ABSTRACT
It has been rediscovered in the last fifteen years that B-cells play an active role in autoimmune etiology rather than just being spectators. The clinical success of B-cell depletion therapies (BCDTs) has contributed to this. BCDTs, including those that target CD20, CD19, and BAFF, were first developed to eradicate malignant B-cells. These days, they treat autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Particular surprises have resulted from the use of BCDTs in autoimmune diseases. For example, even in cases where BCDT is used to treat the condition, its effects on antibody-secreting plasma cells and antibody levels are restricted, even though these cells are regarded to play a detrimental pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we provide an update on our knowledge of the biology of B-cells, examine the outcomes of clinical studies employing BCDT for autoimmune reasons, talk about potential explanations for the drug's mode of action, and make predictions about future approaches to targeting B-cells other than depletion.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases , B-Lymphocytes , Lymphocyte Depletion , Humans , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/therapy , Lymphocyte Depletion/methods , Antigens, CD20/immunology , Antigens, CD19/immunology , Animals , B-Cell Activating Factor/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/therapy , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapyABSTRACT
This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the significance of lipid nanocarriers in drug delivery and the crucial role of characterization techniques. It explores various types of lipid nanocarriers and their applications, emphasizing the importance of microscopy-based characterization methods such as light microscopy, confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The paper also delves into sample preparation, quantitative analysis, challenges, and future directions in the field. The review concludes by underlining the pivotal role of microscopy-based characterization in advancing lipid nanocarrier research and drug delivery technologies.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized and employed as an adsorbent for the removal of tetracycline (TC), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB) from water samples. The influential parameters in the removal process were identified and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Characterization of the product was performed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD and SEM analysis revealed the successful synthesis of the Fe3O4/rGO/Ag nanocomposite. EDX analysis elucidated the accuracy and clarity of the chemical composition of the magnetic nanocomposite structure. Additionally, the separation of the nano-adsorbent from the solution can be achieved using a magnetic field. Maximum removal of analytes was obtained at pH of 6, amount of nanocomposite 0.014 g, ultrasonic time of 8 min and concentration of 21 mg L-1. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies for TC, CV, and MB were 91.33, 95.82, and 98.19%, respectively. Also, it was observed that after each adsorption-desorption cycle, Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite had good stability to remove TC, CV, and MB. Achieving nearly 98% removal efficiency in optimal conditions showed that Fe3O4/rGO/Ag magnetic nanocomposite is an effective adsorbent for removing TC, CV, and MB from wastewater samples.
