Chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in chronic periodontitis: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Through a systematic literature review, the authors evaluated the use of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy for chronic periodontitis. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors performed a systematic search by using PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The authors selected randomized controlled clinical trials in which the investigators evaluated the probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) in test groups by using CHX as an adjuvant and in control groups and subject to mechanical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing [SRP] 4-6 visits or 24 hours). RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 8 articles, which the authors then assessed for quality. After testing for heterogeneity, the authors performed a meta-analysis only in the SRP group with 4 to 6 visits. Results were positive for both PD and CAL with use of CHX. However, the summary measure was significant (P < .05) only for PD at 40 to 60 days (0.33 millimeters; 95% confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.58 mm) and 180 days (0.24 mm; 95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.47 mm) of follow-up, showing positive results for the use of CHX at those times. Although those differences were statistically significant, they could be interpreted as clinically slight. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Adjunctive use of CHX mouthrinse with mechanical SRP resulted in slightly greater PD reduction than did SRP alone. Clinicians must consider the small additional gain in PD reduction, negligible effect on CAL, and potential for tooth staining when using CHX as an adjunct to SRP in treating chronic periodontitis.

No association between periodontitis, preterm birth, or intrauterine growth restriction: experimental study in Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND: The biologic plausibility of the possible association between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been assessed with the use of different experimental models. However, most experimental studies did not induce periodontitis in the animals but promoted an acute microbial challenge with selected periodontal pathogens or their products subcutaneous or intravenous or intraamniotic. The present study was then conducted to verify the biologic plausibility of such association by experimentally inducing periodontitis in Wistar rats. OBJECTIVE: An experimental study on an animal model by the induction of periodontitis in 50% of sites and assessment of the presence of cytokines in the gingival tissue, serum, placenta, cord, and amniotic fluid was designed to test the null hypothesis that experimental periodontitis that is induced on rats does not result in adverse pregnancy outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Forty female Wistar rats were included in 2 groups: a periodontally healthy (without ligatures) and an experimentally induced periodontitis group (test, with ligatures). Forty-five days after the induction, the mating was initiated. Males were placed with females in the ratio of 1:2 for a period of 12 hours. The bodyweight of the female, from then on, was recorded daily. When the pregnancy was confirmed on day 20, laparotomy was performed. The amniotic fluid, placenta, umbilical cord, blood (serum) and maternal and gingival tissue samples were subjected to quantitative analysis for interleukin 1α, -6, -10, -4, -12p70, and -17a, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ by multiplex methods. Mean scores, standard deviations, and standard errors for estimated measures were calculated. For cytokines analyses, the Mann-Whitney test was conducted to compare the concentration of the analytes from control and test groups in the different tissues samples. For comparison of cytokines reduction from gingival tissue to serum and from serum to placenta, the Wilcoxon Test was performed. Spearman's correlation was conducted among cytokines in the 5 different tissues that were evaluated. RESULTS: The induced periodontitis in Wistar rats did not result in adverse outcomes of pregnancy. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in relation to prematurity, fetal, or birth weight. Regarding cytokines, there were no statistically significant differences in concentrations that were measured in each tissue between the groups with periodontitis and controls. Furthermore, all cytokine levels in the placenta, except interleukin-6, were diminished compared with the amniotic fluid or maternal serum, which suggested that the cytokines cannot easily be transferred via this tissue in maternal-fetal or fetomaternal direction. The fertility rate was reduced significantly in the group with periodontitis. CONCLUSION: Periodontitis that is induced in rats is not a risk factor for preterm birth or low birthweight.

Tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em mulheres obesas e não obesas com periodontite crônica: um estudo longitudinal / Non-surgical periodontal treatment in obese and non-obese women with chronic periodontitis: a longitudinal study

A proposta deste estudo intervencional e prospectivo foi comparar a resposta ao tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em mulheres obesas e não obesas com periodontite crônica após 3, 6 e 12 meses. Assim como, avaliar um mediador inflamatório no fluido crevicular gengival (FCG), o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), no início do estudo e após 3 meses de tratamento periodontal. O perfil lipídico incluindo lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), triglicerídeos (TG) e colesterol total (CT) também foi avaliado no início do estudo, 3, 6 e 12 meses após o tratamento periodontal. Trinta mulheres obesas e trinta e uma não obesas com periodontite crônica realizaram o tratamento periodontal na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. A avaliação médica com anamnese e os dados socioeconômicos foram coletados no início do estudo. Três medidas antropométricas foram utilizadas para classificação de obesidade: o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a circunferência da cintura (CC) e a razão cintura-quadril (RCQ). Os seguintes parâmetros clínicos periodontais, nível clínico de inserção (NCI), profundidade de sondagem (PS), placa visível (PV) e sangramento à sondagem (SS), foram coletados nos 4 momentos do estudo. Amostras do FCG foram coletadas em 1 sítio saudável (sem SS e com PS ≤ 3 mm) e 1 sítio doente (com SS e PS ≥ 5mm) antes e após 3 meses do tratamento periodontal, sendo analisadas através de técnica imunoenzimática. Comparação intergrupos dos dados socioeconômicos e da média da porcentagem dos parâmetros clínicos foram obtidas pelos testes de Qui-quadrado e Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. A média dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais e o perfil lipídico foram comparados ao longo do tempo em cada grupo, utilizando o teste de Friedman e o FCG através do teste de Wilcoxon; o teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para as comparações entre grupos em cada momento do estudo. Uma melhora dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais, NCI, PS, PV e SS, foi observada nos 4 momentos do estudo para os dois grupos, entretanto sem diferença significativa entre grupos. Uma análise utilizando o modelo de generalized estimating equations (GEE) para avaliar a melhora de NCI e a redução de PS, definidos como, sítios que tinham ≥ 4 mm no início do estudo e ganharam NCI ou reduziram PS ≥ 2 mm, não demonstrou associação da resposta ao tratamento periodontal com a obesidade. Não houve diferença significativa, entre os grupos, nas concentrações de TNF- α após o tratamento periodontal. Entre os grupos observou-se uma diferença, com melhores resultados para mulheres não obesas aos 3 meses no HDL, TG e CT; aos 6 meses no HDL, LDL e TG, e aos 12 meses no HDL e nos TG. Nossos resultados sugerem que mulheres obesas e não obesas apresentaram uma melhora de todos os parâmetros clínicos periodontais, sem diferença entre os grupos, ao serem avaliadas aos 3, 6 e 12 meses após o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Assim como, as concentrações do TNF-α em sítios saudáveis e doentes foram similares, entre grupos e o perfil lipídico apresentou uma melhora no HDL e TG nas mulheres não obesas. AU)

The purpose of the present interventional and prospective study was to compare the response to non-surgical periodontal treatment in obese and non-obese women with chronic periodontitis. As well as, evaluate one inflammatory mediator, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), at baseline and 3 months after periodontal treatment. The lipid profile including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were also evaluated at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Thirty obese and thirty-one non-obese women with chronic periodontitis received periodontal treatment at School of Dentistry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. In the beginning of the study, medical and a sociodemographic data were collected. Three anthropometric measures were used to classify the subjects for obesity: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip-ratio (WHR). The following clinical periodontal parameters, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing on depth (PD), visible plaque (VP) and bleeding on probing (BOP), were recorded at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected at 1 healthy site (without BOP and PD ≤ 3mm) and 1 diseased site (with BOP and PD ≥ 5mm) before and after periodontal treatment, analyzed by immunoenzymatic technique. Intergroup comparison of sociodemographic data and the mean percentage of periodontal clinical parameters were obtained by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney, respectively. The mean of clinical periodontal parameters and the lipid profile were compared for each group during time, using the Friedman test; The GCF was analyzed with Wilcoxon test. Mann-Whitney was used for comparison between groups in each moment of the study. The improvement of periodontal clinical parameters, CAL, PD, VP and BOP was observed in the 4 moments of the study for each group; however, without significant difference between groups. In one analyses using Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) model to evaluate the improvement of CAL and reduction of PD, defined as, sites ≥ 4 mm at baseline and CAL gain or PD reduction ≥ 2 mm, did not demonstrated association of periodontal treatment response with obesity. There was no significant difference between groups in TNF-α concentration after periodontal treatment. There was a difference, between groups, with better results for non-obese women at 3 months on HDL, TG and TC; at 6 months on HDL, LDL and TG, and at 12 months on HDL and TG. Our results suggested that obese and non-obese women improved in all clinical parameters, with no difference between groups, when evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. The TNF-α in healthy and diseased sites were similar between groups and the lipid profile showed an improvement in HDL and TG in non-obese women at 12 months post-treatment. (AU)

Evaluation of the subgingival microbiota of alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of the subgingival microbiota of alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals. METHODS: The study was conducted with 49 alcoholic and 49 non-alcoholic males of the Philippe Pinel Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The subjects were selected by convenience and two criteria were used to diagnose alcohol dependence: the CAGE (cut-down, annoyed, guilt, eyes-opener) questionnaire and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (WHO). Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained from 4 sites, 2 with probing depth (PD) ≥ 4 mm and 2 sites with PD < 4 mm. The presence and levels of 45 bacterial taxa were analysed using the checkerboard technique. RESULTS: The prevalence of bacterial species was not significantly different between groups. However, alcoholics showed significantly higher mean counts of Aggregactibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (adjusted p < 0.001). Moreover, alcoholics harboured significantly higher mean levels of Capnocytophaga sputigena, Fusobacterium nucleatum vincentii, F. nuc. nucleatum, Gemella morbillorum, Neisseria mucosa, P. gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Tannerella forsythia at sites with PD < 4 mm or ≥ 4 mm compared to non-alcoholics (p ≤ 0.001). Of interest, shallow sites of alcoholics presented significantly higher mean levels of F. nuc. vincentii, F. nuc nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and T. forsythia than sites with PD ≥ 4 mm of non-alcoholics (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Alcoholics and non-alcoholics present a diverse and complex microbiota; however, alcoholics harbour significantly higher levels of periodontopathic species in the subgingival microbiota than non-alcoholics.

The relationship of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption with periodontitis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the studies about the relationship of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption with periodontitis. DATA AND SOURCES: A comprehensive search was performed in the Systematic Eletronic (PUBMED Medline, Latin American and Caribean Health Science-LILACS, Scientific electronic library online-SciELO and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials-CCRT literature databases) from January 1965 to July 2008. The reference lists of the identified studies were also searched. RESULTS: Of the 1530 papers identified, 11 cross-sectional and 5 longitudinal observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven of the 12 studies on alcohol consumption and 4 of the 4 studies on alcohol dependence reported positive associations between alcohol intake and periodontitis. There was heterogeneity among studies concerning the methods of assessment of alcohol dependence, alcohol consumption and periodontitis. Therefore no meta-analysis was performed. Although smoking was properly addressed in all selected studies, the confounding effect of dental plaque was taken into account in only 6 studies. CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption can be considered a risk indicator for periodontitis. Longitudinal studies on the association of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption with periodontitis are needed to confirm the association or not.

The relationship between alcohol dependence and periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between alcohol dependence and periodontal disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 49 alcoholic and 49 non-alcoholic men was conducted at Philippe Pinel Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Subjects were screened for alcohol dependence using the CAGE (cut-down, annoyed, guilty, eye-opener) questionnaire and the criteria of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Sociodemographic data and periodontal clinical parameters, such as visible plaque, bleeding on probing, probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), were collected. Groups were controlled for smoking. Intergroup comparisons of sociodemographic data and mean percentage of clinical parameters were analyzed by the chi(2) and Mann-Whitney tests. The independent effect of alcohol dependence on CAL and PD was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis, adjusting for the effects of plaque, age, income, education, and living conditions. RESULTS: A significant linear relationship was found between alcohol dependence and mean CAL (P < or =0.013) and mean PD (P < or =0.001). CONCLUSION: Alcohol dependence may be associated with an increased severity of CAL and PD.