ABSTRACT
Tumours of the central nervous system, though not very common, pose a serious health burden owing to their high mortality rate. Glial tumours are the commonest type of brain tumours in Pakistani population. Diagnosis of gliomas has been greatly revolutionised over the past few years with integration of immunohistochemistry and molecular subtyping in the World Health Organisation's updated 2016 classification of glial tumours. One of the major changes was incorporation of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation detection that is considerably a significant prognostic and predictive marker. The published data on isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation in the local population is hard to find. The current narrative review was planned to briefly describe the international trends regarding frequency of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation in gliomas, its predictive and prognostic significance and its impact on accurate diagnosis leading to a targeted therapeutic approach for patients.
Subject(s)
Glioma , Isocitrate Dehydrogenase , Glioma/genetics , Humans , Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/genetics , Mutation , Neurosurgeons , Pakistan , PathologistsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of clarithromycin based standard triple therapy verses levofloxacin based first line therapy against Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS: This prospective observational study was performed at Akhter Saeed Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore, from May 2016 to 31st May 2017 and comprised of all patients with positive H. pylori, confirmed by gastroscopic biopsy; fulfill the inclusion criteria of this study. Patients were divided into two groups (Group A and Group B). Group A received clarithromycin 500mg, amoxicillin 1g and omeprazole 20mg twice a day for two weeks. In group B levofloxacin 250mg was replaced by clarithromycin whereas rests of medicines remain the same. Patients were followed up at end of first week, second week and at end of treatment to record any adverse effects and cure rate. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 24.0 and MINITAB V.16.. RESULTS: Out of 300 enrolled patients (150 patients in each group), 123 (87.85%) patients cured in group A whereas 134 (92.4%) patients cured in group B. Both treatment regimens were almost equally effective in our population with no statistically significant difference in outcome. Significantly less adverse effects were observed in patients having levofloxacin as compared to standard triple therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Effectiveness of both standard triple therapy and alternate triple therapy were found satisfactory to be used for treatment in our region. Levofloxacin based alternate therapy is safer to the patients. It can be used in conditions where adverse effects caused by standard therapy are unbearable.
Subject(s)
Amoxicillin , Clarithromycin , Helicobacter Infections , Helicobacter pylori , Levofloxacin , Proton Pump Inhibitors , Adult , Amoxicillin/administration & dosage , Amoxicillin/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Biopsy/methods , Clarithromycin/administration & dosage , Clarithromycin/adverse effects , Comparative Effectiveness Research , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Female , Gastroscopy/methods , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Helicobacter Infections/microbiology , Helicobacter pylori/drug effects , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Humans , Levofloxacin/administration & dosage , Levofloxacin/adverse effects , Male , Middle Aged , Pakistan , Prospective Studies , Proton Pump Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Emerging drug resistance and hindrance of treatment is provoking scientists to search new, less expensive medicinally active compounds. Dental diseases caused by oral pathogens are very frequent chronic infections around the world. The medical potentials of a lot of Pakistani local herbs and herbal combinations is relatively unknown, hence attempted to explore. A study was designed to investigate potential role of local medicinal herbs for example Miswak, Kalonji & Aloe vera as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-proliferative agents against oral pathogens and cancer cell line. METHODS: Medicinal extracts were prepared in solvents of different polarities. Their antimicrobial activity was determined alone and in combination against oral pathogens. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through Catalase and Superoxide dismutase assay and anti-proliferative activity was evaluated through 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. RESULTS: Plant extracts alone and in combinations were found significantly effective as antimicrobial agent against standard ATCC strains of C. albicans and S. aureus (P Ë0.001). Especially Miwak extract was found highly significant against fungus. Extracts of Kalonji were found significant in inhibiting growth of HeLa cell lines. Miswak and Kalonji showed significant levels of antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: Medicinal herbs Miswak and Kalonji have potential to be used for therapeutic purposes. Results suggested that herbal medicinal composition can be prepared using these extracts after applying scientific standardization methods.
