On geometrical aspects of the graph approach to contextuality.

The connection between contextuality and graph theory has paved the way for numerous advancements in the field. One notable development is the realization that sets of probability distributions in many contextuality scenarios can be effectively described using well-established convex sets from graph theory. This geometric approach allows for a beautiful characterization of these sets. The application of geometry is not limited to the description of contextuality sets alone; it also plays a crucial role in defining contextuality quantifiers based on geometric distances. These quantifiers are particularly significant in the context of the resource theory of contextuality, which emerged following the recognition of contextuality as a valuable resource for quantum computation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the geometric aspects of contextuality. Additionally, we use this geometry to define several quantifiers, offering the advantage of applicability to other approaches to contextuality where previously defined quantifiers may not be suitable. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum contextuality, causality and freedom of choice'.

Nutritional status of iodine in pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents assisted at the Family Health Strategy in Vespasiano, MG / Estado nutricional de iodo em adolescentes gestantes e não gestantes assistidas na ESF em Vespasiano, MG

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the nutritional status of iodine in pregnant adolescents, taking into account the increase in the demand for iodine during pregnancy and the absence of iodization strategies for this population. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with 62 pregnant and 71 non-pregnant adolescents assisted in primary care. The nutritional status of iodine was determined by urinary samples. The iodine concentration in the consumed culinary salt was also evaluated. For the comparative analyses of categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used and for the continuous variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test, considering a 95% confidence interval (CI) and significance level of 5%. Results: the mean iodine concentration in household salt was 25.1 mg/kg (CI95%= 11.1-67.5 mg/kg), with higher mean content in culinary salt in the group of pregnant women (p<0.028). Regarding the nutritional status of iodine, 71% of pregnant adolescents were deficient and 29% iodine-sufficient, with significant difference when compared to 38% of deficiency and 62% of sufficiency in the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions: there was an iodic deficiency among pregnant adolescents, even in the face of higher concentrations of iode in household salt, exposing a paradox between higher consumption and lower sufficiency in this group. Thus, it is suggested to consider iodine supplementation during pregnancy, seeking to minimize the effects of this deficiency on maternal and child health.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o estado nutricional de iodo em adolescentes gestantes, levando-se em consideração o aumento na demanda de iodo na gestação e a ausência de estratégias de iodização para essa população. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 62 adolescentes gestantes e 71 não gestantes assistidas na atenção primária. O estado nutricional de iodo foi determinado pela concentração de iodo em amostras urinárias. O teor de iodo no sal culinário também foi avaliado. Para as análises comparativas das variáveis categóricas utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado e para as variáveis contínuas o teste Kruskal-Wallis, considerando intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% e nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a média da concentração de iodo no sal domiciliar foi de 25,1 mg/kg (IC95%= 11,1-67,5 mg/kg), com maior teor médio no sal culinário de gestantes (p<0,028). Em relação ao estado nutricional de iodo, 71% das adolescentes gestantes mostraram-se deficientes e 29% iodo-suficientes, com diferença significativa quando comparadas aos 38% de deficiência e 62% de suficiência no grupo controle (p<0,001). Conclusões: observou-se deficiência iódica entre adolescentes gestantes, mesmo diante de maiores concentrações de iodo no sal domiciliar, expondo um paradoxo entre maior consumo e menor suficiência neste grupo. Assim, sugere-se considerar a suplementação de iodo na gestação, buscando-se minimizar os efeitos desta carência sobre a saúde maternoinfantil.

Resource theory of contextuality.

In addition to the important role of contextuality in foundations of quantum theory, this intrinsically quantum property has been identified as a potential resource for quantum advantage in different tasks. It is thus of fundamental importance to study contextuality from the point of view of resource theories, which provide a powerful framework for the formal treatment of a property as an operational resource. In this contribution, we review recent developments towards a resource theory of contextuality and connections with operational applications of this property. This article is part of the theme issue 'Contextuality and probability in quantum mechanics and beyond'.

Noncontextual Wirings.

Contextuality is a fundamental feature of quantum theory necessary for certain models of quantum computation and communication. Serious steps have therefore been taken towards a formal framework for contextuality as an operational resource. However, the main ingredient of a resource theory-a concrete, explicit form of free operations of contextuality-was still missing. Here we provide such a component by introducing noncontextual wirings: a class of contextuality-free operations with a clear operational interpretation and a friendly parametrization. We characterize them completely for general black-box measurement devices with arbitrarily many inputs and outputs. As applications, we show that the relative entropy of contextuality is a contextuality monotone and that maximally contextual boxes that serve as contextuality bits exist for a broad class of scenarios. Our results complete a unified resource-theoretic framework for contextuality and Bell nonlocality.

Raiva animal na cidade do Rio de Janeiro: emergência da doença em morcegos e novos desafios para o controle / Animal rabies in the city of Rio de Janeiro: emergency of the disease in bats and the new challenges for its control

Enfermidade infecciosa aguda de etiologia viral, a raiva, atinge mamíferos, inclusive o homem, sendo caracterizada por sintomatologia nervosa resultante de encefalopatia e letalidade de aproximadamente 100%. Por ser uma zoonose com diferentes espécies animais como reservatório, seu controle exige medidas de redução da circulação viral na espécie de maior relevância na cadeia de transmissão da raiva. Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro a doença está sob controle epidemiológico em sua forma urbana, onde o cão é a principal fonte de infecção. Ultimamente, tem sido constatada a ocorrência da doença em animais domésticos como equinos, bovinos e suínos, transmitida por morcegos hematófagos, e em morcegos não hematófagos, alertando para a importância do ciclo silvestre e a necessidade de maior conhecimento sobre este perfil epidemiológico da doença. Este trabalho relata a ocorrência de 14 casos de raiva em animais na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 2011 e 2012. Destaca-se a importância do morcego hematófago Desmodus rotundus na transmissão da doença, caracterizando a circulação viral em território municipal e o potencial risco de reintrodução da raiva na cidade, a partir do ambiente silvestre, com a imposição de novos desafios aos profissionais de saúde pública que atuam nesta área.

Acute infectious disease of viral etiology, the rabies, affects mammals including man, and it is characterizedby neurological symptoms resulting from encephalopathy and it causes lethality of nearly 100 %. Beinga zoonosis with different animal species serving as a reservoir, its control requires measures aimed atreducing the virus in species of greatest epidemiological relevance. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, the rabiesis under epidemiological control at its urban form, where dogs are the main source of infection. However,recently this disease has been found in domestic animals such as horses, cattle and pigs, transmitted byhaematophagous bats, and non-haematophagous bats, which is pointing to the importance of the wildcycle of rabies and the need for a better understanding of the epidemiological profile of this disease. Thispaper reports the occurrence of 14 cases of rabies in animals in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2011 and 2012.It highlights the importance of the haematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus in disease transmission,describing the viral spreading in the municipal territory and the potential reintroduction of rabies in thecity from the wild environment, which pose new challenges to public health professionals who work inthis area.