, eles foram capazes de reduzir a secreção enzimática do fungo (AU)

Objective: Analyze the phenotypic expression of virulence factors in Candida albicans biofilms against plant glycolicextracts. Material and Methods: The biofilms of Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) obtained from incubation for 48 hours were exposed for 5 minutes and 24 hours to different concentrations of glycolic extracts of Hamamelis virginiana and Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L and Stryphnodendron barbatiman M, in order to verify the antifungal activity of the proteinase, phospholipase and hemolysin. Results: All extracts were effective in reducing biofilm. In contact for 5 minutes. the extracts reduced 50% of the biofilm. After 24 hours, the Persea americanaextract showed the biofilm at 90%, followed by Cynara scolymus, which interrupted it at 85%, There was a change in proteinase intensity after 5 minutes and 24 hours. with an average enzymatic activity of 0.69 compared to the control of 0.49. Cynara scolymus was the extract with the highest mean concentration of 100 mg/ml; the phospholipase intensity was changed with Stryphnodendron barbatiman being more effective in 24 hours compared to the control (p< 0.0001). The hemolysin secretion was modified by Hamamelis virginiana (12.5 mg/ml) after 5 minutes of exposure, and in 24 hours. all extracts were capable to cause changes in secretion. Conclusion: The tested extracts have antifungal potential in Candida albicans biofilms, implying a significant reduction in virulence factors. Thus, these can be indicated as an alternative therapeutic tool to reduce the morbidity of these infections, as in both investigated exposure times. they were able to reduce theenzymatic secretion of the fungus (AU)

COVID-19 Infection in Rheumatic Patients on Chronic Antimalarial Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The ongoing chronic use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine (HCQ/CQ) in rheumatic patients might impact their outcomes after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we sought to assess the mortality in rheumatic patients with chronic HCQ/CQ use who developed a COVID-19 infection through a comparison between individuals chronically using HCQ/CQ with those not taking these drugs. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central. We included full-length reports, prospective observational cohorts, and clinical trials of adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) who were diagnosed with a COVID-19 infection. Case studies, case series, letters, comments, and editorials were excluded. The main outcome was all-cause mortality. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022341678). We identified 541 studies, of which 20 studies were included, comprising 236,997 patients. All-cause mortality was significantly lower in patients with prior chronic use of HCQ/CQ compared to those with no previous usage (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.62-0.94; p = 0.01). There was a considerably lower incidence of hospitalization among patients with chronic HCQ/CQ use compared to their counterparts without HCQ/CQ usage (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.65-0.99; p = 0.04). All-cause mortality and hospitalization were significantly lower in rheumatic patients with chronic HCQ/CQ use who developed a COVID-19 infection.

Antibiofilm action of Persea americana glycolic extract over Acinetobacter baumannii and absence of toxicity in Galleria mellonella.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity and toxicity of the glycolic extract of Persea americana "P. americana" over multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii "A. baumannii" as alternative therapy to be investigated. METHODS: A bacterial inoculum of each bacterial strain (4a, 5a, 9a, 12a, ATCC 19606) of A. baumannii was prepared and adjusted by the spectrophotometer. The microdilution broth method was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). P. americana glycolic extracts were obtained of the tree stalk and leaves. The biofilm viability was tested by MTT assay after 5 min exposure. The toxicity of the extracts was tested by invertebrate model Galleria mellonella. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test and log-rank method (α=0.05). RESULTS: The extract showed an inhibitory and bactericidal action over all the tested strains with the lowest MIC value observed for the reference strain (3.12 mg/mL). The extract did not demonstrate toxicity in any of the tested concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/mL) in Galleria mellonella larvae, with a survival percentage above 80% after 168 h. CONCLUSIONS: The glycolic extract of P. americana has microbicidal and antibiofilm activity on multidrug-resistant clinical strains of A. baumannii and showed low toxicity for the invertebrate model G. mellonella.

Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian Peppertree) extract used as antifungal to control Candida spp. in planktonic cultures and biofilms / Extrato de Schinus terebinthifolius (pimenta rosa) utilizado como antifúngico para controlar Candida spp. em culturas planctônicas e biofilmes

Objective: The use of medicinal plants may be an alternative method for the control of Candida spp. Responsible for human infections. This study evaluated the antifungal effect of Schinus terebinthifolius extract (Brazilian Peppertree) on C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei planktonic cultures and bio films. Material and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungal concentration (MFC) of the plant extract were determined by the broth microdilution method. Biofilms formed in microplate wells were exposed to the extract for 5 min (50, 100 and 200 mg/mL) or 24 h (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). After determination of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's Test (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Different MIC (mg/mL) were found, such as 0.39 (C. dubliniensis), 1.56 (C. albicans), and 3.13 (C. glabrata and C. krusei). Besides, MFC (mg/mL) of 0.78 (C. dubliniensis) and 3.13 (C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei) were also observed. Regarding the biofilms, significant reductions (log10) were found after 5 min and 24 h exposure to the plant extract, compared to the control group. However, C. dubliniensis was significantly affected only in 24 h treatment. Conclusion: S. terebinthifolius extract presented a significant antifungal effect on C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, and C. Krusei both in planktonic cultures and biofilms (AU)

Objetivo: O uso de plantas medicinais pode ser um método alternativo para o controle de Candida spp. responsáveis por infecções humanas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito antifúngico do extrato de Schinus terebinthifolius (pimenta rosa) sobre culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata e C. krusei. Material e Métodos: Concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) do extrato vegetal foram determinadas pelo método de micro diluição em caldo. Biofilmes formados em poços de microplacas foram expostos ao extrato por 5 min (50, 100 e 200 mg/mL) ou 24 h (25, 50 e 100 mg/mL). Após determinação de unidades formadoras de colônias por mililitro (UFC/mL), os dados foram analisados por one-way ANOVA e Teste de Tukey (P ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas diferentes CIM (mg/mL), como 0,39 (C. dubliniensis),1,56 (C. albicans) e 3,13 (C. glabrata e C. krusei). Além disso, CFM (mg/mL) de 0,78 (C. dubliniensis) e 3,13 (C. albicans, C. glabrata e C. krusei) também foram observadas. Em relação aos biofilmes, foram encontradas reduções significativas (log10) após 5 min e 24 h de exposição ao extrato vegetal, em comparação ao grupo controle. No entanto, C. dubliniensis foi significativamente afetada apenas no tratamento de 24 h. Conclusão: O extrato de S. terebinthifolius apresentou efeito antifúngico significativo sobre C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata e C. Krusei, tanto em culturas planctônicas quanto em biofilmes. (AU)

Matricaria Recutita Extract (Chamomile) to reduce Candida Albicans and Entrobacter Cloacae biofilms: in vitro study / Extrato de Matricaria recutita (camomila) para redução do biofilme de Candida albicans e Entrobacter cloacae: estudo in vitro

ABSTRACT Objective: This research study aimed at evaluating the inhibitory activity of Matricaria recutira (chamomile) hydroalcoholic extract on Candida albicans and Enterobacter cloacae biofilms. Methods: C. albicans and E. cloacae biofilms with thirty-hour formation were submitted, for five minutes, to 100, 200 and 300 mg / mL of M. recutita hydroalcoholic extract, chlorhexidine digluconate 0.12% (Periogard® - inhibition control) or sterile distilled water (growth control). Subsequently, they were washed and divided into two groups to determine the microbial viability: G/UFC - counting of colony forming units (cfu) in agar and G/DNA - quantification of viable DNA with violet crystal dye by spectrophotometry. Results: M. recutita extract at 300 mg/mL reduced significantly (p <0.01) the E. cloacae cfu/mL number in biofilm with results similar to chlorhexidine 0.12%, while extracts at 100 and 200 mg/mL did not have the same effectiveness. The amount of E. cloacae viable DNA was reduced (p <0.05) in all the M. recutita extract concentrations and chlorhexidine. There was no significant difference (p = 0.565) in the cfu/mL number or in the amount of viable DNA (p = 0.8094) in C. albicans biofilm when compared to untreated biofilm (control) or, even, between the extracts when compared to each other or to chlorhexidine 0.12%. Conclusion: 300 mg/mL M. recutita extract reduced significantly the E. cloacae biofilm but not the C. albicans, both with a similar result to chlorhexidine 0.12% (Periogar®).

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade inibitória do extrato hidroalcoólico de Matricaria recutira (camomila) sobre biofilme de Candida albicans e Enterobacter cloacae. Métodos: Biofilmes de C. albicans e E. cloacae com trinta horas de formação foram submetidos por cinco minutos a 100, 200 e 300 mg/mL de extrato hidroalcoólico de M. recutita, digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% (Periogard® - controle de inibição) ou água destilada esterilizada (controle do crescimento). Depois foram lavados e divididos em dois grupos para determinação da viabilidade microbiana: G1 - contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia (ufc) em ágar e G2 - quantificação de DNA viável com corante cristal violeta por espectrofotometria. Resultados: O extrato de M. recutita a 300 mg/mL reduziu significativamente (p < 0,01) o número de ufc/mL de E. cloacae em biofilme com resultados semelhantes a clorexidina 0,12%, enquanto os extratos a 100 e 200 mg/mL não tiveram a mesma efetividade. Já a quantidade de DNA viável de E. cloacae foi reduzida (p < 0,05) em todas as concentrações do extrato de M. recutita testadas e clorexidina. Não houve diferença significativa (p=0,565) no número de ufc/mL ou na quantidade de DNA viável (p=0,8094) no biofilme de C. albicans quando comparado ao biofilme sem tratamento (controle) ou mesmo entre as concentrações do extrato quando comparados entre si ou com a clorexidina 0,12%. Conclusão: O extrato de M. recutita 300 mg/mL reduziu significativamente o biofilme de E. cloacae mas não de C. albicans, ambos com resultado semelhante à clorexidina 0,12% (Periogar®).

Potencial antimicrobiano de extratos glicólicos vegetais sobre bactérias anaeróbias / Antimicrobial potential of plant glycolic extracts on anaerobic bacteria

A resistência microbiana aos antibióticos disponíveis é preocupação constante, devido à dificuldade no tratamento de infecções causadas por cepas resistentes, em decorrência do uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos. Assim, a busca por terapias antimicrobianas alternativas tem sido crescente e necessária, sendo a fitoterapia umas das opções de escolha. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a atividade antibacteriana de extratos glicólicos de Achyrocline satureioides (macela), Cynara scolymus (alcachofra), Hamamelis virginiana (hamamelis) e Persea americana (abacateiro), pelos períodos de 5 min e 24 h de exposição sobre bactérias anaeróbias Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis e Porphyromonas gingivalis, em culturas planctônica e biofilmes. As bactérias armazenadas a -80ºC foram ativadas em caldo Brucella enriquecido (hemina 1%, menadiona 1% e sangue de carneiro desfibrinado 5%) e incubadas em câmara de anaerobiose por 48 h a 37ºC por sete dias. A partir de culturas puras, o teste de microdiluição em caldo foi conduzido em microplacas por meio de suspensões bacterianas padronizadas em solução fisiológica estéril (NaCl 0,9%) e diluições dos extratos em caldo, sendo as placas incubadas por 48 h a 37ºC em anaerobiose. Alíquotas de cada poço foram semeadas em ágar Brucella enriquecido. Após incubação, a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) foram determinadas. As concentrações efetivas de cada extrato foram aplicadas sobre os biofilmes de cada espécie, formados em microplacas a partir de suspensões bacterianas puras padronizadas na escala 0,5 de McFarland. As microplacas foram incubadas por sete dias a 37ºC para formação dos biofilmes, sendo o meio trocado a cada 48 h. Os biofilmes foram tratados por 5 min e 24 h. Em seguida, foram lavados e desprendidos por homogeneizador ultrassônico. As suspensões diluídas foram adicionadas em ágar Brucella enriquecido. Após 48 h, as Unidades Formadoras de Colônia por mililitro (UFC/mL) foram determinadas. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey ou por Kruskal-Wallis e teste Dunns, ambos com nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). Sobre as culturas planctônicas, a CIM e CBM dos extratos foi determinada apenas para F. nucleatum. A CBM dos extratos de A. satureioides, C. scolymus e P. americana foi obtida sobre P. micra. Não foi obtida atividade bactericida para P. endodontalis e P. gingivalis. Sobre biofilmes, todas as espécies apresentaram reduções significativas quando expostas aos extratos em ambos os tempos. Pode-se concluir que os extratos testados apresentaram efeito bacteriostático sobre F. nucleatum. Atividade bactericida dos extratos foi observada sobre F. nucleatum, bem como sobre P. micra, exceto para H. virginiana. Os extratos avaliados também apresentaram efeito antibiofilme sobre F. nucleatum, P. micra, P. endodontalis e P. gingivalis por 5 min e 24 h de exposição(AU)

Microbial resistance to antibiotics available is constant concern, due to the difficulty in treating infections caused by resistant strains as a result of the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Thus, the search for antimicrobial alternative therapies has been growing and necessary, being one option the herbal medicine. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antibacterial activity to Achyrocline satureioides glycolic extracts (macela), Cynara scolymus (artichoke), Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-Hazel) and Persea americana (avocado), for periods of 5 min and 24 h from exhibition on anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis in planktonic communities and biofilms. Bacteria stored at -80°C have been activated in Brucella broth enriched (hemin 1%, menadione 1% and defibrinated sheep blood 5%) and incubated in anaerobiose chamber for 48 h at 37° C for seven days. From pure cultures, the microdiluição test in broth was conducted in microplates through standardized bacterial suspensions in sterile saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) and dilution of the extracts in broth, being incubated plates for 48 h at 37° C in anaerobiosis. Aliquots of each well were sown in Brucella agar enriched. After incubation, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. Effective concentrations of each extract were applied on the biofilms of each species, formed in microplates from pure bacterial suspensions in 0.5 McFarland scale standard. The microplates were incubated for 7 days at 37°C for the formation of biofilms, being the culture medium replaced every 48 h. Biofilms were treated for 5 min and 24 h have been washed and given off by ultrasonic homogenizer. Dilute suspensions were added in Brucella agar enriched. After 48 h, the Colony Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/ml) were determined. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test, or Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunns, both with a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05). On the planktonic cultures, CIM and CBM of extracts was determined only to F. nucleatum. The CBM of the extracts of A. satureioides, C. scolymus and P. americana was obtained on P. micra. Bactericidal activity was not obtained for P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis. About biofilms, all species exhibited significant reductions when exposed to the extracts in both times. It can be concluded that the extracts tested showed bacteriostatic effect on F. nucleatum. Bactericidal activity of extracts was observed on F. nucleatum and P. micra, except for H. virginiana. The extracts evaluated also presented antibiofilme effect on F. nucleatum, P. micra, P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis for 5 min and 24 h(AU)

Prevalence and Sensitivity of Bacilli and Pseudomonas in the Newborn's Oral Cavity.

The aim of this study was to isolate Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas from the oral cavity of hospitalized newborns (NB) and determine their prevalence and the sensitivity profile to most commonly used antibiotics for this age group. Samples from the oral cavity of NB from 24 to 48 h age were collected using swabs. The samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar, incubated and the colonies counted and identified. For each strain, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using agar dilution test. Tests for enterobacteria producing extended spectrumß-lactamases (ESBL) were performed using agar diffusion. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. Two of the isolated strains were submitted to the susceptibility test in biofilm. Of the collected samples, 8% presented Enterobacteria (mean of 6,141 CFU/mL) and no Pseudomona species was isolated. Positive samples were from NB in accommodation set or in the NB nursery. Enterobacter was the most prevalent genus and some strains were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and cephalothin. No ESBL strain was detected. Microorganisms in biofilms were resistant to all antibiotics, with concentrations four times higher than MIC. The presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity of newborns, especially some strains resistant to normally used antibiotics, warns to the need for care to avoid the early colonization of this niche and the occurrence of a possible hospital infection in this age group.

Prevalence and Sensitivity of Bacilli and Pseudomonas in the Newborn's Oral Cavity

Abstract The aim of this study was to isolate Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas from the oral cavity of hospitalized newborns (NB) and determine their prevalence and the sensitivity profile to most commonly used antibiotics for this age group. Samples from the oral cavity of NB from 24 to 48 h age were collected using swabs. The samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar, incubated and the colonies counted and identified. For each strain, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using agar dilution test. Tests for enterobacteria producing extended spectrumβ-lactamases (ESBL) were performed using agar diffusion. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. Two of the isolated strains were submitted to the susceptibility test in biofilm. Of the collected samples, 8% presented Enterobacteria (mean of 6,141 CFU/mL) and no Pseudomona species was isolated. Positive samples were from NB in accommodation set or in the NB nursery. Enterobacter was the most prevalent genus and some strains were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and cephalothin. No ESBL strain was detected. Microorganisms in biofilms were resistant to all antibiotics, with concentrations four times higher than MIC. The presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity of newborns, especially some strains resistant to normally used antibiotics, warns to the need for care to avoid the early colonization of this niche and the occurrence of a possible hospital infection in this age group.

Resumo O objetivo foi isolar enterobactérias e Pseudomonas da cavidade oral de recém-nascidos hospitalizados (RN) e determinar a prevalência e o perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos mais comumente utilizados para este grupo etário. Foram coletadas amostras da cavidade oral de NB com idade de 24-48 horas, usando swab. As amostras foram inoculadas em ágar MacConkey, incubadas e, as colônias contadas e identificadas. Para cada cepa, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada utilizando teste de ágar diluição. Testes para enterobactérias produtoras de b-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) foram realizados utilizando difusão em ágar. Estatística descritiva foi utilizada para análise dos resultados. Duas das cepas isoladas foram submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade em biofilme. Das amostras coletadas, 8% apresentaram enterobactérias (média de 6,141 UFC / ml) e nenhuma espécie de Pseudomonas foi isolada. As amostras positivas foram de RN de alojamento conjunto ou RN de berçário. Enterobacter foi o gênero mais prevalente e algumas cepas foram resistentes à ampicilina gentamicina e cefalotina. Não foi detectada cepa ESBL. Micro-organismos em biofilme foram resistentes a todos os antibióticos, em concentrações quatro vezes superiores ao MIC. A presença de enterobactérias em cavidade oral de recém-nascidos, especialmente algumas cepas resistentes aos antibióticos normalmente utilizados, alerta para a necessidade de cuidados, evitando a colonização precoce deste nicho e a ocorrência de possível infecção nosocomial neste grupo etário.

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana e anti-inflamatória do extrato glicólico de Hamamelis virginiana Linnaeus / Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflamatory activity of glycolic extract of Hamamelis virginiana Linnaeus

Hamamelis virginiana L. é uma planta nativa dos Estados Unidos daAmérica que foi inserida no Brasil por conta de suas vastas atividadesbiológicas, como ação antimicrobiana e anti-inflamatória. As pesquisas com extratos desse vegetal são vastas, embora não haja estudos com extrato glicólico da mesma. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar aatividade antimicrobiana e anti-inflamatória do extrato glicólico deHamamelis virginiana L. sobre cepas padrão de leveduras do gêneroCandida (Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei e C. tropicalis), espécies de bactérias Gram-positivas(Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus mutans) eGram-negativas (Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae), nas fases planctônica e biofilme; além de avaliar acitotoxicidade e atividade anti-inflamatória. A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada por teste de microdiluição em caldo para a determinação daConcentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Microbicida Mínima(CMM), sendo os resultados utilizados como parâmetro para análise embiofilmes monotípicos. A atividade citotóxica foi analisada pelo teste MTTe quantificação da produção das citocinas interleucina-1β (IL-1β) e fatorde necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) por ELISA, sendo a avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória realizada por meio de exposição da cultura de macrófagos de camundongo (RAW 264.7) a lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) deE. coli seguido por tratamento com o extrato de H. virginiana L. Os resultados que apresentaram distribuição normal foram analisados por ANOVA e teste Tukey (p≤ 0,05); já os sem distribuição normal foram analisados por Kruskal-Wallis e pós teste Dunns. Os resultados obtidos revelam que o extrato glicólico de Hamamelis virginiana L. proporcionou atividade antimicrobiana sobre os micro-organismos testados no presenteestudo e o teste de citotoxicidade apontou viabilidade celular igual ousuperior ao controle, ...

Hamamelis virginiana L. is a North American plant that was insert in Brasilbecause their biological activities, like antimicrobial and anti-inflamatoryactivities. Large researchs are development with H. virginiana L. extracts, although there are no studies with glycolic extract from it. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of glycolic extract of Hamamelis virginiana L. over standard strains ofgenus Candida yeast (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C.guilliermondii, C. krusei e C. tropicalis), species of Gram-positive bacteria(Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus mutans)and Gram-negative (Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae), in plankton communities and biofilm; besides the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory. The antimicrobial activity was performed by microdiluition test in broth for determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) e Minimum Microbicide Concentration(MMC), and the results used for antimicrobial analysis in biofilmsmonotypic. The cytotoxic activity was analyzed by the MTT test andquantification of production of the cytokines IL-β 1 and TNF-α by ELISA.,being that the anti-inflamatory activity was performed with exposition ofmacrophages mouse culture to E. coli lipopolissacaride (LPS) and extractpost-treatment. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Test (p ≤0.05) if the results present normal distribuition; and Kruskal Wallis andpost-test Dunn if the results don’t presente normal distribuition (p ≤ 0.05).Results shows that the H. virginiana L. glycolic extract have antimicrobialactivity about test micro-organisms and the cytotoxicity test shows highcellular viability or equal the control, except for the 100 mg/mL for 24 hcontact time. Cytokines weren’t produced by macrophages. Nitric oxidewas produced by cells in a contact for 24 h with the extract, which can berelated with the increased ...