Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case series of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in a pediatric tertiary hospital. METHODS: Patients under the age of 18 years who met MIS-C criteria of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH) and/or the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) were included. A retrospective analysis was carried out by reviewing medical records and complementary exams. RESULTS: Six pediatric patients with mean age of 126 months were admitted with fever associated with multisystem involvement: all of them had abdominal pain and diarrhea and two underwent appendectomy; 100% had coagulopathy and increased inflammatory markers; 83% had cardiovascular impairment and 60% required vasoactive drugs; 83% had mucocutaneous symptoms and 50% required ventilatory support by invasive mechanical ventilation or non-invasive ventilation. One patient showed coronary artery dilation on echocardiogram. All patients received empiric antibiotic therapies. SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing was positive in five patients. Treatment was performed after excluding infectious causes: five patients (83%) received intravenous immunoglobulin, five patients (83%) pulse methylprednisolone therapy and one (16%) Tocilizumab. One patient died. The average length of stay in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) was seven days. CONCLUSIONS: These cases are added to the literature in construction of this emerging condition. Early diagnosis should be considered due to its potential severity.

Epidemiological surveillance of health care-associated infections in a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit in South Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients represent a vulnerable population with regard to health care-associated infections (HAI) with a differentiated profile of etiologic agents.1,2 There are few reports in the literature regarding HAI in the pediatric population submitted to HSCT. METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted in a pediatric HSCT unit in Curitiba, Brazil between February 2013 and December 2017 that evaluated 109 pediatric patients. The variables analyzed were: age, gender, baseline disease, type of transplantation, infection topography, etiologic agent, time of HAI occurrence, antimicrobial prophylaxis, period of neutropenia, length of stay, and outcomes RESULTS: Of 113 HSCT procedures, 91 (83.5%) were allogenic and 18 were autologous (16.5%). The mean age of the patients was 7.9 years, with a median of 8.1 years (4.0 months-17.3 years); 71 (65.1%) were male; 55 (50.5%) presented with an oncologic diagnosis, 32 (29.4%) with a hematological diagnosis, 17 (15.6%) with immunodeficiencies, and 5 (4.6%) with other causes. During hospitalization after HSCT, 86 episodes of HAI were detected in 66 patients, with an infection density of 16.5 infections/1000 patient days, 86% of which occurred after allogeneic transplants, appearing, on average, 15.3 days after transplantation. The main topographies were bloodstream infection (BSI), with 24 (27.9%) cases, and central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), with 11 (12.8%). Gram-positive bacteria predominated in cultures and HAI was more frequent in patients diagnosed with immunodeficiencies and other non-oncologic and non-hematologic conditions. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the main agent identified (77.7%), possibly because of colonization. However, Gram-negative bacteria, with a resistance profile, comprised 40% of the cases of bacterial infections, most of them represented by Klebsiella pneumoniae (66.6%). Of the 66 patients who presented HAI, 59 patients (89.4%) were discharged, and 7 (10.6%) died. CONCLUSION: The main topographies were CLABSI and BSI. Patients with immunodeficiencies presented a higher risk for HAI Staphylococcus epidermidis was the main agent identified. However, Klebsiella pneumoniae posed a higher risk for Pediatric Intensive Care Unit admission and death.

Pediatric urolithiasis: experience at a tertiary care pediatric hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric urolithiasis has become more prevalent in recent decades, with high recurrence rates and considerable morbidity. Most children with idiopathic urolithiasis have an underlying metabolic abnormality and proper research provides therapeutic interventions to reduce the formation of new stones and its complications. OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric urolithiasis, etiology, treatment management, disease recurrence and patient outcomes in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of pediatric patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, who were diagnosed with urolithiasis, from January 2002 to December 2012. Data were obtained from medical records. Those patients with diagnosis confirmed by imaging and 24hr urine or single sample urine were included. RESULTS: We evaluated 106 pediatric patients (65% M). Average age at diagnosis was 8.0 ± 4.2 and 85% of them had positive family history of urolithiasis. Abdominal pain, renal colic and urinary tract infection were the main manifestations. 93.2% had metabolic abnormality and hypercalciuria was the most common. Pharmacological treatment was established in 78% of cases. Potassium citrate and hydrochlorothiazide were used. Surgical treatment was performed in 38% of patients. There was response to treatment in 39% of patients with recurrence of urolithiasis in 34.2% of them. Only 4.7% of patients continued follow-up, 6.6% were referred to other services, 8.5% were discharged and 73.8% lost follow-up. CONCLUSION: Pediatric urolithiasis deserves a detailed metabolic evaluation after their initial presentation for treatment, monitoring and prevention of its formation and its complications.

Urolitíase pediátrica: experiência de um hospital infantil de cuidados terciários / Pediatric urolithiasis: experience at a tertiary care pediatric hospital

Resumo Introdução: A urolitíase pediátrica tornou-se mais prevalente nas últimas décadas, com altas taxas de recorrência e considerável morbidade. A maioria das crianças com urolitíase idiopática tem uma anormalidade metabólica subjacente e a investigação adequada permite intervenções terapêuticas para reduzir a formação de novos cálculos e suas complicações. Objetivos: Identificar características demográficas e clínicas da urolitíase pediátrica, a etiologia, condutas terapêuticas, recidiva da doença e evolução dos pacientes em um hospital infantil de cuidados terciários. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo com pacientes pediátricos internados no Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, com diagnóstico de urolitíase, no período de janeiro 2002 a dezembro de 2012. Dados foram obtidos dos prontuários e foram incluídos aqueles com diagnóstico confirmado por exame de imagem e urina 24h ou amostra única urinária. Resultados: Foram avaliados 106 pacientes (65%M) pediátricos. Idade média ao diagnóstico 8,0 ± 4,2 e 85% tinham história familiar positiva para urolitíase. Dor abdominal, cólica nefrética clássica e infecção urinária foram as principais manifestações. 93,2% tinham alteração metabólica, sendo a hipercalciúria a mais comum. Tratamento farmacológico foi instituído em 78% dos casos. Utilizou-se citrato de potássio e hidroclorotiazida. Tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado em 38% dos pacientes. Houve resposta ao tratamento em 39% deles, com recidiva da urolitíase em 34,2%. Apenas 4,7% dos pacientes continuaram acompanhamento, 6,6% foram encaminhados para outros serviços, 8,5% receberam alta e 73,8% perderam acompanhamento. Conclusão: A urolitíase pediátrica merece avaliação metabólica detalhada após sua apresentação inicial para tratamento, acompanhamento e prevenção da formação lítica e de suas complicações.

Abstract Introduction: Pediatric urolithiasis has become more prevalent in recent decades, with high recurrence rates and considerable morbidity. Most children with idiopathic urolithiasis have an underlying metabolic abnormality and proper research provides therapeutic interventions to reduce the formation of new stones and its complications. Objective: To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric urolithiasis, etiology, treatment management, disease recurrence and patient outcomes in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of pediatric patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, who were diagnosed with urolithiasis, from January 2002 to December 2012. Data were obtained from medical records. Those patients with diagnosis confirmed by imaging and 24hr urine or single sample urine were included. Results: We evaluated 106 pediatric patients (65% M). Average age at diagnosis was 8.0 ± 4.2 and 85% of them had positive family history of urolithiasis. Abdominal pain, renal colic and urinary tract infection were the main manifestations. 93.2% had metabolic abnormality and hypercalciuria was the most common. Pharmacological treatment was established in 78% of cases. Potassium citrate and hydrochlorothiazide were used. Surgical treatment was performed in 38% of patients. There was response to treatment in 39% of patients with recurrence of urolithiasis in 34.2% of them. Only 4.7% of patients continued follow-up, 6.6% were referred to other services, 8.5% were discharged and 73.8% lost follow-up. Conclusion: Pediatric urolithiasis deserves a detailed metabolic evaluation after their initial presentation for treatment, monitoring and prevention of its formation and its complications.