ABSTRACT
The presence of long COVID (LC) following SARS-CoV-2 infection is a common condition that affects the quality of life of patients and represents a diagnostic challenge due to the diversity of symptoms that may coexist. We still do not have accurate information regarding the pathophysiological pathways that generate the presence of LC, and so it is important to know the inflammatory and immunothrombotic biomarker profiles and their implications in order to characterize risk subgroups and establish early therapeutic strategies. We performed the determination of inflammatory and immunothrombotic biomarkers in volunteers with previous diagnoses of SARS-CoV-2. The inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed in plasma by flow cytometry, and we analyzed the von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the plasma samples using ELISA. The clinical variables and the presence or absence of long COVID symptoms were then analyzed. IL-6, sCD40L, p-Selectin, PSGL-1, PAI-1, tPA, D-Dimer, TF, and Factor IX levels were elevated in the groups with LC, especially in the subgroup of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). VWF levels were found to be increased in patients with sequelae and MetS. Our results confirmed the persistence of an active immunothrombotic state, and so it is important to identify the population at risk in order to provide adequate clinical follow-up.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Metabolic Syndrome , Humans , von Willebrand Factor/metabolism , COVID-19/complications , Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome , Quality of Life , SARS-CoV-2/metabolism , Biomarkers , Disease ProgressionABSTRACT
Introducción. Las enfermedades crónicas impactan en la morbimortalidad y en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de los pacientes a nivel mundial. El impacto de las enfermedades reumáticas no ha sido totalmente reconocido. Objetivos. Determinar la CVRS y evaluar áreas específicas en artritis reumatoide (AR), osteoartritis (OA), diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia renal terminal, población geriátrica y un grupo control. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio transversal, realizado en el Hospital General de Morelia. Los sujetos cumplían criterios para AR, OA, diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia renal terminal, un grupo de población geriátrica (≥ 65 años) y un grupo control ≥ 30 años. Se determinaron características sociodemográficas y se aplicaron instrumentos: SF-36, escala visual analógica de dolor, valoración global del paciente y médico, inventario para depresión de Beck, e instrumentos específicos (DAS-28, HAQ-Di, WOMAC, Diabetes Quality of Life [DQOL] y Kidney Disease Questionnaire of Life [KDQOL]). Mediciones bioquímicas: velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG), biometría hemática (BH), glucosa, HbA1C, creatinina y urea. Resultados. Fueron evaluados 290 sujetos (un grupo control: 100, población geriátrica 30 y 160 en los demás grupos). Se detectaron diferencias (p < 0,0001) en las características basales. Los puntajes del SF-36 fueron diferentes entre los grupos (p = 0,007). La peor CVRS se observó en el grupo de insuficiencia renal terminal (media ± DE: 48,06 ± 18,84). En el grupo de AR la salud en general fue el área más afectada. El dolor fue mayor en las enfermedades reumáticas: OA (5,2 ± 2,4) y AR (5,1 ± 3). El HAQ-Di fue mayor en OA comparado con AR (1,12 ± 0,76 vs. 0,82 ± 0,82 respectivamente; p = 0,001). El 45% de los sujetos tuvo depresión. Conclusiones. La CVRS en pacientes con AR es mala y equiparable a lo que sucede en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas (insuficiencia renal terminal y diabetes mellitus). Las enfermedades reumáticas deben considerarse padecimientos de alto impacto y por ello merecen mayor atención (AU)
Introduction. Chronic diseases have a great impact in the morbidity and mortality and in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients around the world. The impact of rheumatic diseases has not been fully recognized. We conducted a comparative study to evaluate the HRQoL in different chronic diseases. Objectives. The aim of the present study was to assess the HRQoL and identify specific areas affected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, geriatric subjects and a control group. Patients and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study, in a General Hospital in Morelia, Mexico. All patients met classification criteria for RA, OA, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease; the geriatric subjects group was ≥ 65 years, and the control group ≥ 30 years. Demographic characteristics were recorded, different instruments were applied: SF-36, visual analogue scale for pain, patient's and physician's global assessments, Beck Depression Inventory and specific instruments (DAS-28, HAQ-Di, WOMAC, Diabetes Quality of Life [DQOL] and Kidney Disease Questionnaire of Life [KDQOL]). Biochemical measures: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood count, glucose, HbA1C, serum creatinine and urea. Results. We evaluated 290 subjects (control group: 100; geriatric subjects: 30 and 160 for the rest of groups). Differences were detected in baseline characteristics (P < .0001). The SF-36 scores were different between control group and others groups (P = 0.007). The worst HRQoL was in end-stage renal disease group ( ± SD: 48.06 ± 18.84 x/SD). The general health was the principal affected area in RA. The pain was higher in rheumatic diseases: OA (5.2 ± 2.4) and RA (5.1 ± 3). HAQ was higher in OA compared to RA (1.12 ± 0.76 vs 0.82 ± 0.82, respectively; P = .001). Forty five percent of all subjects had depression. Conclusions. The HRQoL in RA patients is poor and comparable to other chronic diseases (end-stage renal disease and diabetes mellitus). Rheumatic diseases should be considered high impact diseases and therefore should receive more attention (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Quality of Life , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control , Osteoarthritis/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Renal Insufficiency/complications , Renal Insufficiency/epidemiology , Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases have a great impact in the morbidity and mortality and in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients around the world. The impact of rheumatic diseases has not been fully recognized. We conducted a comparative study to evaluate the HRQoL in different chronic diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess the HRQoL and identify specific areas affected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, geriatric subjects and a control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study, in a General Hospital in Morelia, Mexico. All patients met classification criteria for RA, OA, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease; the geriatric subjects group was≥65 years, and the control group≥30 years. Demographic characteristics were recorded, different instruments were applied: SF-36, visual analogue scale for pain, patient's and physician's global assessments, Beck Depression Inventory and specific instruments (DAS-28, HAQ-Di, WOMAC, Diabetes Quality of Life [DQOL] and Kidney Disease Questionnaire of Life [KDQOL]). Biochemical measures: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood count, glucose, HbA1C, serum creatinine and urea. RESULTS: We evaluated 290 subjects (control group: 100; geriatric subjects: 30 and 160 for the rest of groups). Differences were detected in baseline characteristics (P<.0001). The SF-36 scores were different between control group and others groups (P=0.007). The worst HRQoL was in end-stage renal disease group (±SD: 48.06±18.84 x/SD). The general health was the principal affected area in RA. The pain was higher in rheumatic diseases: OA (5.2±2.4) and RA (5.1±3). HAQ was higher in OA compared to RA (1.12±0.76 vs 0.82±0.82, respectively; P=.001). Forty five percent of all subjects had depression. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL in RA patients is poor and comparable to other chronic diseases (end-stage renal disease and diabetes mellitus). Rheumatic diseases should be considered high impact diseases and therefore should receive more attention.
