Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version of BREAST-Q©: breast reconstruction expectations module.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to translate the BREAST-Q© - Breast Reconstruction Expectations Module (preoperative) 2.0 into Portuguese and adapt it to the Brazilian cultural context. METHODS: Authorization for translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire was obtained from the holders of the instrument's distribution rights. The questionnaire was translated and retro-translated. For cultural adaptation, the instrument was applied to 40 patients who had breast reconstruction surgery scheduled. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.5 years, and the majority (72.5%) was undergoing reconstruction with implants. Good and excellent internal consistencies were observed for the Coping and Appearance expectations scales (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.878 and 0.909, respectively). For the Pain scale, the internal consistency was moderate (0.738), and it was acceptable (0.587) for the Medical team. CONCLUSION: The BREAST-Q© - Breast Reconstruction Expectations Module (preoperative) 2.0 was successfully translated and adapted to the Brazilian context.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version of BREAST-Q©: breast reconstruction expectations module

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to translate the BREAST-Q© — Breast Reconstruction Expectations Module (preoperative) 2.0 into Portuguese and adapt it to the Brazilian cultural context. METHODS: Authorization for translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire was obtained from the holders of the instrument's distribution rights. The questionnaire was translated and retro-translated. For cultural adaptation, the instrument was applied to 40 patients who had breast reconstruction surgery scheduled. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.5 years, and the majority (72.5%) was undergoing reconstruction with implants. Good and excellent internal consistencies were observed for the Coping and Appearance expectations scales (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.878 and 0.909, respectively). For the Pain scale, the internal consistency was moderate (0.738), and it was acceptable (0.587) for the Medical team. CONCLUSION: The BREAST-Q© — Breast Reconstruction Expectations Module (preoperative) 2.0 was successfully translated and adapted to the Brazilian context.

Gigantomastia gestacional: como abordar essa situação clínica / Gestational gigantomastia: how to address this clinical situation

A gigantomastia gestacional é uma desordem rara, na qual ocorre o crescimento excessivo e rápido das mamas, culminando com edema e congestão venosa das mesmas, além de ocasionar dor, ulceração da pele e infecção local. Estas complicações, em alguns casos, levam à necessidade de mastectomia de emergência ou abortamento induzido. A hipótese etiológica mais aceita é a de que exista uma estimulação anormal do tecido mamário, que pode ser desencadeada por níveis excessivos de hormônios ou por uma hipersensibilidade deste tecido a níveis hormonais normais. Apesar de a mama regredir após a gestação, raramente volta ao estado original; portanto, a redução da mama através de mastectomia ou mamoplastia geralmente é necessária. Além disso, é grande o risco de recorrências em gestações futuras. Os autores relatam o caso de gigantomastia em uma primigesta, com necessidade de interrupção da gravidez, devido ao risco de morte materna, e posterior intervenção cirúrgica com mamoplastia redutora.

Gestational gigantomastia is a rare disorder characterized by an excessive and rapid enlargement of the breasts, resulting in edema and venous congestion of breast tissue. It is a painful condition that causes skin ulceration and local infection. In some cases, these complications lead to an emergency mastectomy or induced abortion. The most probable etiology is an abnormal stimulation of breast tissue that is probably triggered by an abnormally elevated level of hormones or by the hypersensitivity of breast tissue to normal hormone levels. Although the breast volume decreases after pregnancy, it rarely returns to its original state; therefore, breast reduction through mastectomy or mammaplasty is usually necessary. Moreover, there is a high likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. The authors report a case of gigantomastia in a primigravida that required pregnancy termination, because of the risk of maternal death, and a subsequent breast reduction surgery.

Simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation training program.

PURPOSE: To propose a simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation skills' training program, during residency. METHODS: This study describes the strategies for learning the ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation on low-fidelity bench models. The preparation of bench models, educational goals, processes of skill acquisition, feedback and evaluation methods were also outlined. The training program was based on key references to the subject. RESULTS: It was formulated a simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation teaching program on low-fidelity bench models. CONCLUSION: A simulation-based inexpensive, low-stress, no-risk learning program on low-fidelity bench models was proposed to facilitate acquisition of ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation skills by residents-in-training before exposure to the living patient.

Simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation training program

To propose a simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation skills' training program, during residency. METHODS: This study describes the strategies for learning the ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation on low-fidelity bench models. The preparation of bench models, educational goals, processes of skill acquisition, feedback and evaluation methods were also outlined. The training program was based on key references to the subject. RESULTS: It was formulated a simulation-based ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation teaching program on low-fidelity bench models. CONCLUSION: A simulation-based inexpensive, low-stress, no-risk learning program on low-fidelity bench models was proposed to facilitate acquisition of ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation skills by residents-in-training before exposure to the living patient.

Phonological performance measured by speech severity indices compared with correlated factors

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Some factors seem to influence speech impairment among phonologically disordered children. The aim was to compare severity indices with some correlated factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, analytical and cross-sectional study conducted within the Language-Speech-Hearing Sciences Course, Universidade de São Paulo. METHOD: Fifty phonologically disordered children with ages ranging from 4 to 11 years took part. The indices were calculated from phonology tests and were correlated with anamnesis and audiological data. Student’s t test and Spearman’s correlation were used to compare percentages of consonants correct (PCC) and process density index (PDI) for children with and without otitis, upper respiratory histories and audiological abnormalities, with regard to whether or not they were comprehended during assessment, their ages when they started to speak and their ages at the assessment. RESULTS: The higher the age at the assessment was, the higher the PCC (imitation: 0.468; naming: 0.431; Spearman’s correlation) and the lower the PDI (imitation: 0.459; naming: 0.431); the later the child started to speak, the lower the PCC (imitation p = 0.064; naming p = 0.050) and the higher the PDI (imitation p = 0.067; naming p = 0.042). There were differences between groups with and without upper respiratory history (PCC: imitation p = 0.016, naming p = 0.005; PDI: imitation p = 0.014, naming p = 0.008). There was no difference between the groups regarding otitis, comprehension during the assessment and audiological data. CONCLUSIONS: Children with upper respiratory histories who began to speak later presented more severe speech impairment indices.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Alguns fatores parecem influenciar a gravidade dos distúrbios de fala em crianças com transtorno fonológico. O objetivo foi comparar índices de gravidade e fatores correlatos. DESENHO E LOCAL: Observacional, analítico, transversal. Curso de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade de São Paulo. MÉTODO: Cinqüenta crianças com transtorno fonológico, entre 4 e 11 anos. Calcularam-se os índices nos testes de fonologia e correlacionaram-nos com dados de anamnese e audiometria. O teste t de Student e a correlação de Spearman compararam a Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas (PCC) e a Densidade de Processos Fonológicos (DPF) em crianças com e sem otite e história de infecções de vias aéreas superiores, alteração de audiometria, se eram ou não compreendidas na época da avaliação e quando começaram a falar e a idade em que começaram a falar e na avaliação. RESULTADOS: Quanto mais velha a criança na avaliação, maior a PCC (correlação de Spearman: 0,468, imitação; 0,431, nomeação) e menor a DPF (0,459, imitação; 0,431, nomeação); quanto mais tarde a criança começou a falar, menor a PCC (imitação p = 0,064; nomeação p = 0,050) e maior a DPF (imitação p = 0,067; nomeação p = 0,042). Observaram-se diferenças nas crianças com e sem infecções de vias aéreas (PCC: imitação: p = 0,016; nomeação: p = 0,005; DPF: imitação: p = 0,014 e nomeação: p = 0,008). Não houve diferença quanto à otite, compreensão na avaliação e audiometria. CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com história de infecções de vias aéreas e que começaram a falar mais tarde apresentaram maior comprometimento de índices de gravidade.

Phonological performance measured by speech severity indices compared with correlated factors.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Some factors seem to influence speech impairment among phonologically disordered children. The aim was to compare severity indices with some correlated factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, analytical and cross-sectional study conducted within the Language-Speech-Hearing Sciences Course, Universidade de São Paulo. METHOD: Fifty phonologically disordered children with ages ranging from 4 to 11 years took part. The indices were calculated from phonology tests and were correlated with anamnesis and audiological data. Students t test and Spearmans correlation were used to compare percentages of consonants correct (PCC) and process density index (PDI) for children with and without otitis, upper respiratory histories and audiological abnormalities, with regard to whether or not they were comprehended during assessment, their ages when they started to speak and their ages at the assessment. RESULTS: The higher the age at the assessment was, the higher the PCC (imitation: 0.468; naming: 0.431; Spearmans correlation) and the lower the PDI (imitation: 0.459; naming: 0.431); the later the child started to speak, the lower the PCC (imitation p = 0.064; naming p = 0.050) and the higher the PDI (imitation p = 0.067; naming p = 0.042). There were differences between groups with and without upper respiratory history (PCC: imitation p = 0.016, naming p = 0.005; PDI: imitation p = 0.014, naming p = 0.008). There was no difference between the groups regarding otitis, comprehension during the assessment and audiological data. CONCLUSIONS: Children with upper respiratory histories who began to speak later presented more severe speech impairment indices.

Habilidades de consciência fonológica e letramento em crianças de Ensino Fundamental / Phonological awareness abilities and literacy en elementary school children

Objetivo: analisar o perfil de crianças do ensino fundamental em relação às habilidades de consciência fonológica e de letramento antes e após um Programa Fonoaudiológico em Leitura e Escrita. Métodos: fizeram parte do estudo 34 (1º semestre) e 31 crianças (2º semestre), com média de idade de 7,2 anos. Todos os participantes cursavam a 1ª série do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola estadual. O programa fonoaudiológico foi elaborado juntamente com a professora da classe, e teve as duração de sete semenas. As crianças foram avaliadas indivudualmente no início do ano escolar e após a conclusão do programa. Resultados: o perfil de letramento e consciência fonológica dos escolares de primeira série demonstrou, em geral, mudanças significativas, principalmente em relação às provas de letramento que envolvem um conhecimento maior de habilidades escritas, bem como de habilidades de segmentação fonológica orais e escritas. Conclusão: as mudanças no perfil de letramento e consciência fonológica dos escolares de primeira série, observadas nestes estudo, sugerem que estas habilidades podem ser incentivadas por meio de práticas de promoção de leitura e escrita no âmbito escolar.

Análise da freqüência fundamental, jitter, shimmer e intensidade vocal em crianças com transtorno fonológico / Analysis of fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer and vocal intensity in children with phonological disorders

O transtorno fonológico é uma alteração de manifestação primária de causa indefinida que torna a fala ininteligível. A análise de parâmetros vocais torna-se importante no processo do diagnóstico deste transtorno, pois distúrbios de voz poderiam interferir na produção dos sons da fala. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as características vocais relacionadas à intensidade e freqüência fundamental - F0 - e seus índices de perturbação - jitter e shimmer - em crianças com transtorno fonológico. FORMA DE ESTUDO: clínico prospectivo com coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram sujeitos 40 crianças distribuídas em dois grupos: 20 com transtorno fonológico e 20 sem alteração de fala e linguagem. Foram aplicadas provas de fonologia do Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW e de fala espontânea. Utilizou-se o Computer Speech Lab, para gravação e análise acústica das vogais /a/, /e/, /i/, por meio dos parâmetros vocais: freqüência fundamental, intensidade, jitter e shimmer. RESULTADOS: F0 - vogal /e/ é menor, em média, para o Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico (126Hz) e 237Hz no Grupo Controle. Para o shimmer e jitter não há evidência de que as médias do Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico sejam diferentes das do Grupo Controle (p= 0,191, p=0,865 respectivamente). Quanto à intensidade, há evidência de que a média diferencia os dois grupos (p= 0,002). CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência da vogal /e/ é menor no Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico. Existe diferença entre grupos para as médias da intensidade das vogais /a/, /e/ e /i/, sendo estas menores no Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre grupos para as médias do jitter e do shimmer.

Análise comparativa do índice pcc em sujeitos com transtorno fonológico não submetidos a intervenção fonoaudiológica / Comparative analisys of pcc index in individuals with phonological disorders not submitted to speech therapeutic intervention

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de remissão espontânea da fala no transtorno fonológico por meio do índice de gravidade Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas - Revisado (PCC-R). Fizeram parte do estudo 18 sujeitos com diagnóstico funcional de transtorno fonológico, com idades entre 4:0 e 11:5 anos, sendo 14 do sexo masculino e quatro do sexo feminino; nenhum deles havia realizado intervenção fonoaudiológica prévia, e a média entre a avaliação fonoaudiológica inicial para diagnóstico funcional e a avaliação para início de tratamento foi de 5,2 meses. Foram aplicadas as provas de Fonologia do Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW, e calculou-se o PCC-R para ambas as provas. Os dados do diagnóstico e avaliação para início de tratamento foram comparados entre si para verificar a ocorrência de remissão, observando-se que não houve diferenças significativas. A correlação entre idade inicial e desempenho fonológico foi fraca, assim como entre tempo de espera e desempenho nas avaliações. Não foi detectada remissão espontânea nos sujeitos estudados.

Phonological disorder’s spontaneous remission was verified by using a severity index, the Percentage of Correct Consonant – Revised (PCC-R). Eighteen individuals with phonological disorder (14 male and four female) aged between 4;0 and 11;5 years old were studied. None of them have had previous speech therapeutic intervention. The mean interval between the initial phonological assessment for diagnosis and the re-assessment for beginning treatment was 5.2 months. Phonological test (Teste de Linguagem Infantil – ABFW) was applied and the PCC-R index was calculated. Data from the initial assessment and from the re-assessment were compared to verify the occurrence of remission. No significant differences were found. The correlation between the age in the initial assessment and the phonological performance was weak. The same was noted in comparing the waiting time for treatment and the performance in the assessment. There was no spontaneous remission in the studied individuals.

Gravidade do distúrbio fonológico: julgamento perceptivo e porcentagem de consoantes corretas / Severity of phonological disorders: perceptual judgment and percentage of correct consonants

TEMA: distúrbio Fonológico. OBJETIVO: aplicar o índice de gravidade de Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas (PCC) e verificar a correlação entre este índice e o aplicado perceptivamente pelos juízes. MÉTODO: calculou-se o índice de gravidade PCC de 50 sujeitos diagnosticados com distúrbio fonológico, após 60 juízes ouviram as provas de fonologia de cada sujeito e julgaram perceptivamente a gravidade. RESULTADO: o índice PCC aplicado aos sujeitos obteve uma variação entre 40 por cento e 98 por cento, com uma classificação predominante da população nos graus leve e levemente moderado. CONCLUSÃO: existe correlação entre o julgamento perceptivo dos juizes e os valores do índice PCC.

Análise comparativa do índice pcc em sujeitos com transtorno fonológico não submetidos a intervenção fonoaudiológica / Comparative analisys of pcc index in individuals with phonological disorders not submitted to speech therapeutic intervention

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de remissão espontânea da fala no transtorno fonológico por meio do índice de gravidade Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas - Revisado (PCC-R). Fizeram parte do estudo 18 sujeitos com diagnóstico funcional de transtorno fonológico, com idades entre 4:0 e 11:5 anos, sendo 14 do sexo masculino e quatro do sexo feminino; nenhum deles havia realizado intervenção fonoaudiológica prévia, e a média entre a avaliação fonoaudiológica inicial para diagnóstico funcional e a avaliação para início de tratamento foi de 5,2 meses. Foram aplicadas as provas de Fonologia do Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW, e calculou-se o PCC-R para ambas as provas. Os dados do diagnóstico e avaliação para início de tratamento foram comparados entre si para verificar a ocorrência de remissão, observando-se que não houve diferenças significativas. A correlação entre idade inicial e desempenho fonológico foi fraca, assim como entre tempo de espera e desempenho nas avaliações. Não foi detectada remissão espontânea nos sujeitos estudados.(AU)

Phonological disorder’s spontaneous remission was verified by using a severity index, the Percentage of Correct Consonant – Revised (PCC-R). Eighteen individuals with phonological disorder (14 male and four female) aged between 4;0 and 11;5 years old were studied. None of them have had previous speech therapeutic intervention. The mean interval between the initial phonological assessment for diagnosis and the re-assessment for beginning treatment was 5.2 months. Phonological test (Teste de Linguagem Infantil – ABFW) was applied and the PCC-R index was calculated. Data from the initial assessment and from the re-assessment were compared to verify the occurrence of remission. No significant differences were found. The correlation between the age in the initial assessment and the phonological performance was weak. The same was noted in comparing the waiting time for treatment and the performance in the assessment. There was no spontaneous remission in the studied individuals.(AU)

Analysis of distortions in children with and without phonological disorders.

PURPOSE: To verify using 4 different tests the incidence of distortions in children with and without phonological disorders. METHOD: Forty children between 4 and 10.2 years of age, divided into 2 groups: 20 with normal development and 20 with phonological disorders. All children underwent the phonology tests of the Child Language Assessment ABFW and 2 spontaneous speaking tests to assess for phonologic alterations. After recording, the data were printed, analyzed, and classified according to the distortions. Nonparametric (Mann-Whitney) statistical analysis was performed with the significance level being set at P <.05. RESULTS: The phonological disorder group had significantly more occurrences of distortions in all tests compared to the control group (naming, P = .04; imitation P <.001; spontaneous speaking 1, P = .01; and spontaneous speaking 2, P = .002. The Pearson correlation coefficients of the distortion occurrences among the 4 tests were high. CONCLUSION: The phonological disorder group presented a greater number of distortions in all tests. The most frequent ones were /s, z, 3/ and the variability found within the phonological disorder group was very high. The children in this group had unstable phonological systems and so presented a high number of different distortions. Regarding the evaluation of the phonologic system, all the tests were good evaluation methods since the correlations between them were high.

Analysis of distortions in children with and without phonological disorders

OBJETIVO: Verificar a ocorrência de distorções em sujeitos com e sem transtornos fonológicos em 4 provas diferentes. MÉTODO: Quarenta crianças, distribuídas em 2 grupos: 20 com desenvolvimento típico e 20 com transtorno fonológico, entre 4 e 10.2 anos de idade. Todas foram submetidas às provas de Fonologia do Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW e a duas provas de fala espontânea para confirmar a presença ou ausência das alterações fonológicas. Após a gravação dos dados, estes foram transcritos, analisados e classificados de acordo com as distorções. RESULTADOS: Através do teste não-paramétrico Mann-Whitney nota-se que o Grupo Controle difere do Grupo com Transtornos Fonológicos em todas as provas, ao nível de significância de 5%, para a Nomeação (p= 0,04), para a Imitação (p< 0,001), para a Fala Espontânea 1 (p= 0,01) e para a Fala Espontânea 2 (p=0,002). O estudo da correlação de Pearson entre a ocorrência de distorções nas quatro provas é alto. CONCLUSAO: O Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico apresentou o maior número de distorções em todas as provas. As distorções que mais ocorreram em ambos os grupos foram /s, z, j/. O Grupo com Transtornos Fonológicos apresentou grande variabilidade nas distorções, as crianças deste grupo possuem um sistema fonológico instável, dessa forma apresentam um número grande de diferentes distorções. Para a avaliação do sistema fonológico todas as provas foram boas formas de avaliação, uma vez que o índice de correlação entre elas foi alto.

[Severity of phonological disorders: perceptual judgment and percentage of correct consonants]. / Gravidade do disttúrbio fonológico: julgamento perceptivo e porcentagem de consoantes corretas.

BACKGROUND: Phonological disorder. AIM: To apply the percentage of correct consonant (PCC) index and to verify the correlation between this index and the one applied perceptually by judges. METHOD: The PCC index of 50 phonological disordered subjects was calculated, after 60 judges heard the phonological tests for each subject and perceptually attributed the severity. RESULTS: The PCC index varied from 40% to 98%, with the predominant classification of the population in the mild and mild-moderate levels. CONCLUSION: A correlation between the perceptual judgment and the PCC indexes exists.

Analysis of fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer and vocal intensity in children with phonological disorders.

UNLABELLED: Phonological Disorder is a disturbance of primary manifestation of undefined causes that makes speech become unintelligible. The analysis of vocal parameters becomes important in the process of diagnosis of this disorder, since voice disorders could interfere in the production of speech sounds. AIM: The objective of this study was to verify vocal characteristics related to the intensity and fundamental frequency--F0--and their disturbance indexes--jitter and shimmer--in children with phonological disorders. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical prospective with transversal cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: There were 40 children, 20 of them with phonological disorders and 20 with no speech and language disturbances. Phonological exams with the ABFW infantile language test and spontaneous speech were applied. The Computer Speech Lab was used to record and perform acoustic analyses of the vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, through the vocal parameters: fundamental frequency, intensity, jitter and shimmer. RESULTS: F0--vowel /e/ was smaller, on average, in the Phonological Disorder Group and it was 126 Hz in the Control Group. To shimmer and jitter there was no evidence that the means of the Phonological Disorder Group were different from the ones of the Control Group (p= 0.191, p= 0.865, respectively). As for intensity, there was evidence that the average did not differ in the Phonological Disorder Group and the Control Group (p= 0.002). CONCLUSION: The frequency of the vowel /e/ was smaller in the Phonological Disorder Group. There was difference between the two groups regarding the means of intensity of vowels /a/, /e/ and /i/, smaller in the Phonological Disorder Group. No differences between the groups were found regarding the averages of jitter and shimmer.

Determinant factors of severity rating of phonological disorder.

BACKGROUND: Phonological disorder. AIM: To analyze the severity descriptors used by graduation students of the Speech-Language Communication Sciences and Speech-Language Pathologists to classify the phonological disorder. METHOD: 60 judges classified the speech of 50 phonological disordered children regarding the severity of the disorder, after listening to their speech samples. RESULTS: The most used and applied severity descriptors, to justify the severity of the disorder, were: phonology, age, intelligibility, voice and speech. CONCLUSION: The judges used similar criteria in the perceptual judgment of the severity.

Determinant factors of severity rating of phonological disorder

Tema: Distúrbio fonológico. Objetivo: analisar os descritores da gravidade usados por alunos de Fonoaudiologia e fonoaudiólogos para classificar o distúrbio fonológico. Método: participaram 60 juízes com função de atribuir critérios para enquadramento de 50 sujeitos com distúrbio fonológico nas categorias de gravidade, após ouvirem suas amostras de fala. Resultados: os descritores de gravidade mais usados pelos juízes e mais aplicados aos sujeitos para justificarem o grau de gravidade foram: fonologia, idade, inteligibilidade, voz e fala. Conclusão: os juízes usaram critérios semelhantes no julgamento perceptivo da gravidade.