Clinical outcomes after a single induction dose of etomidate versus ketamine for emergency department sepsis intubation: a randomized controlled trial.

Patients with sepsis often require emergency intubation. In emergency departments (EDs), rapid-sequence intubation with a single-dose induction agent is standard practice, but the best choice of induction agent in sepsis remains controversial. We conducted a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial in the ED. We included septic patients who were aged at least 18 years and required sedation for emergency intubation. Patients were randomly assigned by a blocked randomization to receive 0.2-0.3 mg/kg of etomidate or 1-2 mg/kg of ketamine for intubation. The objectives were to compare the survival outcomes and adverse events after intubation between etomidate and ketamine. Two hundred and sixty septic patients were enrolled; 130 patients/drug arm whose baseline characteristics were well balanced at baseline. In the etomidate group, 105 patients (80.8%) were alive at 28 days, compared with 95 patients (73.1%) in the ketamine group (risk difference [RD], 7.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], - 2.5 to 17.9%; P = 0.092). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients who survived at 24 h (91.5% vs. 96.2%; P = 0.097) and survived at 7 days (87.7% vs. 87.7%; P = 0.574). A significantly higher proportion of the etomidate group needed a vasopressor within 24 h after intubation: 43.9% vs. 17.7%, RD, 26.2% (95% CI, 15.4 to 36.9%; P < 0.001). In conclusion, there were no differences in early and late survival rates between etomidate and ketamine. However, etomidate was associated with higher risks of early vasopressor use after intubation. Trial registration: The trial protocol was registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (identification number: TCTR20210213001). Registered 13 February 2021-Retrospectively registered, https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/export/pdf/TCTR20210213001 .

Guidelines for the management of asthma in adults: Evidence and recommendations.

The multidisciplinary experts in Thailand developed an asthma management recommendation that was relevant to low-middle income countries (LMICS). Populations level consideration about asthma management is emphasized. The healthcare systems, access to and availability of treatments as well as the asthma populations vary from country to country in LMICS. The feasibility in clinical practice for implementation is also a major issue. For these reasons, the practice guidelines that are relevant to local contexts are essential to improve better asthma control. Furthermore, integrative and collaboration between asthma experts and the public health sector to implement and discriminate such guidelines will help to achieve these challenging goals. The topics covered include the current asthma situation in Thailand and the Asia-Pacific region, the definition of asthma, asthma diagnosis, assessment of asthma patients, asthma treatment - both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, management of asthma exacerbation, management of asthma comorbidities, treatment of asthma in special conditions, severe and uncontrolled asthma, Thai alternative medicine and asthma, and asthma and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).

The Study of Incidence and Characteristics of Patients with Eye-Related Chief Complaints at the Emergency Department of Thammasat University Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Patients with eye-related chief complaints could be diagnosed not only with eye diseases but also with noneye diseases. This study determines rates and characteristics of patients with eye-related chief complaints at the Emergency Department of Thammasat University Hospital. METHODS: The study design is a descriptive retrospective observational study of patients with eye-related chief complaints at the Emergency Department of Thammasat University Hospital in 2017. Demographic data, diagnosis, management, consultation, and disposition were recorded by chart review. Categorical data were reported by percentage. RESULTS: Of the 52081 patients, 704 (1.3%) presented with eye problems. 60% of the patients were males. Patients were classified into three groups which are traumatic eye disease, nontraumatic eye disease, and noneye disease. 75.9% of the patients suffered traumatic injuries. The most common diagnoses of the traumatic eye injuries were foreign bodies at the cornea and conjunctiva and minor trauma to the conjunctiva. The most common mechanisms were foreign bodies in the eyes, cuts, or pierces. The most common causes of the injuries were from metals and housewares. The most common nontraumatic eye diagnoses were conjunctivitis and corneal ulcer. The most common noneye diagnoses were exposure of healthcare providers to secretions from patients, angioedema, and hypertensive crisis. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients who came to the ER with chief complaints of the eyes could be treated by doctors in the emergency room without consulting ophthalmologists. Chief complaints of the eyes could be the leading symptoms of many organ systems. Emergency physicians should be differentially diagnosed to cover neurologic, cardiovascular, and immunologic problems.

Predictive model of return of spontaneous circulation among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Thailand: The WATCH-CPR Score.

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is an emergency that requires immediate management to save lives. However, some predictive scores for the immediate outcomes of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are difficult to use in clinical practice. AIMS: This study aimed to identify predictors of sustained return of spontaneous circulation and to develop a predictive score. METHODS: This prospective observational study evaluated sustained return of spontaneous circulation among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in a Thai emergency department between July 2014 and March 2018. The baseline characteristics and prehospital and hospital findings were analysed. RESULTS: Of 347 patients, 126 (36.3%) had sustained return of spontaneous circulation and 20 (5.8%) were discharged. Witnessed arrest (odds ratio = 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3-6.2), time from arrest to chest compression <15 min (odds ratio = 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.3-7.0) and chest compression duration <30 min (odds ratio = 15.6, 95% confidence interval 8.7-28.0) predicted sustained return of spontaneous circulation; these were developed into the WATCH-CPR (Witnessed Arrest, Time from arrest to CHest compression-CPR duration) score. A score of ≥2 was optimal for predicting sustained return of spontaneous circulation, which provided an area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.775 (95% confidence interval 0.724-0.825) and a sensitivity of 72.2% (95% confidence interval 63.4-79.6%) and specificity of 76.0% (95% confidence interval 69.8-81.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The factors including witnessed arrest, time from arrest to chest compression and chest compression duration were developed as the WATCH-CPR score for predicting sustained return of spontaneous circulation among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Predictors of in-hospital cardiac arrest within 24 h after emergency department triage: A case-control study in urban Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes the predictors of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) within 24 h of ED triage and evaluates their ability to predict patients at risk of IHCA. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in the ED. 'Cases' are herein defined as hospitalised patients who experienced IHCA within 24 h after ED triage. The exclusion criteria were those younger than 16 years old, cases of traumatic arrest, or had do-not-resuscitate orders. The controls were adults, non-traumatic cases, who did not experience IHCA within 24 h of ED triage. A multivariable regression model was used to identify significant predictors of IHCA. The ability to discriminate was quantified by utilising an area under receiver operating characteristic (AuROC) curve. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty IHCAs were compared with 1000 controls. Five predictors emerged that were: higher National Early Warning Score (NEWS) at triage, equal or increase of NEWS after ED management, coronary artery disease as a comorbid disease, the use of a vasoactive agent, and initial serum bicarbonate level lower than 23.5 mmoL/L, independently associated with IHCA. The AuROC of the final model from all predictors was 0.91 (95% CI 0.89-0.93) higher than NEWS alone model (AuROC at 0.78, 95% CI 0.74-0.81). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a combination of NEWS and four independent predictors identify patients at risk of IHCA more effectively than NEWS alone.

Characteristics and outcomes of treatment in status asthmaticus patients at emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: The characteristics and treatment outcomes of status asthmaticus patients in emergency department (ED) have not been described previously especially in Thailand. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics, treatment outcomes and factors associated with status asthmaticus in Thai patients presenting to a single center ED. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed at Thammasat University hospital, Thailand. The data collected included demographics, asthma history and control, previous ED attendances and hospital admissions, presenting clinical, laboratory and radiographic features, treatments given, and outcomes. Multivariable regression was used to determine independent factors associated with status asthmaticus. RESULTS: Over one year (2015-16), 209 patients were recruited, aged 6 - 54 years (median 33 y), of whom 145 (69.3%) had status asthmaticus. The factors associated with status asthmaticus were: (i) age > 60 y, (ii) presence of a comorbidity, (iii) having uncontrolled asthma, (iv) hospitalizations or visits to the ED in the last year, and (v) using > 1 metered dose inhaler canister per month. Status asthmaticus patients were significantly less likely to speak in sentences (p=0.001) and more likely to have poor air entry and chest wall retraction (p<0.0001), an abnormal chest X ray (p=0.011), receive magnesium sulphate and be admitted into hospital (p<0.0001). No patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Status asthmaticus was common in this cohort of patients in our setting. Our findings are consistent with previous studies and underscore the need for better patient management.

Characteristics and Factors Associated With the Mortality of Hypotensive Patients Attending the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hypotension in emergency departments (EDs) is approximately 1-2%, but is associated with a mortality rate of 8-15%. There has never been a study in Thailand examining the epidemiology or the risk factors for early mortality of patients presenting with hypotension in the ED. Therefore, this study aimed to define the characteristics, mortality rate within 48 h and associated factors of hypotensive patients at ED. METHODS: Data of patients with hypotension attending the ED of Thammasat University Hospital (TUH) were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Of the 9,000 patients seen in the TUH ED, 233 were hypotensive for a prevalence of 2.5%. Patients were old, with a mean age of 61 ± 20 years. The most common presenting symptom was fever, and sepsis was the most common cause of hypotension. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 78 ± 8 mm Hg. Isotonic crystalloid volume resuscitation in first hour was 758 mL (interquartile range (IQR), 500 - 1,000) and the total volume to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg was 1,142 mL (IQR, 500 - 1,500). Twenty-seven percent of patients needed vasopressor support. Nineteen patients died ≤ 48 h, giving a case fatality rate of 8.2%. Three independent factors associated with 48-h mortality were initial pulse rate > 100 beats/min (odds ratio (OR), 4.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05 - 16.88; P = 0.042), diagnosis of shock (OR, 13.74 (1.49 - 126.61); P = 0.021) and recurrent hypotension (OR, 6.91 (1.54 - 30.99); P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension in the ED was common and associated with high mortality rate. Better triage, patient monitoring and treatment may improve outcomes in these patients.

Evaluation of related factors and the outcome in cardiac arrest resuscitation at Thammasat Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we aimed to define the factors contributing to patient survival after treatment by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following cardiac arrest. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective analysis was performed on cardiac arrest patients (n=138) who had CPR in the emergency department (ED) at Thammasat University hospital from 2007-2009. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors that related to the sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) for 20 minutes, survival until discharge, and survival up to 1 month post discharge. RESULTS: The sustained ROSC was 22.5%, survival to discharge 5.6%, and survival from discharge to 1 month 3.6%. Significant factors related to sustained ROSC was the location of cardiac arrest, the cause of arrest, shockable rhythm with defibrillation, the time until chest compression, and CPR duration. The factor influencing survival to discharge was chest compression performed within 15 minutes after cardiac arrest (p = 0.048). No factor however could be attributed to survivability up to 1 month following discharge. CONCLUSION: Our findings attribute six factors associated to ROSC including the location of arrest, the cause of cardiac arrest, initial cardiac rhythm, shockable rhythm with defibrillation, the time until chest compression and CPR duration. Statistically, resuscitation performed within 15 minutes of cardiac arrest increases the survivability of patients until discharge. However no factors could be related to the percentage of patients surviving up to 1 month post discharge.