An adapted cardioprotective diet with or without phytosterol and/or krill oil supplement in familial hypercholesterolemia: A pilot study protocol

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A healthy diet is one of the pillars of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) treatment. However, the best dietary pattern and indication for specific supplementation have not been established. Our aim is to conduct a pilot study to assess the effect of an adapted cardioprotective diet with or without phytosterol and/or krill oil supplement in participants with a probable or definitive diagnosis of FH, treated with moderate/high potency statins. METHODS: A national, multicenter, factorial, and parallel placebocontrolled randomized clinical trial with a superiority design and 1:1:1:1 allocation rate will be conducted. The participants will undergo whole exome sequencing and be allocated into four treatment groups: 1) a cardioprotective diet adapted for FH (DICAFH) þ phytosterol placebo þ krill oil placebo; 2) DICA-FH þ phytosterol 2 g/day þ krill oil placebo; 3) DICA-FH þ phytosterol placebo þ krill oil 2 g/day; or 4) DICA-FH þ phytosterol 2 g/day þ krill oil 2 g/day. The primary outcomes will be low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) levels and adherence to treatment after a 120-day follow-up. LDL- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol subclasses, untargeted lipidomics analysis, adverse events, and protocol implementation components will also be assessed. RESULTS: A total of 58 participants were enrolled between May e August 2023. After the end of the follow-up period, the efficacy and feasibility results of this pilot study will form the basis of the design of a large-scale randomized clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS: This study's overall goal is to recommend dietary treatment strategies in the context of FH.

Efeito positivo da perda moderada de peso por intervenção nutricional nos componentes do domínio de frequência em pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular e regime multimedicamentoso / Positive effect of moderate weight loss through nutritional intervention on frequency domain components in patients at high cardiovascular risk and multidrug regimen

INTRODUÇÃO: Intervenções para o tratamento da obesidade, incluindo a mudança de hábitos de vida, que incluam a melhora de hábitos alimentares, de sedentarismo e de saúde mental, são evidenciados como benéficos para prevenção e tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares e melhora da função autonômica do coração. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade de um programa de reeducação alimentar e melhoria de qualidade de vida sobre os indicadores de adesão às orientações dietéticas, o estilo de vida, variáveis antropométricas e a função autonômica do coração. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com obesidade de ambos os sexos, encaminhados a um ambulatório de nutrição de um Instituto de Cardiologia para emagrecimento, foram acompanhados mensalmente, durante 3 meses. Foram aplicados dois questionários para avaliar as mudanças no estilo de vida (IPAQ-versão reduzida e PHQ-9), e foi realizado o eletrocardiograma para avaliação da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC), antes e após o período de acompanhamento. ESTATÍSTICA: As variáveis categóricas foram expressas como frequência e comparadas pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. As variáveis numéricas foram expressas como média ± EPM e intervalo de 95% de confiança de Wald, foram usadas equações de estimação generalizadas (EEG). Todos os testes estatísticos foram bicaudais e o nível de significância adotado foi P< 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 24 pacientes com obesidade (IMC > 30kg/ m2 ), com idade média de 62 anos (min ­ máx: 42 ­ 80 anos, DP: 10 anos). A adesão aos hábitos alimentares saudáveis teve aumento médio de 21,3% para 66,5% (P< 0,001). O IPAQ demonstrou que, ao final do estudo houve aumento da prática de atividade física (P=0,023), e houve redução significativa no escore de PHQ-9 após a intervenção (P=0,022), indicando melhora na saúde mental dos pacientes. Notou-se que o programa de intervenção foi eficaz em reduzir significativamente o peso corporal (média de 5,4%) comparado ao período basal (P=0,043), IMC (P=0,029) e a circunferência da cintura (P=0,031). Foi identificada existência de associação entre a variação de perda de peso e de diminuição do IMC com as variabilidades observadas nos componentes do domínio da frequência, tanto entre os indivíduos adultos (P=0,003), quanto entre indivíduos idosos (P=0,034). CONCLUSÕES: A intervenção em qualidade de vida e reeducação alimentar utilizada no presente estudo foi capaz de promover a melhora tanto na saúde mental quanto o aumento da atividade física dos pacientes, redução dos parâmetros antropométricos e a melhora na VFC, especificamente nos componentes do domínio da frequência.

Influence of Specimen Dimension, Water Immersion Protocol, and Surface Roughness on Water Sorption and Solubility of Resin-Based Restorative Materials.

The evaluation of water sorption and solubility is pivotal for the development of new resin-based restorative materials with the potential for clinical application. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the specimen dimension, water immersion protocol, and surface roughness on the water sorption and solubility of three resin-based restorative materials. Disk-shaped specimens of 15 mm × 1 mm, 10 mm × 1 mm, and 6 mm × 1 mm were produced with a composite resin (Z100), a resin cement (RelyX ARC), and an adhesive system (Single Bond 2-SB2). The specimens were immersed in distilled water according to four protocols: ISO (all the specimens for each group were vertically immersed in 50 mL); IV-10 (the specimens were individually and vertically immersed in 10 mL); IH-10 (the specimens were individually and horizontally immersed in 10 mL); and IH-2 (the specimens were individually and horizontally immersed in 2 mL). The surface roughness (Sa and Sp) was evaluated using an atomic force microscope, and the degree of conversion was determined using FT-IR spectrometry. The specimen dimension and water immersion protocol had no effect on water sorption and solubility. For the three resin-based restorative materials, Sp was higher than Sa. The degree of conversion was not influenced by the specimen dimension. The variations in the specimen dimension and water immersion protocol compared to those determined by ISO 4049 did not prevent the comparison between the values of water sorption and solubility obtained for a given resin-based restorative material.

Utilização da bioimpedância em pacientes cardiopatas cirúrgicos / Bioimpedance usage in cardiac surgery patients

INTRODUÇÃO: Existem diversas ferramentas que podem auxiliar na avaliação e caracterização do estado nutricional. Uma delas é a bioimpedância (BIA), que fornece parâmetros como resistência (R), reactância capacitiva (Xc) e ângulo de fase (AF). Esses parâmetros podem variar, dependendo da composição celular e de seu potencial de membrana. Dessa forma, esse instrumento apresenta cada vez mais destaque no cenário clínico atual, podendo apresentar resultados promissores. Caracterizamos o sexo e estado nutricional da população estudada através do índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e identificamos elementos da BIA por meio de parâmetros da BIA (Xc, R e AF) de pacientes cardiopatas no período pré e pós-operatório. Também associou-se o AF com o tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e tempo de intubação orotraqueal (IOT) no período pós-operatório, além de possíveis readmissões no hospital público IDPC (Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia), em São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 51 pacientes participantes do projeto Avaliação Nutricional e Terapia Nutricional em Cirurgia Cardíaca (AVANTCCA). Os pacientes foram avaliados no período pré-operatório, entre 2016 e 2017, avaliando a composição corporal e dados da BIA. Associou-se aqueles que apresentaram intercorrências clínicas no período pós-operatório. Resultados: Em mulheres, os valores de AF foram relacionados com maior tempo de hospitalização na UTI (p=0,02) e maior readmissão hospitalar (p=0,01). Não houve relação entre AF e tempo de IOT. CONCLUSÃO: A população estudada apresentou eutrofia (homens) e obesidade (mulheres). Houve uma associação entre o valor de AF em mulheres e maior tempo de permanência na UTI. O AF proporcionou uma melhor caracterização da evolução clínica dos pacientes.

Associação entre ângulo de fase e o SCORE HFA-PEFF de pacientes com ICFEP / Association between phase angle and HFA-PEFF SCORE in patients with HFpEF

INTRODUÇÃO: A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp), já é responsável por mais da metade de todas as internações hospitalares por insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Pesquisas mostram que na população geral com idade >60 anos, 4,9% são diagnosticados com ICFEP e espera-se um aumento à medida que as pessoas vivem mais e a obesidade e diabetes tornam-se mais comuns. Heart Failure Association (HFA) da European Society of Cardiology (ESC) publicou uma recomendação para o diagnóstico da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada ICFEp, trata-se do score (HFA-PEFF).A utilização de índices prognósticos no paciente com IC permite uma avaliação quanto à gravidade e ao impacto da doença na sobrevida do seu portador, além do monitoramento adequado da evolução clínica do mesmo. Nesse contexto, o exame de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) vem sendo adotado para a avaliação de prognóstico. A partir da BIA obtém-se o ângulo de fase (AF), que expressa o equilíbrio entre os espaços intra e extracelulares, e tem sido relacionado com o sucesso, sobrevivência e evolução da doença, possibilitando não só monitorar a resposta do paciente ao tratamento em curso, mas reprogramar o cuidado prestado com a possibilidade de modificar o prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Verificar associação entre o AF a classificação dos pacientes com ICFEp, de acordo com o score HFA-PEFF. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 132 pacientes que foram avaliados e classificados através do score HFA-PEFF em baixa, intermediária ou alta probabilidade de ICFEp. Foram obtidos dados antropométricos e realizaram o exame de BIA para avaliação do AF. RESULTADOS: A média etária dos avaliados foi de 63±12 anos, sendo 65,15% (n= 86) do sexo feminino. Segundo a probabilidade de ICFEP pelo score HFA-PEFF, foram classificados em Baixa (n=39), Intermediário (n=57) e Alta (n=36). Em relação ao AF, houve associação entre pacientes com alta probabilidade de ICFEP e AF significativamente menores do que aqueles com probabilidades baixa e intermediária. CONCLUSÃO: O menor AF verificado foi encontrado nos pacientes com alta probabilidade de ICFEP segundo o score HFA-PEFF, sugerindo como um potencial marcador prognóstico na evolução da ICFEp.

Effect of qualitative and quantitative nutritional plan on gene expression in obese patients in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease

Summary Background & aims: Diet is a modifiable risk factor, which may influence the gene expression and the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers related to obesity and atherosclerosis. In this sub study from Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE) Program, we hypothesized that a nutritional intervention based on the usual Brazilian diet modulates the expression of genes involved with atherosclerosis and inflammatory biomarkers in male patients, in the secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease. Methods: Six male patients, aged 45 years or older, obese, were selected to follow a qualitative-quantitative food plan for 6 months. Glycemia, insulinemia, lipid profile, plasma concentration of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin (IL) -1b), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein and adiponectin, and expression of 84 atherosclerosis-related genes in total peripheral blood cells, were measured. Results: After nutritional intervention, the participants reduced weight (p<0.04), waist circumference(p<0.04), Homeostasis Model Assessment index for insulin resistance (p»0.046) and overall leukocyte count (p»0.046) and neutrophils (p»0.028). There was no significant modification in the plasma concentration of the inflammatory biomarkers, however, there was a significant increase in the expression of Apo A1 (p»0.011), ELN (p»0.017) and IL4 (p»0.037) genes. Conclusions: The BALANCE Program, the qualitative-quantitative food plan composed of Brazilian usual foods, did not reduce the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers, but increased in total peripheral blood cells the expression of genes involved in reducing the risk of cardiometabolic in obese patients, in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease. The clinical trial is registered athttps://clinicaltrials.gov/and the unique identifier is NCT01620398.

Comportamento alimentar em obesos e sua correlação com o tratamento nutricional / Eating behavior in obesity and its correlation with nutritional treatment

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os tipos de comportamentos alimentares em indivíduos com obesidade e correlacionar com a adesão ao tratamento proposto. Métodos Estudo transversal desenvolvido em instituição de cardiologia em indivíduos com obesidade. Os tipos de comportamentos alimentares foram analisados pela escala The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - R21 (TFEQ-21) - versão traduzida e adaptada para brasileiros. Nela são abordadas três subescalas: restrição cognitiva (RC), alimentação emocional (AE) e descontrole alimentar (DA). A adesão ao tratamento nutricional foi verificada pelo instrumento desenvolvido pela instituição, baseado nas principais diretrizes de doenças crônicas. Resultados Analisaram-se 100 indivíduos, com maior prevalência do sexo feminino (68%). Em relação à adesão, somente 25% apresentam boa aderência (escore > 60%). Foi possível identificar a relação entre o IMC e a RC; quanto maior o IMC, menor foi a intensidade da RC (p = 0,02). Observou-se correlação positiva entre a RC e adesão ao consumo de gorduras (p = 0,02) e fibra alimentar (p = 0,004). A subescala AE apresentou correlação negativa com a adesão ao consumo de gorduras (p = 0,03) e correlação positiva com a DA (p < 0,01). Conclusões O tipo de comportamento alimentar mais frequente na amostra foi a restrição cognitiva, que não foi correlacionada com o escore total de adesão. A AE foi associada com maior consumo de gorduras, similar ao encontrado em estudos nacionais e internacionais. Nota-se uma lacuna de estudos que relacionam o comportamento alimentar com a adesão ao tratamento nutricional.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the types of eating behavior in individuals with obesity and correlated with adherence to the adopted treatment. Methods Cross-sectional study developed at the institution of cardiology in individuals with obesity. The types of eating behavior were analyzed using the scale The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire - R21 (TFEQ-21) - translated and adapted for Brazilians. Three subscales are addressed: cognitive restriction (CR), emotional eating (EE), and uncontrolled eating (UE). Adherence to nutritional treatment was verified by the instrument developed by the institution, based on the main guidelines for chronic diseases. Results We analyzed 100 individuals, with a higher prevalence of females (68%). Regarding adherence, only 25% have good adherence (score > 60%). It was possible to identify the relationship between the BMI and the CR, the higher or lower the BMI was the intensity of the CR (p = 0.02) There was a positive correlation between CR and adherence to fat (p = 0.02) and dietary fiber (p = 0.004). The EE subscale showed a negative correlation with adherence to fat consumption (p = 0.03) and a positive correlation with UE (p < 0.01). Conclusions The most frequent type of eating behavior in the sample was cognitive restriction and was not correlated with the total adherence score. AE was associated with greater consumption of fats, like national and international studies. There is a gap in studies that relate to eating behavior with adherence to nutritional treatment.

Resin-dentin bond stability of etch-and-rinse adhesive systems with different concentrations of MMP inhibitor GM1489.

Enzymatic degradation of the hybrid layer can be accelerated by the activation of dentin metalloproteinases (MMP) during the bonding procedure. MMP inhibitors may be used to contain this process. Objective To evaluate the degree of conversion (DC%), dentin bond strength (µTBS) (immediate and after 1 year of storage in water), and nanoleakage of an experimental (EXP) and a commercial (SB) adhesive system, containing different concentrations of the MMP inhibitor GM1489: 0, 1 µM, 5 µM and 10 µM. Methodology DC% was evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Dentin bond strength was evaluated by µTBS test. Half of beams were submitted to the µTBS test after 24 h and the other half, after storage for 1 year. From each tooth and storage time, 2 beams were reserved for nanoleakage testing. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test to compare means (α=0.05). Results All adhesive systems maintained the µTBS after 1 year of storage. Groups with higher concentrations of inhibitor (5 µM and 10 µM) showed higher µTBS values than groups without inhibitor or with 1 µM. The nanoleakage values of all groups showed no increase after 1 year of storage and values were similar for SB and EXP groups, in both storage periods. The inhibitor did not affect the DC% of the EXP groups, but the SB5 and SB10 groups showed higher DC% values than those of SB0 and SB1. Conclusions The incorporation of GM1489 in the adhesive systems had no detrimental effect on DC%. The concentrations of 5 µM GM1489 for SB and 5 µM or 10 µM for EXP provided higher µTBS than groups without GM1489, in the evaluation after 1 year of storage; whereas the concentration of inhibitor did not affect adhesive systems nanoleakage.

Resin-dentin bond stability of etch-and-rinse adhesive systems with different concentrations of MMP inhibitor GM1489

Abstract Enzymatic degradation of the hybrid layer can be accelerated by the activation of dentin metalloproteinases (MMP) during the bonding procedure. MMP inhibitors may be used to contain this process. Objective To evaluate the degree of conversion (DC%), dentin bond strength (µTBS) (immediate and after 1 year of storage in water), and nanoleakage of an experimental (EXP) and a commercial (SB) adhesive system, containing different concentrations of the MMP inhibitor GM1489: 0, 1 µM, 5 µM and 10 µM. Methodology DC% was evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Dentin bond strength was evaluated by µTBS test. Half of beams were submitted to the µTBS test after 24 h and the other half, after storage for 1 year. From each tooth and storage time, 2 beams were reserved for nanoleakage testing. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test to compare means (α=0.05). Results All adhesive systems maintained the µTBS after 1 year of storage. Groups with higher concentrations of inhibitor (5 µM and 10 µM) showed higher µTBS values than groups without inhibitor or with 1 µM. The nanoleakage values of all groups showed no increase after 1 year of storage and values were similar for SB and EXP groups, in both storage periods. The inhibitor did not affect the DC% of the EXP groups, but the SB5 and SB10 groups showed higher DC% values than those of SB0 and SB1. Conclusions The incorporation of GM1489 in the adhesive systems had no detrimental effect on DC%. The concentrations of 5 µM GM1489 for SB and 5 µM or 10 µM for EXP provided higher μTBS than groups without GM1489, in the evaluation after 1 year of storage; whereas the concentration of inhibitor did not affect adhesive systems nanoleakage.

Bond stability of conventional adhesive system with MMP inhibitors to superficial and deep dentin.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the microshear bond strength (µSBS) to deep (DD) or superficial (SD) dentin (µSBS) overtime, nanoleakage (AG%), degree of conversion (DC%), water sorption (WSp), and solubility (WSl) of an adhesive system [Adper Single Bond 2(ASB)] containing matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitors [GM1489 (ASB-GM), Batimastat (ASB-BAT), or Chlorhexidine diacetate (ASB-CHX)]. ASB without inhibitor was used as control (CONTROL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: WSp and WSL were calculated based on ISO4049. DC% was analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy. Dentin discs were used for µSBS evaluation. For AG%, resin-dentin beams were analyzed under scanning electronic microscopy. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA (AG% and µSBS) or ANOVA (DC%, WSp, WSl) and Tukey's HSD test. RESULTS: ASB-CHX presented the lowest DC%, lowest WSp, and highest WSl. ASB-GM reached the highest immediate µSBS in SD, only different from ASB-CHX. In DD, ASB-BAT and ASB-GM had the highest µSBS, statistically different from ASB-CHX. After twelve months, ASB-GM and ASB-BAT presented higher µSBS in SD when compared to CONTROL and ASB-CHX. In DD, ASB-GM reached the highest value, which was statistically different from CONTROL and ASB-CHX. CONTROL at both dentin depths and ASB-CHX at DD did not maintain bond stability. In SD after 12 months, ASB-BAT and ASB-GM decreased AG%. In DD, only ASB-GM reduced AG%. CONCLUSION: The ASB containing Batimastat and GM1489 maintained resin-dentin bond stability after 12 months for both dentin depths, without jeopardizing WSp, WSl, or DC% of the adhesive system. The ASB-GM presented greater µSBS after 12 months when compared with ASB. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Batimastat and GM1489 could be suitable for inclusion as an MMP-inhibitor into Single Bond to improve the bond stability to superficial and deep dentin, without jeopardize the physic-mechanical proprieties.

Proteomic analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex isolates: Correlation of the levels of differentially expressed proteins with in vivo virulence.

BACKGROUND: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis commonly found in Latin America that is caused by distinct species of Paracoccidioides genus: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex (S1, PS2, PS3 and PS4) and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Its pathobiology has been recently explored by different approaches to clarify the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions underpinning PCM. The diversity of clinical forms of this disease has been attributed to both host- and fungus-related factors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: For better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of host-fungus interactions, we evaluated in vivo virulence of nine Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex isolates and correlated it to protein expression profiles obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Based on the recovery of viable fungi from mouse organs, the isolates were classified as those having low, moderate, or high virulence. Highly virulent isolates overexpressed proteins related to adhesion process and stress response, probably indicating important roles of those fungal proteins in regulating the colonization capacity, survival, and ability to escape host immune system reaction. Moreover, highly virulent isolates exhibited enhanced expression of glycolytic pathway enzymes concomitantly with repressed expression of succinyl-CoA ligase beta chain, a protein related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings may point to the mechanisms used by highly virulent P. brasiliensis isolates to withstand host immune reactions and to adapt to transient iron availability as strategies to survive and overcome stress conditions inside the host.

Influence of Organic Acids from the Oral Biofilm on the Bond Strength of Self-Etch Adhesives to Dentin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of self-etch adhesive systems to dentin after storage in acids from oral biofilm. Three adhesive systems were used in the study: a two-step self-etch adhesive for use with a silorane-based resin composite (Filtek P90 adhesive system - P90), a two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond - CSE) and a one-step self-etch adhesive (Adper Easy One - AEO). The bond strength of these products was evaluated by bonding resin composite (Filtek Z350 for CSE and AEO; and Filtek P90 for P90) to 90 bovine dentin tooth fragments, according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h of water storage at 37 °C, the specimens were sectioned into beams (1 mm2) divided and stored in distilled water, lactic acid and propionic acid, for 7 and 30 days. After storage, the specimens were tested for microtensile bond strength. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). CSE presented the highest microtensile bond strength after storage in distilled water for 7 and 30 days. The microtensile bond strength of all adhesive systems was lower after storage in lactic acid and propionic acid than after water storage. Significant difference was not found between storage times.

Influence of Organic Acids from the Oral Biofilm on the Bond Strength of Self-Etch Adhesives to Dentin

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of self-etch adhesive systems to dentin after storage in acids from oral biofilm. Three adhesive systems were used in the study: a two-step self-etch adhesive for use with a silorane-based resin composite (Filtek P90 adhesive system - P90), a two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond - CSE) and a one-step self-etch adhesive (Adper Easy One - AEO). The bond strength of these products was evaluated by bonding resin composite (Filtek Z350 for CSE and AEO; and Filtek P90 for P90) to 90 bovine dentin tooth fragments, according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h of water storage at 37 °C, the specimens were sectioned into beams (1 mm2) divided and stored in distilled water, lactic acid and propionic acid, for 7 and 30 days. After storage, the specimens were tested for microtensile bond strength. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). CSE presented the highest microtensile bond strength after storage in distilled water for 7 and 30 days. The microtensile bond strength of all adhesive systems was lower after storage in lactic acid and propionic acid than after water storage. Significant difference was not found between storage times.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de união de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes após estocagem em ácidos presentes no biofilme oral. Foram utilizados três sistemas adesivos: um autocondicionante de dois frascos indicado para uso com a resina composta à base de silorano (P90 System Adhesive- P90), um autocondicionante de dois frascos (Clearfil SE Bond - CSE) e um autocondicionante de frasco único (AdperEasyOne - AEO). Para avaliação da resistência de união à dentina, 90 fragmentos de dentes bovinos foram restaurados de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes. Após a confecção de blocos de resina composta (Filtek Z350 para os sistemas adesivos AEO e CSE; Filtek P90 para o sistema adesivo P90) e estocagem em água destilada por 24 h a 37 °C, os fragmentos foram seccionados para a obtenção de palitos (1 mm2) que foram divididos e estocados nos três diferentes meios de imersão (água destilada, ácido lático e ácido propiônico) por períodos de 7 dias e 30 dias (n=5). Em seguida, foi realizado o ensaio de resistência à microtração. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (3 fatores) e ao Teste de Tukey (α=0,05). O sistema adesivo CSE apresentou maior resistência de união após imersão em água por 7 ou 30 dias. A resistência de união de todos os sistemas adesivos foi menor após imersão em ácido lático e propiônico do que após imersão em água. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tempos de imersão.

Early postnatal nociceptive stimulation results in deficits of spatial memory in male rats.

Prematurely-born infants are exposed to multiple invasive procedures while in the intensive care unit. Newborn rats and humans have similar behavioral responses to noxious stimulation. Previous studies have shown that early noxious stimuli may alter dentate gyrus neurogenesis and the behavioral repertoire of adult rats. We evaluated the late effects of noxious stimulation administered during different phases of development on two spatial memory tests; object recognition (OR) and Morris water maze (WM) tests. Noxious stimulation was induced by an intra-plantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) on postnatal (P) day 1 (group P1) or 8 (P8). Control animals were not stimulated. Behavioral tests were conducted on P60 in both male and female animals. In the WM, three domains were evaluated: acquisition, probe trial performance and reversal re-acquisition. The number of Nissl stained cells in the dentate granule cell layer was assessed by stereological counting. The OR test revealed that P1 male rats had poor long-term memory compared to the control and P8 groups. In the WM, no short- or long-term memory differences were detected between early postnatal-stimulated male and female rats and their respective controls. However, the ability to find the hidden platform in a new position was reduced in P1 male rats. The number of dentate granule cells in P8 males was higher than in all other groups. This study demonstrates that noxious stimulation on P1 results in spatial learning deficits in male animals, but does not disrupt the development of the hippocampus-dependent strategies of learning and memory.

Degradation of Resin Composites in a Simulated Deep Cavity

The aim of this study was to analyze the sorption and solubility of a nanofilled (Filtek Z350) and a midifilled (Filtek P60) resin composite in oral environment-like substances, in a simulated deep cavity. A cylindrical cavity prepared in a bovine incisor root was incrementally filled with resin composites. The obtained resin composite cylinders were cut perpendicularly to the axis to obtain 1-mm-thick discs that were divided into fifteen groups (n=5) according to depth (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm) and immersion media (distilled water - DW, artificial saliva - AS and lactic acid - LA). The sorption and solubility were calculated based on ISO 4049:2000. Additionally, the degree of conversion (DC%) was calculated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test and linear regression analysis (a=0.05). The DC% was higher for the midifilled resin composite and was negatively influenced by cavity depth (p<0.05). The nanofilled resin composite presented higher sorption and solubility than did the midifilled (p<0.05). The immersion media influenced the sorption and the solubility as follows: LA>AS>DW, (p<0.05). Both phenomena were influenced by cavity depth, with the sorption and solubility increasing from 1 to 5 mm (p<0.05). The degradation of resin composite restorations may be greater in the deepest regions of class II restorations when the composite is exposed to organic acids present in the oral biofilm (lactic acid).

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a absorção e a solubilidade de uma resina composta nanopartículada (Filtek Z350) e de uma híbrida (Filtek P60) em substâncias simuladoras do ambiente oral em um modelo de cavidade profunda. Uma cavidade cilíndrica, construída em uma raiz de um incisivo bovino, foi preenchida incrementalmente com as resinas compostas. Os cilindros obtidos foram seccionados perpendicularmente ao eixo para obtenção de discos com 1 mm de espessura, que foram divididos em 15 grupos (n=5) de acordo com a profundidade (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 mm) e o meio de imersão (água destilada - AD, saliva artificial - SA e ácido lático - AL). A absorção e a solubilidade foram calculadas com base na norma ISO 4049:2000(E). Adicionalmente, o grau de conversão (GC%) foi calculado através de espectroscopia FT-IR. Os dados obtidos foram analisados usando análise de variância multifatorial, teste de Tukey HSD e análise de regressão linear (a=0,05). A resina composta híbrida apresentou o maior grau de conversão, sendo este influenciado pela profundidade da cavidade (p<0,05). A resina composta nanopartículada apresentou maiores valores de absorção e solubilidade (p<0,05). O meio de imersão influenciou a absorção e a solubilidade: AL>SA>AD (p<0,05). Ambos os fenômenos foram influenciados pela profundidade da cavidade, com os valores aumentando de 1 para 5 mm (p<0,05). A degradação de restaurações de resinas compostas pode ser maior em regiões profundas de restaurações classe II e quando o material é exposto à ácidos orgânicos produzidos pelo biofilme oral (ácido lático).