Interaction between Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates and thiabendazole in the control of gray mold of apple.

Five isolates KW, 16P, 8, 11 and 7 of Pseudomonas fluorescens and fungicide thiabendazole were evaluated for control of gray mold of apple caused by Botrytis mali. Dual culture, cell free metabolite and volatile test showed that all five isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens tested inhibited growth of the pathogen. Inhibition varied from 28.9-85.7% in dual culture, from 62-94.6% in cell free metabolite and from 45.9-87.9% in volatile test. Apples were wounded and inoculated with a 20 microL Botrytis mali (10(5) conidia mL(-1)) combined with a range of concentration of fungicide. Thiabendazole controlled gray mold by over 83% at 5 microg mL(-1). Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates prevented B. mali decay from expanding to more than 49.4% at 20 degrees C. Thiabendazole was combined with bacteria to control gray mold of apple. Mixing of thiabendazole and bacterial isolates provide more than 90.2% control at concentrations 5 microL mL(-1) and 10(7) CFU mL(-1), respectively, on Golden delicious apples. A combination of thiabendazole and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 11 at concentration 10 microg mL(-1) and 1 x10(7) CFU mL(-1), respectively controlled gray mold by 100%. Thiabendazole was not bactericidal and had no effect on five isloates of Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Psychiatric profiles of adolescents in pre-revolutionary Iran.

In 1977 when this research was undertaken, Iran was witnessing the emergence of growing numbers of distressed adolescents. Psychiatric profiles of adolescent outpatients (N = 110) and undiagnosed adolescents (N = 406) were obtained using an adapted version of the Johns Hopkins Symptom checklist-90. These profiles are compared with those from the American adolescent psychiatric outpatients. The results show that Iranian adolescents register significantly higher distress levels on nearly all the scales. The findings are discussed in the light of prevalent child rearing practices, rapid socio-economic transition and political-cultured factors dominating the pre-revolutionary Iran.