Donation of surplus frozen pre-embryos to research in Israel: underlying motivations.

BACKGROUND: The high number of IVF procedures performed in Israel has had an unforeseen consequence: accumulation of large amounts of surplus frozen embryos. After five years that the frozen embryos are kept for free, patients need to make an embryo disposition decision. One option is donation for research. The donation rate in Israel is very low. Our aim was to understand the attitudes, values and perceptions of female IVF patients that decided to donate their surplus frozen embryos to research. METHODS: The study setting was a tertiary IVF unit which during the 2000-2009 period treated 241 patients who had their frozen pre-embryos stored for more than five years. The study population consists of the 12 patients (from among the 241) who had decided to donate their excess frozen pre-embryos to research. In-depth interviews were carried out with 8 of those 12 patients. RESULTS: IVF patients who donated their surplus frozen pre-embryos to research viewed the frozen embryo as a valuable resource that does not have human identity yet. The majority expressed a gradualist approach to the human status of the embryo as requiring successful implantation and development in the uterus. All the respondents chose donation to research not because it was their first choice but because they did not want or were unable to use the pre-embryos in the future, in addition to not willing to thaw them. For many of the respondents, donation to research was accompanied by a sense of uncertainty. All would have preferred to donate their pre-embryos to infertile women or couples, an option which is currently prohibited in Israel. CONCLUSIONS: The moral reasoning behind decisions that patients make regarding excess pre-embryos is important for health care practitioners to consider when offering decision-making alternatives and counseling. For our respondents, the scarcity of donating excess frozen pre-embryos to research may reflect patients' preference for embryo donation to infertile couples. Recommended ways to increase donation to research may include public education and awareness, as well as targeted communication with IVF patients by multi-professional IVF unit teams comprised of a medical doctor and a professional trained in bioethics.

Israeli Druze women's sex preferences when choosing obstetricians and gynecologists.

BACKGROUND: Consideration and better understanding of patients' needs on the part of the healthcare system might help increase the number of people seeking necessary medical care. Many studies have been conducted on patients' preferences in choosing their health care provider, but the majority of them were conducted in modern western societies, establishing a need to explore other populations. The present study was performed in the Israeli Druze community which is composed of a uniquely traditional and religious population. We assessed the sex preference of Israeli Druze women regarding obstetricians/gynecologists, and identify other features that affect their choice. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional study that included 196 Israeli Druze women who anonymously completed a 36-item questionnaire between January-July, 2011. RESULTS: Most (63.8%) of the responders preferred female obstetricians/gynecologists, while 74.5% had no sex preference for their family physicians. 68.6% of the religious women preferred female obstetricians/gynecologists as compared to 51.76% of those women who self-identified as secular. Most of the women (65%) preferred female obstetricians/gynecologists for intimate procedures, such as pelvic examination and pregnancy follow-up. The main reasons given were: feeling more comfortable with a female practitioner (69.7%), the belief that females are more gentle (56.6%), and being more embarrassed with male obstetricians/gynecologists (45.4%). Three factors were associated with the responders' preferences for female obstetricians/gynecologists: their age and religious status, and the sex of their regular obstetricians/gynecologists. Women who preferred a female obstetrician/gynecologist assigned a lesser weight to the physician's knowledge when choosing them. Older and religious women as well as those who attributed less weight to the physician's professional knowledge were more likely to prefer a female obstetrician/gynecologist. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of responders to our survey (Israeli Druze women), like those in other communities where religiousness and modesty are deeply rooted, prefer female obstetricians/gynecologists, with the overwhelming reasons given being feeling more comfortable and less embarrassed with females, and the notion that female obstetricians/gynecologists are more gentle during intimate procedures.

Methotrexate success rates in progressing ectopic pregnancies: a reappraisal.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the success rates of methotrexate in progressing ectopic pregnancies and to correlate them with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) levels. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study that was carried out in a tertiary university-affiliated medical center included women who had been diagnosed with ectopic pregnancies between January 2001 and June 2013. Daily ß-hCG follow-up examinations were performed to determine the progression of the ectopic pregnancy. Women with hemodynamically stable progressing ectopic pregnancies received methotrexate (50 mg/m(2) of body surface). We measured the success and failure rates for methotrexate treatment in correlation to ß-hCG level. RESULTS: One thousand eighty-three women were candidates for "watchful waiting" (ß-hCG follow up). Spontaneous resolution and decline of ß-hCG levels occurred in 674 patients (39.5%); 409 women (24.0%) had stable or increasing ß-hCG levels and were treated with methotrexate. In 356 women (87.0%), the treatment was successful; 53 women (13.0%) required laparoscopic salpingectomy. Compared with prompt administration of methotrexate, our protocol resulted in lower overall success rates for all levels of ß-hCG in women with progressing ectopic pregnancies: 75% in women with ß-hCG levels of 2500-3500 mIU/mL, and 65% in women with ß-hCG levels >4500 mIU/mL. A mathematic model was found describing the failure rates for methotrexate in correlation with ß-hCG levels. CONCLUSION: The success rates for methotrexate treatment in progressing ectopic pregnancies after daily follow-up evaluation of ß-hCG levels are lower than previously reported. This reflects redundant administration of methotrexate in cases in which the ectopic pregnancy eventually will resolve spontaneously.

Can we reduce the surgical site infection rate in cesarean sections using a chlorhexidine-based antisepsis protocol?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether chlorhexidine-based antisepsis reduces the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) in elective and non-elective cesarean sections (CS) compared with povidone-iodine protocol. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Women undergoing elective and non-elective CS during two periods of time who were treated with two different antisepsis protocols were included. The protocols for antisepsis were povidone-iodine 10% scrub followed by 10% povidone-iodine in 65% alcohol (n = 163) and chlorhexidine 2% followed by 70% alcohol (n = 163). The rate of SSIs and the risk factors for their occurrence were calculated and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Antisepsis with chlorhexidine and alcohol was associated with a lower rate of SSIs, 10.43% versus 3.07% with povidone-iodine (p = 0.08). The two groups of patients were similar in baseline characteristics. Risk factors associated with SSIs were body mass index, urgent CS, and the use of the povidone-iodine protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Antisepsis with Chlorhexidine-based regimen was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of SSIs compared to povidone-iodine antisepsis in women undergoing elective and non-elective CS. This is of extreme clinical importance, as a change in antisepsis protocol can significantly reduce the morbidity and healthcare costs regarding cesarean sections.

Chlorhexidine and alcohol versus povidone-iodine for antisepsis in gynecological surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs) cause severe morbidity and are associated with tremendous health costs. Skin antisepsis (cleansing) with chlorhexidine and alcohol solutions has demonstrated superiority to povidone-iodine in a variety of surgical interventions. Our objective was to determine if chlorhexidine and alcohol antisepsis protocol reduces the rate of SSIs in elective gynecological laparotomies compared with povidone-iodine antisepsis. METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out at the Department of Gynecology in a tertiary medical center in Tel Aviv. Patients undergoing elective gynecological laparotomies during two periods of time and who were treated with two different antisepsis protocols were included. The protocols for antisepsis were povidone-iodine 10% scrub followed by 10% povidone-iodine in 65% alcohol (n = 145) and chlorhexidine 2% followed by 70% alcohol (n = 111). The rate of SSIs as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the risk factors for the occurrence of SSIs were calculated. RESULTS: Antisepsis with chlorhexidine and alcohol was associated with a reduction in the overall rate of SSIs from 14.6% to 4.5% compared with the povidone-iodine protocol (p = 0.011). The two groups of patients were similar in regard to baseline characteristics and medical history. Surgical procedures as well as the type of cut, drains, and tension suture use were similar in the two groups. Patients with SSIs tended to be older and heavier. Risk factors found to be associated with SSIs were hypertension, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), immunodeficiency, and the use of the povidone-iodine antisepsis protocol. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study demonstrates that antisepsis with chlorhexidine and alcohol was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of SSIs compared to povidone-iodine antisepsis in patients undergoing elective gynecological laparotomies. This is of extreme clinical importance, as a change in antisepsis protocol can significantly reduce the morbidity and healthcare costs associated with patients undergoing elective gynecological surgery.