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1.
Pharmacology ; 103(1-2): 38-49, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30380560

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In this study, we evaluated the functional impact of facilitatory presynaptic adenosine A2A and muscarinic M1 receptors in the recovery of neuromuscular tetanic depression caused by the blockage of high-affinity choline transporter (HChT) by hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a condition that mimics a myasthenia-like condition. METHODS: Rat diaphragm preparations were indirectly stimulated via the phrenic nerve trunk with 50-Hz frequency trains, each consisting of 500-750 supramaximal intensity pulses. The tension at the beginning (A) and at the end (B) of the tetanus was recorded and the ratio (R) B/A calculated. RESULTS: Activation of A2A and M1 receptors with CGS21680 (CGS; 2 nmol/L) and McN-A-343c (McN; 3 µmol/L) increased R values. Similar facilitatory effects were obtained with forskolin (FSK; 3 µmol/L) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10 µmol/L), which activate adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C respectively. HC-3 (4 µmol/L) decreased transmitter exocytosis measured by real-time videomicroscopy with the FM4-64 fluorescent dye and prevented the facilitation of neuromuscular transmission caused by CGS, McN, and FSK, with a minor effect on PMA. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, neostigmine (NEO; 0.5 µmol/L), also decreased transmitter exocytosis. The paradoxical neuromuscular tetanic fade caused by NEO (0.5 µmol/L) was also prevented by HC-3 (4 µmol/L) and might result from the rundown of the positive feedback mechanism operated by neuronal nicotinic receptors (blocked by hexamethonium, 120 µmol/L). CONCLUSION: Data suggest that the recovery of tetanic neuromuscular facilitation by adenosine A2A and M1 receptors is highly dependent on HChT activity and may be weakened in myasthenic patients when HChT is inoperative.


Subject(s)
Membrane Transport Proteins/physiology , Receptor, Adenosine A2A/physiology , Receptor, Muscarinic M1/physiology , Refractory Period, Electrophysiological/drug effects , (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride/pharmacology , Adenosine/analogs & derivatives , Adenosine/pharmacology , Animals , Colforsin/pharmacology , Diaphragm/drug effects , Diaphragm/physiology , Hemicholinium 3/pharmacology , Neostigmine/pharmacology , Phenethylamines/pharmacology , Phrenic Nerve/drug effects , Phrenic Nerve/physiology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Synaptic Transmission , Tetanus/drug therapy , Tetanus/physiopathology , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
2.
Acta sci., Health sci ; 38(2): 165-171, jul.-dez. 2016.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-2774

ABSTRACT

The effects of atropine (non selective muscarinic antagonist) and ZM241385 (A2A receptors antagonist) in the cisatracurium-induced drastic (100%) level of fade at 50 Hz (10 s) (100% Fade) were compared in the phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations of rats indirectly stimulated at a physiological tetanic frequency (50 Hz). The lowest dose and the instant cisatracurium caused 100% Fade were investigated. Cisatracurium induced 100% Fade 15 min after being administered. Atropine reduced the cisatracurium-induced 100% Fade, but the administration of ZM241385 separately, or combined with atropine, did not cause any effect in the cisatracurium-induced 100% Fade. Data indicate that the simultaneous blockage of M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors on motor nerve terminal by atropine is more efficient than the blockage of presynaptic A2A receptors for a safer recovery of patients from neuromuscular blockade caused by cisatracurium.


Os efeitos de atropina e ZM241385 (antagonistas de receptores A2A) no drástico (100%) nível de fadiga (100% Fadiga) produzido pelo cisatracúrio a 50 Hz (10 s) foram comparativamente investigados em preparações nervo frênico músculo diafragma isolado de ratos indiretamente estimuladas com a frequência fisiológica tetanizante de 50 Hz. A menor dose e o instante no qual cisatracúrio causou 100% Fadiga foram pesquisados. O cisatracúrio induziu 100% Fadiga 15 min depois de ser administrado. A atropina reduziu a fadiga de 100% causada pelo cisatracúrio, mas ZM241385, ou a administração combinada de atropina com ZM241385, não causou qualquer efeito na 100% Fadiga produzida pelo cisatracúrio. Os dados indicam que o bloqueio simultâneo dos receptores muscarínicos M1 e M2 no terminal nervoso motor pela atropina é mais eficiente do que o bloqueio dos receptores pré-sinápticos A2A no auxilio da recuperação mais segura do bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular causada por cisatracúrio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Atropine , Adenosine , Receptors, Muscarinic , Muscle Fatigue , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
3.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 723: 389-96, 2014 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24247035

ABSTRACT

Neuromuscular transmission is clinically monitored using the train-of-four ratio (TOFratio), which is the quotient between twitch tension produced by the fourth (T4) and by the first (T1) stimulus within a train-of-four stimulation at 2Hz. Neostigmine causes a paradoxical depression of the TOFratio (TOFfade) that is amplified by intra-arterial atropine in cats. This led us to question the usefulness of the TOFratio as a sole testing element to control neostigmine-induced reversal of neuromuscular transmission block caused by non-depolarizing agents. We hypothesized that the inhibition of cholinesterase activity might increase acetylcholine bioavailability and consequently cholinoceptor activation, leading to concomitant adenosine release from nerve endings and skeletal muscle fibers. The involvement of presynaptic muscarinic and adenosine receptors in neostigmine-induced TOFfade in the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm was investigated. Blockade of adenosine A2A receptors with ZM241385 and of muscarinic M2 receptors with methoctramine or atropine amplified neostigmine-induced TOFfade. Notwithstanding TOFfade amplification, the blockade of M2 or A2A receptors increased both T1 and T4 twitch tensions above control during the first 3min of neostigmine application. Beyond that period, the T1 twitch tension returned to baseline, whereas T4 decreased further until the control value with neostigmine alone. Blockade of M1 receptors by pirenzepine did not change neostigmine-induced TOFfade, unless A2A receptors were concurrently blocked with ZM241385. Data indicate that the paradoxical neostigmine-induced fade involves presynaptic mechanisms that regulate transmitter release and synaptic adenosine accumulation, including the activation of adenosine A2A and muscarinic M2 receptors.


Subject(s)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Neostigmine/pharmacology , Phrenic Nerve/drug effects , Receptors, Cholinergic/physiology , Receptors, Purinergic P1/physiology , Animals , Atropine/pharmacology , Diamines/pharmacology , Diaphragm/drug effects , Diaphragm/physiology , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology , Phrenic Nerve/physiology , Pirenzepine/pharmacology , Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Presynaptic/physiology , Synaptic Transmission/drug effects , Triazines/pharmacology , Triazoles/pharmacology
4.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci ; 68(5): 510-20, 2013 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23089337

ABSTRACT

Estrogen deficiency is associated with aging and increases the incidence of metabolic syndrome and hypertension. In this study, the effects of tibolone, a synthetic steroid, on the cardiovascular system, liver lipid metabolism, and redox status were evaluated, in ovariectomized (OVX) rats with renovascular hypertension (two-kidneys, one-clip, OVX + 2K1C). This study encompassed direct measurements of mean arterial pressure , plasma biochemical analysis, liver lipid contents, and assessments of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal ß-oxidation capacities. Additionally, the liver redox status was assayed. Tibolone significantly reduced the mean arterial pressure of OVX + 2K1C rats, albeit reducing total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. In the liver, although exerting an undesirable inhibition of mitochondrial and peroxisomal ß-oxidation, tibolone reversed steatosis. Tibolone also improved the liver redox status: the reduced glutathione contents and the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were restored by this compound, which also reduced the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. So, tibolone reversed the main alterations caused by hypertension and estrogen deficiency.


Subject(s)
Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Hypertension, Renovascular/drug therapy , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Norpregnenes/pharmacology , Norpregnenes/therapeutic use , Animals , Female , Ovariectomy , Oxidation-Reduction , Rats , Rats, Wistar
5.
Metabolism ; 60(10): 1433-41, 2011 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21489575

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this work was to evaluate if the fat liver accumulation interferes with intracellular calcium fluxes and the liver glycogenolytic response to a calcium-mobilizing α(1)-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine. The animal model of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity was used. The adult rats develop obesity and steatosis. Calcium fluxes were evaluated through measuring the (45)Ca(2+) uptake by liver microsomes, inside-out plasma membrane, and mitochondria. In the liver, assessments were performed on the calcium-dependent glycogenolytic response to phenylephrine and the glycogen contents. The Ca(2+) uptake by microsomes and plasma membrane vesicles was reduced in livers from obese rats as a result of reduction in the Ca(2+)-ATPase activities. In addition, the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase was reduced. All these matched effects could contribute to elevated resting intracellular calcium levels in the hepatocytes. Livers from obese rats, albeit smaller and with similar glycogen contents to those of control rats, released higher amounts of glucose in response to phenylephrine infusion, which corroborates these observations. Mitochondria from obese rats exhibited a higher capacity of retaining calcium, a phenomenon that could be attributed to a minor susceptibility of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening.


Subject(s)
Calcium/metabolism , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/pathology , Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Cell Membrane/drug effects , Cell Membrane/pathology , Glycogenolysis/drug effects , Glycogenolysis/physiology , Magnesium/analysis , Magnesium/metabolism , Magnesium/pharmacology , Male , Microsomes, Liver/chemistry , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Mitochondria, Liver/chemistry , Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects , Obesity/chemically induced , Phenylephrine/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Secretory Vesicles/drug effects , Secretory Vesicles/metabolism , Secretory Vesicles/pathology , Sodium Glutamate , Subcellular Fractions/chemistry , Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
6.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 626(2-3): 239-43, 2010 Jan 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19818752

ABSTRACT

This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism by which the toxin from the bee venom, apamin, might exert beneficial effects in patients suffering from myotonic dystrophy. The effects of apamin were compared with those produced by another potassium channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine, on rat hemidiaphragm preparations stimulated at a 100 Hz frequency via the phrenic nerve. Apamin and 4-aminopyridine increased nerve-evoked tetanic fade without changing the maximal tetanic tension. The inhibitory effect of apamin was mimicked by acetylcholine. In contrast with apamin, 4-aminopyridine increased the amplitude of muscle contractions induced by nerve stimulation at 0.2 Hz frequency. All these compounds were devoid of effect when diaphragm muscle fibres were stimulated directly in the presence of the neuromuscular blocker, D-tubocurarine. The muscarinic M(2) receptor antagonist, methoctramine, prevented the inhibitory effects of both apamin and acetylcholine. Blockade of presynaptic facilitatory muscarinic M(1) and nicotinic receptors respectively with pirenzepine and hexamethonium increased apamin-induced tetanic fade. Data suggest that apamin inhibits neuromuscular transmission by a mechanism independent of the blockade of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, which might involve the activation of inhibitory muscarinic M(2) receptors on motor nerve terminals. Such a mechanism may be the origin of the beneficial effect of apamin controlling muscle excitability in patients suffering from myotonic diseases.


Subject(s)
Apamin/pharmacology , Motor Neurons/cytology , Motor Neurons/metabolism , Receptor, Muscarinic M2/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Muscarinic M2/metabolism , Synaptic Transmission/drug effects , Animals , Electric Stimulation , Male , Motor Neurons/drug effects , Phrenic Nerve/drug effects , Phrenic Nerve/physiology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Refractory Period, Electrophysiological/drug effects
7.
Acta sci., Health sci ; 28(2)jul.-dez. 2006. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-485586

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer valores de referência de alguns parâmetros fisiológicos (bioquímicos, hematológicos e urinários) de ratos provenientes do Biotério Central da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Estado do Paraná. Foram utilizados ratos machos, normais e saudáveis da linhagem Wistar, com peso de 200 a 220 g. Foi avaliado o perfil hematológico (leucócitos: totais, mononucleares e polimorfonucleares) e a determinação bioquímica de vários constituintes plasmáticos (aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, glicose, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina, fosfatase ácida, uréia, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, triglicerídeos, teste de tolerância à glicose GTT) e urinários (glicose, creatinina). É imprescindível que cada laboratório estabeleça seu conjunto de valores de referência dos animais normais, de acordo com a dieta, a linhagem, o sexo e a idade de cada espécie utilizada. Assim, através deste trabalho, o pesquisador pode identificar desvios dos parâmetros, facilitando a escolha dos animais para o estudo.


The present work was carried out to establish reference values for some physiological parameters (biochemical, hematological and urinary) in rats proceeding from the Central Biotery at the State University of Maringá, State of Paraná. Normal male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were used. The hematological profile (total leukocytes, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells count), the clinic chemistry (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, urea, cholesterol, HDL-c, triglycerides, glucose tolerance) and urinary parameters (glucose and creatinine) were determined. Each laboratory should establish a database of reference values for their animals, according to diet, strain, sex and age for each species used. Thus, in this work, a database is provided regarding reference values of some physiological parameters in rats for use in experimental investigations.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Reference Standards , Plasma , Rats, Wistar , Reference Values , Animal Testing Alternatives , Animals, Laboratory
8.
Maringá; s.n; 2004. 52 p. graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-444430

ABSTRACT

A acetilcolina é o mediador químico responsável pela trasmissão neuromuscular. Ao ser liberada doneurônio motor, a acetilcolina ativa os receptores nicotínicos da placa motora e gera o potencial de placa terminal. Por sua vez, tal potencial deflagra o potencial de ação muscular iniciando, assim os procesos de contração muscular. A acetilcolina liberada para a fenda sináptica pode também modular su própria liberação ativando receptores nicotínicos e/ou muscarínicos do terminal nervoso motor. O acionamento dos receptores nicotínicos do terminal determina um aumento na quantidade de acetilcolina liberada para a fenda sináptica. Quando os receptores muscarínicos do terminal nervoso motor são ativados ocorre uma redução na quantidade de neurotransmissor liberada para a fenda sináptica. A ativação dos receptores colinérgicos pré-sinápticos é dependente da frequência e da duração dos estímulos elétricos aplicados no nervo motor...


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Dexamethasone , Phrenic Nerve/physiology , Nitric Oxide/analysis , Nitric Oxide/chemical synthesis , Synaptic Transmission , Nitroprusside
9.
Maringá; s.n; 2004. 55 p. graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-443364

ABSTRACT

A acetilcolina é o mediador químico responsável pela transmissão neuromuscular. Ao ser liberada do neurônio motor, a acetilcolina ativa os receptores nicotínicos da placa motora e gera o potencial de placa terminal. Por sua vez, tal potencial deflagra o potencial de ação muscular iniciando, assim, o processo de contração muscular. A acetilcolina liberada para a fenda sináptica pode também modular sua própria liberação ativando receptores nicotínicos e/ou muscarínicos do terminal nervoso motor. [...]o presente trabalho objetivou: 1. Determinar a importância relativa do NO produzido pelo músculo esquelético, nervo motor e tecido vascular nos efeitos neuromusculares induzidos pela L-arginina. Para tanto, utilizou-se a hemoglobina como agente quelante de NO em preparações nervo frênico-diafragma de ratos in vitro estimuladas com pulsos de baixa ou alta freqüências. 2. Investigar os efeitos neuromusculares do doador de NO (nitroprussiato de sódio) em preparações nervo frênico-diafragma de ratos estimuladas com pulsos de baixa ou alta freqüências. 3. Investigar os efeitos da dexametasona (doses ou concentrações utilizadas na terapia de pulso) na transmissão neuromuscular de preparações nervo ciático-tibial anterior de ratos in vivo e nervo frênico-diafragma de ratos estimuladas com pulsos de baixa ou alta freqüências. 4. Investigar os efeitos neuromusculares da associação NO (nitroprussiato de sódio ou L-arginina) e dexametasona em preparações nervo frênico-diafragma de ratos estimuladas com pulsos de baixa ou alta freqüências. [...] Estes resultados sugerem que: (1) NO, sintetizado no músculo, atua no nervo motor e no músculo esquelético. NO produzido no nervo ou no tecido vascular parecem não atuar na musculatura esquelética. (2) Os efeitos neuromusculares induzidos pelo nitroprussiato de sódio assemelham-se àqueles observados com L-arginina e são decorrentes da liberação espontânea de NO da sua molécula. (3) Os efeitos pré-sinápticos induzidos pela dexametasona.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Dexamethasone , Phrenic Nerve/physiology , Nitric Oxide/analysis , Nitric Oxide/chemical synthesis , Synaptic Transmission , Nitroprusside
10.
Arq. ciências saúde UNIPAR ; 4(3): 277-281, set.-dez. 2000. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-360150

ABSTRACT

Potenciação pós-tetânica (PPT) é o nome dado ao aumento transitório da amplitude das contrações musculares após estimulação indireta com alta frequência aplicada ao nervo motor. É um fenômeno característico, mas não exclusivo da junção neuromuscular, podendo também ocorrer em transmissões do sistema nervoso central. Apesar de várias teorias propostas, o mecanismo da origem da PPT não foi, pelo menos até o momento, totalmente esclarecido. Por outro lado, sabe-se que fármacos podem modificar o perfil da PPT levando a comprometimentos na eficiência das transmissões neuronais. O presente trabalho descreve os possíveis mecanismos que determinam a PPT e mostra como diferentes agentes podem modificá-la.


Subject(s)
Humans , Long-Term Potentiation , Tetanus/complications , Tetanus/physiopathology
11.
Maringá; s.n; 1996. 54 p. graf.
Thesis in English | LILACS | ID: lil-444412

ABSTRACT

A acetilcolina (Ac), mediador químico responsável pela transmissão neuromuscular está armazenada em vesiculas no terminal nervoso motor (TNM), onde se distribuem em dois compartimentos principais. Um, denominado fração imediatamente utilizável (FIU), localiza-se na região próxima da face interna da membrana pré-sináptica, e o outro disperso no citoplasma forma a chamada fração de depósito (FD), que pode ser mobilizada para o FIU. Segundo esse modelo, sempre que vesículas da FIU liberam seu conteúdo para a fenda sináptica, vesículas da FD seriam deslocadas para a periferia de modo a repor o conteúdo gasto. A liberação da Ac presente na FIU ocorre quando o potencial de ação propagado, ao atingir o TNM, determina a abertura de canais que permitem a entrada de íons cálcio para o interior do TNM [...] O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a participação do NO na transmissão neuromuscular. Três parâmetros foram observados. 1. Ações pré e pós-sináptica do NO na junção neuromuscular; 2. Envolvimento da via NO-GMPc e 3. Efeitos do NO no processo de fadiga muscular. Para tanto, utilizou-se preparações nervo frênico-diafragma isolado de ratos estimuladas com baixas freqüências e preparações nervo ciático-tibial anterior de gatos para estudos com alta freqüência de estimulação neuronal (estímulos tetanizantes). L-arg (NO endógeno) e NO sintetizado a partir de nitrito de sódio (NO exógeno) foram utilizados como fonte de NO. Nas preparações nervo frênico-diafragma isolado de ratos, NO (endógeno e exógeno) atuando pré-sinapticamente, induziu um aumento na amplitude das contrações musculares (ACM), que foi antagonizado pelo inibidor da GC, azul de metileno. [...] A adição prévia de azul de metileno antagonizou apenas o aumento inicial da ACM observado com NO exógeno. NO acentuou fadiga muscular observada quando estímulos tetanizantes foram aplicados no TNM das preparações nervo ciático-tibial anterior de gatos, sendo este efeito também antagonizado pela prévia admini


Subject(s)
Animals , Neuromuscular Junction , Nitric Oxide/administration & dosage , Nitric Oxide/analysis , Nitric Oxide/analogs & derivatives , Nitric Oxide , Nitric Oxide/adverse effects , Nitric Oxide/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide/physiology
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