Associations Between Self-Determined Motivation, Team Potency, and Self-Talk in Team Sports.

The current study aimed to evaluate the determinant factors of athletes´ internal positive self-talk that might lead to decreased anxiety and increased performance. The sample consisted of 191 male and female athletes ranging in age from 14 to 35 years old. They played soccer, volleyball and basketball and they were cadets (43%), juniors (29.6 %) and adults (27.4%). Results showed that satisfaction of the basic psychological needs was the strongest predictor of positive self-talk or positive thoughts during competition. Specifically, perception of autonomy was the strongest predictor, because it positively predicted concentration, control of anxiety and instructions, followed by perception of competence, which positively predicted confidence. Finally, team sports coaches should promote perception of autonomy and competence in their athletes, with the aim of enhancing more positive self-talk in competition, which may promote a better performance.

Relationships between Physical Activity Levels, Self-Identity, Body Dissatisfaction and Motivation among Spanish High School Students.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between gender and the educational grade on the one hand, and physical activity levels, motivation, self-identity, body dissatisfaction, the intention to be physically active and daily sitting time on the other, in a sample of Spanish high school adolescents. The sample consisted of 2087 Spanish students from the 3rd (n = 1141) and 4th grade (n = 946), both male (n = 1046) and female (n = 1041), ranging in age from 15 to 17 years old (M = 15.42; SD = .86). Students completed questionnaires to assess their levels of physical activity, self-identity, motivation, intention to be physically active and daily sitting time. The students' perceptions of their body height and mass were also tested. With the exception of walking MET values, the results showed gender differences in the variables tested. Male participants showed higher intrinsic motivation and lower amotivation than female participants. Furthermore, male students revealed higher levels of physical activity than female students. Finally, the research concluded with the importance of promoting intrinsic reasons for physical activity in order to encourage positive consequences in high school students.

Correction: Creativity associated with the application of a motivational intervention programme for the teaching of dance at school and its effect on the both genders.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174393.].

Creativity associated with the application of a motivational intervention programme for the teaching of dance at school and its effect on the both genders.

The current study reviews processes of teaching-learning based on creativity, with the application by teachers of several strategies to support the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The aim is to learn the effect of pupil's gender on their motivational level and the psychological consequences that might arise in the cognitive, affective, and behavioural domains. A quasi-experimental study was carried out at four schools in Mexico, with 12 physical education teachers and 40 natural groups of pupils aged between 11 and 17 (M = 13.17). The groups were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (24 groups, 447 pupils) or a control group (16 groups, 474 pupils). A prior training programme was carried out with the teachers in the experimental group to enable them to support the psychological need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Initial and final measurements were taken in both groups, and the results revealed that independently of the programme used, girls showed higher motivation and positive psychological consequences in the teaching of dance compared to the male participants. In conclusion, it is important to continue with research and set a methodology that addresses those differences, dedicating the necessary time and treatment to resolve their questions and necessities.

El fútbol dentro del campo y fuera de él: Desafíos en la transición a la élite / Football on and off the field. Challenges in transition from junior to elite / O futebol dentro e fora de campo: desafios na transição para a elite

Una de las transiciones que ha recibido menos atención en la literatura científica es la transición de junior al deporte profesional, en concreto al fútbol de élite. Basados en el modelo de desarrollo deportivo de Wylleman y Lavallee (2004), el objetivo de este estudio es explorar de forma retrospectiva los desafíos que tuvieron que afrontar futbolistas junior al realizar la transición a la élite del fútbol. Además, se analizan las especificidades de los desafíos en función del género al realizar dicha transición. Se entrevistaron 8 chicos y 8 chicas sobre sus experiencias en la transición a la élite del fútbol. Los resultados se distribuyen en dos apartados principales: desafíos asociados al fútbol dentro del campo y desafíos asociados al fútbol fuera del campo (e.g., estructura, concepción social). El análisis de contenido muestra que los desafíos a los que tienen que hacer frente los futbolistas dentro del campo se asocian a los niveles deportivo y psicológico. Los desafíos fuera del campo además de asociarse con estos dos niveles, se asocian también a los niveles psicosocial y académico/laboral. Las diferencias respecto a los desafíos que se encuentran chicos y chicas se asocian únicamente a la categoría fútbol fuera del campo. Se discute la relevancia de afrontar con éxito estos desafíos y su importancia para una correcta adaptación a la élite del fútbol

One of the transitions that has received less attention in the scientific literature is the transition from junior to professional sport specifically in football. Based on the development model of Wylleman and Lavallee (2004), the objective of this study is to explore the challenges that juniors football players had in making the transition into elite football in a retrospective manner. In addition, this study analyse specificities challenges of this transition according to gender. 8 males and 8 females were interviewed about their experience with the transition to elite football. The results are divided into two main topics: challenges associated with the football on the field and challenges associated with the football off the field (e.g., structure, social conception). The analysis shows that challenges that football players must cope on the field are produced on the athletes and psychological levels. Off the field challenges are produced too on those levels and, in addition, on psychosocial and academic/laboral levels. Relevance to face with success these challenges and their importance for correct adaptation to the elite of football is discussion

Uma das transições que tem recebido menos atenção na literatura científica é a transição de júnior para o desporto profissional, em concretopara o futebol de elite. Baseado no modelo de desenvolvimento desportivo de Wylleman e Lavallee (2004), o objectivo deste estudo foi explorar deforma retrospectiva os desafios que enfrentaram os futebolistas juniores ao realizar a transição para a elite do futebol. Adicionalmente, foram analisadasas especificidades dos desafios em função do género. Foram entrevistados 8 rapazes e 8 raparigas acerca das suas experiências na transição para a elitedo futebol. Os resultados são distribuídos em duas secções principais: desafios associados ao futebol dentro de campo e desafios associados ao futebolfora do campo (e.g., estrutura, concepção social). A análise de conteúdo revela que os desafios que os futebolistas têm que enfrentar dentro de campo seassociam aos níveis desportivo e psicológico. Os desafios fora do campo, para além de se associarem a estes dois níveis, também se associam aos níveispsicossocial e académico/laboral. As diferenças referentes aos desafios que se verificam nos rapazes e raparigas associam-se unicamente à categoria fu-tebol fora do campo. É discutida a relevância de enfrentar com êxito estes desafios e a sua importância para uma correcta adaptação ao futebol de elite

Incidence of Parental Support and Pressure on Their Children's Motivational Processes towards Sport Practice Regarding Gender.

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, structural equation modeling (SEM) with the aim of examining how parental support/pressure could influence their children´s motivational processes in sport was conducted, as well as the models´ differences in operability regarding gender. The sample size was 321 children ranging in age from 10 to 16 years old who were athletes from Extremadura, and 321 parents (included only the father or mother more involved with the sport of his or her child). 175 participants were male and 146 were female from individual (n = 130), and team sports (n=191). A questionnaire was conducted to assess parental perception of support/pressure and another questionnaire was conducted to measure satisfaction of basic psychological needs, type of motivation and enjoyment/boredom showed by their children towards sport practice. Results revealed that parental pressure negatively predicted satisfaction of the basic psychological needs. It also emerged as a strong positive predictor of intrinsic motivation and negative predictor of amotivation. Moreover, intrinsic motivation emerged as positive predictor of enjoyment and a negative predictor of boredom, whereas amotivation positively predicted boredom and negatively predicted enjoyment. Furthermore, results showed there were mean differences by gender: male athletes perceived greater parental pressure. Hence, it is necessary to decrease parental pressure towards their children in sport, with the aim of making them more motivated and enjoy, promoting positive consequences.

Effect of a multi-dimensional intervention programme on the motivation of physical education students.

This research study purports to verify the effect produced on the motivation of physical education students of a multi-dimensional programme in dance teaching sessions. This programme incorporates the application of teaching skills directed towards supporting the needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness. A quasi-experimental design was carried out with two natural groups of 4(th) year Secondary Education students--control and experimental -, delivering 12 dance teaching sessions. A prior training programme was carried out with the teacher in the experimental group to support these needs. An initial and final measurement was taken in both groups and the results revealed that the students from the experimental group showed an increase of the perception of autonomy and, in general, of the level of self-determination towards the curricular content of corporal expression focused on dance in physical education. To this end, we highlight the programme's usefulness in increasing the students' motivation towards this content, which is so complicated for teachers of this area to develop.

Análisis de los procesos grupales en función del género en un contexto deportivo semiprofesional / Analysis of the group processes regarding sex in the semiprofessional sport context / Analises dos processos grupais em função do gênero em um contexto esportivo semiprofissional

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias de género existentes en relación al clima motivacional de los compañeros y el entrenador, la cohesión y la eficacia colectiva. Los participantes fueron 75 jugadores de fútbol de tercera división masculina y 69 jugadoras de segunda división femenina, con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 36 años. Los resultados revelaron que los equipos femeninos obtuvieron valores más elevados en la cohesión social que los equipos masculinos, mientras que los equipos masculinos percibieron un mayor clima con implicación al ego entre los compañeros en comparación con los equipos femeninos. Por otro lado, tanto en equipos masculinos como femeninos, la eficacia colectiva se relacionó con la cohesión y el clima que implica a la tarea de los compañeros y el entrenador. Además, la cohesión a la tarea se mostró como el mayor predictor de la eficacia colectiva. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y se exponen las principales conclusiones del estudio (AU)

The aim of this study was to examine sex differences regarding peers and coaches motivational climates, cohesion and collective efficacy. Participants were 75 male football players from the Third Division and 69 female football players from the Second Female Division, ranging in age from 15 to 36 years old. Results showed that female teams had greater scores in social cohesion than male teams, whereas male teams perceived higher peer performance climate than female teams. Furthermore, either both male and female teams, collective efficacy was related to cohesion and peers and coaches mastery climate. Besides, task cohesion was the strongest predictor of collective efficacy. Finally, results are discussed and main conclusions of the study are showed (AU)

O objetivo desse estudo é de analisar as diferenças de gênero existentes em relação ao clima motivacional dos companheiros e treinadores, a coesão e a eficácia coletiva. Participaram 75 jogadores de futebol de tercera divisão masculina e 69 jogadoras de segunda divisão femenina, com idades compreendidas entre 15 e 36 anos. Os resultados revelaram que as equipes femininas obtiveram os valores mais elevados na coesão social que as equipes masculinas, enquanto que as equipes masculinas mostraram um maior clima referente ao ego entre os companheiros em comparação com as equipes femeninas. No obstante, tantos em nas equipes masculinas como nas femeninas, a eficácia coletiva relacionou-se com a coesão e o clima que implica a tarefa dos companheiros e do treinador. Ademais, a coesão da tarefa mostrou-se com maior previsor de eficácia coletiva. Finalmente, discutem-se os resultados e expõem as principais conclusões do estudo (AU)

Self-determination in teaching formative basketball players and its influence on respect to rules and opponents

El objetivo del presente estudio era analizar los comportamientos adaptativos de jugadores de baloncesto en etapas de formación en función de sus motivaciones para realizar la práctica deportiva. Para ello, han participado 284 jugadores federados de baloncesto, de entre 11 y 16 años de edad de la región de Extremadura. Para el análisis de los resultados se ha utilizado el programa estadístico SPSS 19.0 y se han realizado el análisis descriptivo, de correlaciones y de regresión lineal por bloques. Los resultados más importantes del estudio muestran que los jugadores con motivaciones más autodeterminadas, como la motivación intrínseca e identificada, muestran mayores conductas adaptativas, como son el respeto a las reglas y a los adversarios. Finalmente, se debe fomentar la práctica deportiva de los jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto desde regulaciones más intrínsecas para que el deporte en estas edades sea algo más que deporte y sirva de aprendizaje y transmisión de valores sociales (AU)

The aim of this study was to examine adaptive behaviors in teaching formative basketball players with regard to their motivations to play. Hence, 284 federative basketball players, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old from the Region of Extremadura took part in the study. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and lineal regression analysis were conducted with SPSS 19.0 statistical program. Results showed that more self-determined players had greater adaptive conducts, such as respect to rules and opponents. Finally, it is noteworthy to provide intrinsic regulations in youth basketball players to create a good learning and promotes social values (AU)

The Importance of Parents' Behavior in their Children's Enjoyment and Amotivation in Sports.

The main aim of the research was to examine the relationship between motivational orientations and parents' behavior with regard to the players' motivational orientation, motivational climate, enjoyment and amotivation. The sample comprised 723 athletes (M = 12.37, SD = 1.48) and 723 parents (M = 46.46, SD = 2.56). Players were male and female who belonged to federative basketball, handball, football and volleyball teams. Parents and athletes completed questionnaires that assessed motivational orientations, parents' involvement in the practice as well as enjoyment and motivation in the sport. Results showed a positive relationship between parents' support of the sport and players' enjoyment and a negative relationship with players' amotivation. Moreover, in players who perceived more pressure from their parents, there was a positive association with amotivation and a negative one with enjoyment. Lastly, it was emphasized that appropriate parental participation can promote an increase of players' enjoyment of and motivation for sport.

Analysis of cohesion and collective efficacy profiles for the performance of soccer players.

The principal aims of the study were to define different profiles of cohesion and perceived efficacy in soccer players and to measure their differences in performance. The subjects were 235 soccer players in the under-18 category who played in the National League in Spain and 15 coaches whose ages ranged from 29 to 45 years. Diverse instruments to assess cohesion, perceived efficacy, and expectations of success were used in the study. Moreover, we measured playing time and performance. The results of the study proved the existence of four cohesion and efficacy profiles that presented significant differences in expectations of success, playing time, and performance. Furthermore, significant differences were found in the distribution of players in the teams as a function of performance. The main conclusion of this study is that soccer players with higher cohesion and collective efficacy levels belonged to teams that completed the season at the top-level classification. In contrast, athletes with low cohesion and collective efficacy usually played in unsuccessful teams. Coaches and sports psychologists are encouraged to promote both social and task cohesion and collective efficacy to enhance team performance.

Análisis de los antecedentes motivacionales en árbitros de baloncesto y su incidencia en el agotamiento emocional / Analysis of the motivational antecedents in basketball referees and its incidence on emotional burnout

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre los antecedentes motivacionales y su influencia en el burnout en árbitros de baloncesto. Para ello, se han seleccionado 30 árbitros con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 41 años (M = 24.8; DT = 5.74). Los resultados revelaron relaciones positivas entre los mediadores de la frustación de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (autonomía, competencia y relaciones sociales) con la desmotivación. Lo mismo sucede con el agotamiento emocional que se asocia de forma positiva y significativamente con la frustación de autonomía, competencia y relaciones sociales. Además, el mayor predictor del agotamiento emocional fue la desmotivación. Finalmente, los resultados son discutidos para mejorar el conocimiento sobre la motivación y el burnout (AU)

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between motivational antecedents and its influence on burnout in basketball referees. Hence, 30 referees ranging in age from 17 to 41 years old (M =24.8; SD = 5.74) were selected, Results revealed a positive relationship between basics psychological needs thwarting (autonomy, competence and relatedness) and a motivation. Moreover, emotional burnout was positive related with autonomy, competence and relatedness thwarting. Furthermore, emotional burnout emerged as the strongest predictor of a motivation. Finally, results are discussed in the light of enhance the knowledge about motivation and burnout (AU)

Influence of the motivational climate created by coach in the sport commitment in youth basketball players

This study aims to measure the relationships between motivational climates created by coaches with respect tosport commitment in young participants. The sample was formed by 285 male and female basketball players, ranging in age from11 to 16 years old that completed questionnaires which assessed motivational climate and sport commitment. Results showedthat athletes` commitment is positively associated with players `perception of a mastery climate created by coaches and negativelyrelated with the perception of a performance climate(AU)