ABSTRACT
GPR37 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, a substrate of parkin which is linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) and affective disorders. In this study, we sought to address the effects of early life stress (ELS) by employing the paradigm of limited nesting material on emotional behaviors in adult GPR37 knockout (KO) mice. Our results showed that, while there was an adverse effect of ELS on various domains of emotional behaviors in wild type (WT) mice in a sex specific manner (anxiety in females, depression and context-dependent fear memory in males), GPR37KO mice subjected to ELS exhibited less deteriorated emotional behaviors. GPR37KO female mice under ELS conditions displayed reduced anxiety compared to WT mice. This was paralleled by lower plasma corticosterone in GPR37KO females and a lower increase in P-T286-CaMKII by ELS in the amygdala. GPR37KO male mice, under ELS conditions, showed better retention of hippocampal-dependent emotional processing in the passive avoidance behavioral task. GPR37KO male mice showed increased immobility in the forced swim task and increased P-T286-CaMKII in the ventral hippocampus under baseline conditions. Taken together, our data showed overall long-term effects of ELS-deleterious or beneficial depending on the genotype, sex of the mice and the emotional context.
Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal , Emotions , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency , Stress, Psychological/pathology , Animals , Anxiety/blood , Anxiety/complications , Anxiety/psychology , Avoidance Learning , Body Weight , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism , Corticosterone/blood , Depression/blood , Depression/complications , Depression/psychology , Elevated Plus Maze Test , Female , Male , Memory , Mice, Knockout , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Stress, Psychological/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Hysteroscopic endometrial resection is an innovative and conservative surgical technique considered, very often, as an alternative to hysterectomy. The aim of the study was to evaluate long-term efficacy of endometrial resection performed in women with menorrhagia. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of 111 premenopausal women with menorrhagia, unresponsive to medical treatment, who underwent endometrial resection by resectohysteroscope (electrocautery technique supplied with a fundus rollerball electrode, with corneal areas, and with a 90 degrees loop for intrauterine walls and used with glycine 1% as distending fluid) between 1994 and 1999. RESULTS: Long-term follow-up questionnaires were completed in 106 cases, while 5 cases dropped-out (4.5%). The mean-age at menopause in our subjects was 52.8 years (17.6+/-18.4 months after operation). After 53.2+/-16.4 months, 82 patients (77.4%) showed a normal menstrual pattern or amenorrhea, while failure was recorded in 24 patients (22.6%) and 12/24 patients underwent hysterectomy. Percentage of success in the older population (>49 years) (94%) was significantly higher than in the younger population (70%). The histologic finding of only fibrosis (41.7%) correlated with failure of the technique. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that endometrial resection by resectohysteroscope is an innovative and conservative but not exclusive surgical technique in selected younger women, while in older women endometrial resection nearly always resolves long-term menorrhagia.
