ABSTRACT
Background: Variations in KISS1 may be an emerging factor in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) We hypothesised links between KISS1 polymorphisms in PCOS and its associated endocrine and metabolic disturbances. Methods: The study included 104 PCOS women and 109 controls. Endocrine (kisspeptin, LH, FSH, LH-FSH ratio, oestradiol) and metabolic (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, insulin and glucose) parameters were measured. PCR and nucleotide sequencing were carried out to screen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KISS1. Endocrine and metabolic parameters of PCOS women were compared in the genotypes. Results: Three novel SNPs (rs1213704663C>G, rs1481572212T>G and rs775770652G>A) were detected in KISS1. Of these SNPs, the genotype and allele frequencies of rs1213704663C>G were all significantly associated p<0.001 with PCOS. The LH and oestradiol hypersecretion, and increased LH-FSH ratio of PCOS women were significantly influenced by the GG genotype of rs1213704663, but, this SNP did not influence kisspeptin levels. The other two SNPs rs1481572212T>G and rs775770652G>A exhibited no clinical significance. Conclusion: rs1213704663C>G variation in KISS1 is linked to PCOS and its associated endocrine and metabolic disturbances (LH and oestradiol hypersecretion, and increased LH/FSH).
Subject(s)
Endocrine System Diseases/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Kisspeptins/genetics , Metabolic Diseases/genetics , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Gene Frequency/genetics , Genotype , Humans , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review is to identify published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for delirium in older adults (≥60 years). METHODS: A literature search was conducted of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane collaboration databases for RCTs in any language that evaluated the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for delirium in older adults (≥60 years). Also, bibliographic databases of the published articles were searched for additional studies. RESULTS: A total of 7 RCTs that evaluated the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for delirium in older adults (≥60 years) were identified. In 5 of the 7 studies, there was no benefit for the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in either the prevention or the management of delirium. In one study, there was a trend toward benefit for the active drug group on the incidence of delirium and the length of hospital stay, but both outcomes did not attain statistical significance. One study found a longer duration of delirium and a longer length of hospital stay in the active drug group when compared to the placebo group. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were well tolerated in 4 of the 7 studies. In 1 study, the mortality rate was found to be almost 3 times higher in the group receiving haloperidol and rivastigmine when compared to the group receiving haloperidol and placebo. CONCLUSION: Current evidence does not suggest efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the prevention or management of delirium in older adults.
