ABSTRACT
The phenology, flower morphology, pollination mechanism and reproductive biology of Epidendrum secundum were studied in a semi-deciduous forest at the Serra do Japi (SJ), and in the Atlantic rain forest of Picinguaba, both natural reserves in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. E. secundum flowers all year round, with a flowering peak between September and January. This species is either a lithophytic or terrestrial herb in the SJ, whereas, in Picinguaba, it grows mainly in disturbed areas along roadsides. E. secundum is pollinated by several species of diurnal Lepidoptera at both study sites. In Picinguaba, where E. secundum is sympatric with E. fulgens and both share the same pollinators, pollen transference between these two species was recorded. E. secundum is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. It is inter-compatible with E. fulgens, producing fertile seeds. In contrast to the population of the SJ, in the Picinguaba region, floral morphology is quite variable among plants and some individuals present flowers with characteristics in-between both sympatric species, suggesting that natural hybridization occasionally occurs. The anthropogenic perturbation is probably the cause of the occurrence of E. secundum in the Picinguaba region, enabling its contact with E. fulgens.
Subject(s)
Flowers/physiology , Orchidaceae/physiology , Pollination/physiology , Flowers/genetics , Hybridization, Genetic , Orchidaceae/genetics , Orchidaceae/growth & development , Pollination/genetics , Reproduction/genetics , Reproduction/physiologyABSTRACT
Floral biology, reproduction, pollinator specificity, and fruit set of Cirrhaea dependens were recorded in forest areas of Southeastern Brazil. Cirrhaea dependens is a lithophytic or epiphytic herb occurring very sparsely below dense canopies. Nearly all the flowers of a single plant open simultaneously before dawn. They are short-lasting and offer floral fragrances as rewards, which are collected by male euglossine bees. Observations carried out in mesophytic forests at Serra do Japi revealed that Euglossa VIRIDIS is their principal pollinator, with Eufriesea violacea a sporadic co-pollinator. Visitation started soon after flower opening, and attractiveness remained high for about 2 h, decreasing abruptly at sunrise. Flower anthesis with subsequent fragrance release seems to be correlated with bee attraction. Observations using chemical baits were carried out at Serra do Japi, and in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Picinguaba. Three euglossine species were captured with pollinaria of C. dependens in Picinguaba, whereas only E. violacea was attracted in Serra do Japi. In Picinguaba, C. dependens occurs sympatrically with C. saccata and C. loddigesii. Each species attracted different pollinators. The specificity and resulting reproductive isolation are due to the production of different odours by each orchid species. Cirrhaea dependens is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. The reproductive success was low and appears to result from a combination of factors discussed here, such as the production of short-lived flowers, presence of floral mechanisms avoiding self-pollination, non-synchronization of flower phases among plants, and populations with few and sparsely distributed individuals.
Subject(s)
Flowers/physiology , Orchidaceae/physiology , Animals , Bees/physiology , Flowers/anatomy & histology , Fruit/physiology , Male , Odorants , Orchidaceae/anatomy & histology , Pollen/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
O gênero Eleocharis R. Br. compreende cerca de 200 espécies, ocorrendo em ambientes úmidos tais como brejos e margens de rios e lagos. Procurando novos agentes moluscicidas, os extratos de Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult., Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Eleocharis maculosa (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. e Eleocharis sellowiana Kunth foram testados para atividade moluscicida, contra caramujos adultos e desovas, e toxicidade (ensaio de letalidade com Artemia salina). O extrato hexânico de Eleocharis acutangula (parte subterrânea fresca) foi ativo contra Artemia salina (CL50 = 476,00 mg/mL), enquanto os demais extratos apresentaram CL50 >> 10³ mg/mL, sugerindo baixa toxicidade. O extrato hidro-etanólico de Eleocharis sellowiana (parte subterrânea fresca) foi ativo contra desovas de Biomphalaria glabrata (CL50 = 24,27 mg/mL) mas inativo contra indivíduos adultos. Os demais extratos testados não apresentaram atividade moluscicida.
The genus Eleocharis R. Br. comprises about 200 species, occurring in wet environments like swamps, lakes and river margins. In the search for new molluscicides, extracts from Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult., Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Eleocharis maculosa (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. and Eleocharis sellowiana Kunth were tested for molluscicidal activity (spawns and adult snails) and toxicity (Brine Shrimp Lethality - BSL - bioassay). The hexane extract of Eleocharis acutangula (fresh subterraneous parts) was active in the BSL bioassay (LC50 = 476 mg/mL), while the other extracts showed LC50 >> 10³ mg/mL, suggesting they have low toxicity. The aqueous ethanol extract of Eleocharis sellowiana (fresh subterraneous parts) was active against Biomphalaria glabrata spawns (LC50 = 24.27 mg/mL) but it was not lethal to adult snails. No other plant extract tested in this study showed molluscicidal activity.
