Acute Peritonitis: A Mimic of Malignancy-Related Ascites in a Patient With Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.

Peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneal cavity, can be caused by various factors. The presence of ascites in a cancer patient is concerning for either metastasis or advanced cancer. Diagnosing acute peritonitis in a patient with cancer-related ascites can be quite challenging and often requires additional diagnostic procedures, such as paracentesis, to confirm the diagnosis and identify the exact cause of the ascites. Even with paracentesis, determining the exact cause of ascites can be a diagnostic challenge. Peritoneal carcinomatosis, with a poor survival rate, can originate from the peritoneal lining itself or result from intra-abdominal cancer, and trying to determine its origin can be difficult. We present the case of a 68-year-old female patient with a known history of cancer experiencing worsening ascites and peritonitis.

Incidence, progression, and predictors of left atrial appendage sealing after Watchman FLX device implantation with computed tomographic assessment.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exists regarding incidence, progression, and predictors of left atrial appendage (LAA) sealing after transcatheter LAA closure. We aimed to evaluate the incidence, progression, and predictive factors associated with LAA sealing after LAA closure. METHODS: This study includes patients who underwent successful LAA closure with Watchman FLX device and had both pre- and postprocedural computed tomography (CT). Postprocedural CT was performed 45 days after LAA closure and used to evaluate residual LAA patency. Patient who had residual LAA patency at 45 days underwent 1-year follow-up CT. RESULTS: A total of 105 patients (mean age: 75.2 ± 9.6 years; 53.3% female) who underwent successful LAA closure with Watchman FLX device and had pre- and postprocedural CT at 45 days were included. Residual patency was observed in 35 (33.3%) patients: 21 (20.0%) patients showed complete contrast opacification in LAA (complete LAA patency) while 14 (13.3%) patients showed contrast opacification only in the distal LAA (distal LAA patency). Among patients with residual LAA patency at 45 days, the rate of LAA sealing at 1 year was significantly higher in the distal LAA patency group than in the complete LAA patency group (75.0% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.019). Increased depth oversizing was associated with both distal LAA patency and complete LAA patency. CONCLUSION: Postprocedural CT at 45 days detected patent LAA in one-third of patients after LAA closure. LAA sealing was more frequently observed at 1 year among the distal LAA patency group than the complete LAA patency group.

Effect of drought acclimation on antioxidant system and polyphenolic content of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.).

The impact of climate change-induced drought stress on global food security and environmental sustainability is a serious concern. While previous research has highlighted the potential benefits of drought hardening in improving plants' ability to withstand drought, the exact underlying physiological mechanisms in millet plants (Setaria italica L.) have not been explored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of drought hardening on antioxidant defense and polyphenol accumulation in different millet genotypes ('PI 689680' and 'PI 662292') subjected to different treatments: control (unstressed), drought acclimation (two stress episodes with recovery), and non-acclimation (single stress episode with no recovery). The results showed that drought stress led to higher levels of polyphenols and oxidative damage, as indicated by increased phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin levels. Non-acclimated (NA) plants experienced more severe oxidative damage and inhibition of enzymes associated with the ascorbate glutathione cycle compared to drought-acclimated plants. NA plants also exhibited a significant reduction in photosynthesis and tissue water content. The expression of genes related to antioxidants and polyphenol synthesis was more pronounced in non-acclimated plants. The study demonstrated that drought hardening not only prepared plants for subsequent drought stress but also mitigated damage caused by oxidative stress in plant physiology. Drought-acclimated (DA) plants displayed improved drought tolerance, as evidenced by better growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, polyphenol accumulation, and gene expression related to antioxidants and polyphenol synthesis. In conclusion, the research advocates for the use of drought hardening as an effective strategy to alleviate the negative impacts of drought-induced metabolic disturbances in millet. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01366-w.

Burning issues: Unraveling the nexus between dysfunctional institutions and counterfeiting in developing countries.

Counterfeit and substandard products continue to bedevil public health in developing countries across the global South. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of this issue, there remains a critical gap in the scholarly discourse on how dysfunctional institutions in developing countries can create conditions that lead to the detrimental public health effects of counterfeiting. Drawing on insights from key stakeholders in Ghana, this research illuminates the mechanisms through which institutional deficiencies shape the detrimental effects of counterfeiting. The study led to the identification of three sequential and interconnected unfolding effects of counterfeiting, encompassing: tracing the growth and spread of deceptive counterfeiting to factors such as inadequate inspection and authentication of products, as well as the phenomenon of mixing counterfeit and second-hand products (Phase 1); highlighting the potential health and fire hazards stemming from policy and regulatory gaps (Phase 2); and then illuminating stakeholder mobilization and interventions (Phase 3). By exploring the linkages between these three phases, the study advances a more holistic view of the proliferation of counterfeit products, encapsulating the interconnected nature of its origins linked to the evolution of other phenomena, such as the growth of second-hand products in developing countries, and its impacts on society and public health.

Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Nationwide Analysis.

Heart Failure (HF) is a common comorbidity in the United state. COVID-19 infection has shown worse clinical outcomes among heart failure patients; however, there is limited evidence on the impact of COVID-19 infection on the subset of HF. Hence, we aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection without HF vs concomitant COVID-19 infection with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (AD-HFpEF) vs concomitant COVID-19 Infection with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (AD-HFrEF) using a large dataset illustrating a real word analysis. A retrospective study design of hospitalizations using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database registry 2020 with a principal diagnosis of adult patients (≥18 years) hospitalized with COVID-19 infection as principal diagnosis using ICD-10 codes stratified to COVID-19 infection without HF vs COVID-19 infection with AD-HFpEF vs COVID-19 infection with AD-HFrEF. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multivariate logistic, linear, poisson, and Cox regression models were used for analysis. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 1,050,045 COVID-19 infection cases were included in this study, out of which 1,007,860 (98.98%) had only COVID-19 infection without HF, while 20,550 (1.96%) had COVID-19 infection with Acute Decompensated HFpEF, and 21,675 (2.06%) had COVID-19 infection with Acute Decompensated HFrEF. Our study shows that patients with COVID-19 infection and AD-HFrEF had the highest in-hospital mortality rate (25.4%). Using COVID-19 infection without HF with a mortality of 10.6% as a reference, COVID-19 infection with AD-HFpEF with a 22.5% mortality rate (95% CI 2.3-2.6, aOR; 2.4) and COVID-19 infection with AD-HFrEF with 25.4% mortality rate (95% CI 2.7-3.1, aOR; 2.9). Acute Decompensated HF with concurrent COVID-19 infection is associated with higher in-hospital mortality, with higher in-hospital mortality outcome observed among COVID 19 infection with concurrent AD-HFrEF.

Configuring political relationships to navigate host-country institutional complexity: Insights from Anglophone sub-Saharan Africa.

We examine how ties with multiple host-country political institutions contribute to MNE subsidiary performance in countries with weak formal institutions. We suggest that forging relationships between subsidiaries and host-country government actors, local chieftains, and religious leaders generates regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive political resources. We integrate institutional and configuration theories to argue that similarity to an ideal configuration of the three political resources contributes to MNE subsidiary performance, and that the more dysfunctional host-country institutions, the greater the impact on performance. We test our hypotheses using primary and archival data from 604 MNE subsidiaries in 23 Anglophone sub-Saharan African countries and find support for our hypotheses. In our conclusion, we discuss the wider theoretical, managerial, and public-policy implications of our findings.

Nous examinons comment les liens avec de multiples institutions politiques du pays d'accueil contribuent à la performance des filiales des entreprises multinationales (Multinational Enterprise ­ MNE) dans les pays où les institutions formelles sont faibles. Nous suggérons que l'établissement de relations entre les filiales et les acteurs gouvernementaux, les chefs locaux et les chefs religieux du pays d'accueil génère des ressources politiques régulatrices, normatives et culturelles-cognitives. Nous intégrons les théories institutionnelles et de la configuration pour arguer que la similitude avec une configuration idéale des trois ressources politiques contribue à la performance des filiales des MNEs, et que plus les institutions du pays d'accueil sont dysfonctionnelles, plus l'impact sur la performance est important. Nous testons nos hypothèses à l'aide des données primaires et d'archives provenant de 604 filiales des MNEs dans 23 pays anglophones d'Afrique subsaharienne. Les résultats de nos tests confirment nos hypothèses. Dans notre conclusion, nous discutons des implications théoriques, managériales et de politique publique plus larges de nos résultats.

Examinamos con los lazos como múltiples instituciones en el país anfitrión contribuye al desempeño de la filial en países con instituciones formales débiles. Proponemos que forjar relaciones entre las filiales y los actores gubernamentales de los países anfitriones, los caciques locales, y los lideres religiosos genera recursos políticos regulatorios, normativos y culturales-cognitivos. Integramos las teorías institucionales y de configuración para argumentar que la similitud a una configuración ideal entre los tres recursos políticos contribuye al desempeño de las filiales, y entre más disfuncional sean las instituciones en el país anfitrión, mayor será el impacto en el desempeño. Probamos nuestras hipótesis usando datos primarios y material de archivos de 604 filiales en 23 países anglófonos de África Sub-Sahariana, y encontramos apoyo para nuestras hipótesis. En nuestra conclusión discutimos las implicaciones más generales teóricas, gerenciales y de política pública de nuestros hallazgos.

Examinamos como laços com várias instituições políticas do país anfitrião contribuem para o desempenho de subsidiárias de MNE em países com instituições formais fracas. Sugerimos que forjar relacionamentos entre subsidiárias e atores do governo do país anfitrião, chefes locais e líderes religiosos gera recursos políticos regulatórios, normativos e cultural-cognitivos. Integramos as teorias institucionais e de configuração para argumentar que a semelhança com uma configuração ideal dos três recursos políticos contribui para o desempenho da subsidiária da MNE e que quanto mais disfuncionais forem as instituições do país anfitrião, maior será o impacto no desempenho. Testamos nossas hipóteses usando dados primários e secundários de 604 subsidiárias de MNEs em 23 países de língua inglesa da África subsaariana e encontramos suporte para nossas hipóteses. Em nossa conclusão, discutimos mais amplas implicações teóricas, gerenciais e de políticas públicas de nossas descobertas.

Permanent Pacemaker Insertion Reduction and Optimized Temporary Pacemaker Management After Contemporary Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation With Self-Expanding Valves (from the Pristine TAVI Study).

Permanent pacemaker implantation (PPMI) reduction and optimal management of newly acquired conduction disturbances after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are crucial. We sought to evaluate the relation between transcatheter heart valve (THV) implantation depth and baseline and newly acquired conduction disturbances on PPMI after TAVI. This study included 1,026 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (mean age 79.7 ± 8.4 years; 47.4% female) who underwent TAVI with the newer-generation self-expanding THVs Primary outcomes were early and late PPMI defined as the need for PPMI during the index admission and between discharge and 30 days, respectively. Early and late PPMI was required for 115 (11.2%) and 21 patients (2.0%), respectively. Early PPMI rates decreased from 26.7% in 2015 and 2016 to 5.7% in 2021, and so did the mean THV depth from 4.4 ± 2.4 mm to 1.8 ± 1.6 mm. Receiver operator characteristics curve analyses showed THV depth had significant discriminatory value for early and late PPMI with cutoff values of 3.0 and 2.2 mm, respectively. Rates of early and late PPMI were significantly lower for patients with shallower compared with deeper implantations (5.1% vs 22.6% and 0.4% vs 4.1%, p <0.001 for both, respectively). Furthermore, rates of early PPMI were lower with shallower implantations in patients with new left bundle branch block after TAVI (2.4% vs 15.9%; p <0.001) and those with baseline right bundle branch block (7.5% vs 29.6%; p = 0.017). Lower rates of PPMI with shallower THV implantation were consistently observed, including in patients with baseline and newly acquired conduction disturbances. Our findings might help optimize the management of a temporary pacemaker after TAVI.

Greening aviation in era of COVID-19: Towards conceptualizing and operationalizing decarbonization.

Although net-zero greenhouse gas emission targets continue to gather burgeoning streams of research, there is a lacuna in current literature on the pathway challenges towards operationalizing decarbonization. The study advanced 2 × 2 matrix of an organizing framework of challenges in accomplishing net-zero emissions targets. Using the global airline industry as an illustrative context, the study provided deep insights on the pivotal industry, institutional, and organizational challenges in the era of COVID-19 such as fleet modernization, over-reliance on fossil fuel, slow progress in the development of hydrogen and electric aircraft, risk of corporate greenwashing, and divergent approaches adopted by airlines. The challenges can be classified into policy-oriented, organization-specific, and external/macro-environment factors. The contributions to theory and practices were identified and examined.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) Plant U-box E3 ligases TaPUB2 and TaPUB3 enhance ABA response and salt stress resistance in Arabidopsis.

Plant U-box E3 ligases (PUBs) are important regulators of responses to various abiotic stress conditions. In this study, we found that wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) PUBs TaPUB2 and TaPUB3 enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) responses and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing TaPUB2 and TaPUB3 and performed various plant physiological experiments. Overexpression of TaPUB2 and TaPUB3 increased tolerance to salinity stress in an ABA-dependent manner in transgenic plants, as evidenced by germination and survival rates, root length, stomatal aperture regulation, membrane peroxidation, photosynthetic activities, reactive oxygen species scavenging activities and expression of various ABA and salinity stress-related genes. These results demonstrate the functions of PUBs under ABA and salinity stress conditions and provide valuable information for the development of salinity stress-tolerant crop species.

COVID-19 and counterfeit vaccines: Global implications, new challenges and opportunities.

This research note (RN) examines the drivers and consequences of proliferation of counterfeit (substandard and falsified) COVID-19 vaccines. An integrated framework was advanced which sheds light on the domestic contributory factors such a desperation by citizens to "return to normalcy", institutional impediments, minimum standards of enforcement of laws related to intellectual property rights and lack of access to vaccines in tandem with international environmental drivers such as the growth of online pharmacies, international market intermediaries and vaccine nationalism. Consequently, counterfeit COVID-19 vaccines appear to serve as a disincentive to innovation and investment in research and development activities. The analysis highlights health-related consequences including providing a false sense of security against a dangerous virus and potentially loss of confidence in reliable medicines. This analysis led to the generation of some vital socio-economic implications for public policy and enterprises, which are discussed.

Molecular Characterization of U-box E3 Ubiquitin Ligases (TaPUB2 and TaPUB3) Involved in the Positive Regulation of Drought Stress Response in Arabidopsis.

Plant U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase (PUB) is involved in various environmental stress conditions. However, the molecular mechanism of U-box proteins in response to abiotic stress in wheat remains unknown. In this study, two U-box E3 ligase genes (TaPUB2 and TaPUB3), which are highly expressed in response to adverse abiotic stresses, were isolated from common wheat, and their cellular functions were characterized under drought stress. Transient expression assay revealed that TaPUB2 was localized in the cytoplasm and Golgi apparatus, whereas TaPUB3 was expressed only in the Golgi apparatus in wheat protoplasts. Additionally, TaPUB2 and TaPUB3 underwent self-ubiquitination. Moreover, TaPUB2/TaPUB3 heterodimer was identified in yeast and the cytoplasm of wheat protoplasts using a pull-down assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis. Heterogeneous overexpression of TaPUB2 and TaPUB3 conferred tolerance to drought stress. Taken together, these results implied that the heterodimeric form of U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases (TaPUB2/TaPUB3) responded to abiotic stress and roles as a positive regulator of drought stress tolerance.

Effect of progressive drought stress on physio-biochemical responses and gene expression patterns in wheat.

The study aimed to decipher the impact of multiple drought stress on wheat. To that effect, Geumgangmil, PL 337 (1AL.1RS), PL 371 (1BL.1RS), and PL 257 (1DL.1RS) seedlings were subjected to four treatments: G1 (control), G2 (stressed thrice with rewatering), G3 (stressed twice with rewatering), and G4 (single stressful event). The findings provided a comprehensive framework of drought-hardening effect at physiological, biochemical, and gene expression levels of drought-stressed wheat genotypes. The treatments resulted in differentially higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), soluble sugar, and proline accumulation, and reduced relative water content (RWC) in wheat plants. Photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoid) levels, the membrane stability index (MSI), and shoot biomass decreased dramatically and differently across genotypes, particularly in G3 and G4 compared to G2. The activity of antioxidant enzymes [ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)] increased with the duration and severity of drought treatment. Furthermore, the relative expression of DREB, LEA, HSP, P5CS, SOD1, CAT1, APX1, RBCL, and CCD1 genes was higher in G2 than in other treatments. Drought hardening increased drought tolerance and adaptability in plants under G2 by enhancing growth and activating defensive mechanisms at the physio-biochemical and molecular levels. The findings of the study indicated that early drought stress exposure-induced acclimation (hardening), which enhanced tolerance to subsequent drought stress in wheat seedlings. The findings of this study will be useful in initiating a breeding program to develop wheat cultivars with improved drought tolerance. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02991-6.

COVID-19 and digitalization: The great acceleration.

Inspired by burgeoning scholarly interest in the role of digitalization in the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic is driving or constraining the digitalization of businesses around the globe. We contend that COVID-19 is "the great accelerator" in fast-tracking the existing global trend towards embracing modern emerging technologies ushering in transformations in lifestyle, work patterns, and business strategies. Thus, COVID-19 has evolved to be a kind of "catalyst" for the adoption and increasing use of digitalization in work organization and the office, alongside presenting foreseen and unforeseen opportunities, challenges, and costs-leading to negative and positive feedback loops. In this article, we develop and advance a conceptual model by linking the different forces for and against digitalization in response to the pandemic. Our analysis indicates that adoption of emerging technologies may be hindered by vested external interests, nostalgia, and employer opportunism, as well as negative effects on employee well-being that undermine productivity, work-life balance, and future of work. Whilst digitalization may bring new opportunities, the process imparts risks that may be hard to mitigate or prepare for. Finally, we draw out the wider theoretical and practical implications of our analysis.

COVID-19 pandemic and innovation activities in the global airline industry: A review.

Despite the valuable contributions of scholars to the COVID-19 pandemic, limited scholarly attention has been paid to the opportunities unleashed by the crisis. As many industries have been turned upside down and markets rendered uncertain, the crisis is also propelling waves of innovation activities. In this paper, we developed the concept of "CoviNovation" to denote the firm's innovation emerging from, rooted in or accelerated by the crisis. Our analysis yielded insights on innovations inspired by COVID-19 across the global airline industry, including inflight social distancing, utilizing touchless technologies at airports, disinfecting aircraft with UV, open-middle-seat policy, accelerated use of biometrics in check-in and COVID-19 insurance. The theoretical and practical implications of the COVID-19-inspired innovations examined.

When Teamwork Works: Examining the Relationship Between Leader-Member Exchange Differentiation and Team Creativity.

Drawing on team creativity literature and social comparison theory, we investigate how leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation influences team creativity. Using a survey based on 91 R&D teams from Chinese companies, we observe that LMX differentiation is negatively related to team creativity (ß = -0.35, p < 0.01). More importantly, we demonstrate that team behavioral integration mediates the relationship between LMX differentiation and team creativity (indirect effect size = -0.72, with 95% CI of -1.91, -0.13), and team emotional intelligence (TEI) moderates the relationship between LMX differentiation and team behavioral integration (ß = 0.23, p < 0.05), such that LMX differentiation has a weaker negative influence on team behavioral integration when TEI is higher. These results provide relevant suggestions for organizational team building, management, and development.

COVID-19 and business renewal: Lessons and insights from the global airline industry.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the fortunes of multiple companies around the globe. Accordingly, questions are increasingly being asked about how organizations can revitalize during and after a crisis. Yet, we have limited understanding of how organizations renew themselves during crises over time. We explore this question through the lens and examination of two South-Asian airlines: Pakistan International Airlines and Sri Lankan Airlines. The cases offer important insights into the reasons behind underperformance of state-controlled enterprises and renewal activities. We shed light on strategic renewal (SR) in the wake of increasing liberalization and deregulations in the global airline industry. To this end, we propose a four-stage approach towards renewing such underperforming organizations to respond effectively to black swan events and external shocks.

COVID-19 and Africa's aviation and tourism sectors: A new agenda for the future?

Although the impact of COVID-19 is inordinately enormous, there remains a lack of attention to the new governance architecture, the African Union High-Level Task Force (AU-HLTF), in Africa's aviation and tourism sectors in its wake, which this paper primarily examines. We foregrounded governance themes of political economy within the African Union High-Level Task Force (AU-HLTF) through secondary data, observing 90 key industry leaders and 10 purposively sampled semi-structured interviews. We found the insignificant priority in tourism restart via LCCs first, the incongruent holistic relationship between the restart of the aviation and tourism sectors. Secondly, the historical-geographical material relationships within the new governance framework. Thirdly, the AU-HLTF intervention is actor-biased towards the aviation sector and rooted in path dependency. A hierarchical-mixed market governing typology we propose by arguing is a steering mechanism of public sector reform that alternatively reboots a balanced path towards sustainability by prioritizing intra-tourism promoted by low-cost carriers.

COVID-19 and business failures: The paradoxes of experience, scale, and scope for theory and practice.

In light of growing scholarly works on business failure, across the social science domains, it is surprising that past studies have largely overlooked how extreme environmental shocks and 'black swan' events such as those caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and other global crises, can precipitate business failures. Drawing insights from the current literature on business failure and the unfolding event of COVID-19, we highlight the paradoxes posed by novel exogenous shocks (that is, shocks that transcend past experiences) and the implications for SMEs. The pandemic has accelerated the reconfiguration of the relationship between states and markets, increasing the divide between those with political connections and those without, and it may pose new legitimacy challenges for some players even as others seem less concerned by such matters, whilst experiential knowledge resources may be both an advantage and a burden.

Note: Mayday, Mayday, Mayday! Responding to environmental shocks: Insights on global airlines' responses to COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2019/2020 ushered in a new turbulent and chaotic global environment where governments not only placed temporary restrictions on people's movements, but also mandated limits on business activities. However, lacking in the contemporary scholarly discourse is a deeper understanding of how businesses respond to such pandemics. In this research note (RN), a conceptual framework of firms' responses is advanced. Using the global airline industry, the analysis delineates a host of internally generated and externally imposed firms' strategic and tactical responses to the pandemic including in-flight service changes, flight cancellations, seeking emergency aids and financial supports, and firm closures. The analysis demonstrates that in responding to the crisis, many airlines sought to minimise erosion of long-developed knowledge, market capabilities, route networks, access to airports, customer base and relationships/trust with customers prior to COVID-19 to equip them for recovery. The wider implications for academics, managers and governments are outlined as the effects of COVID-19 continue to unfold.

Stepping up and stepping out of COVID-19: New challenges for environmental sustainability policies in the global airline industry.

The allure for businesses to jettison short-term costly processes, regulatory demands and green business practices (GBPs) in the turbulent times of COVID-19 remains sky high. Although GBPs and eco-friendly policies deliver results in the long term in terms of market competitiveness (MC), in many industries firms have sought to jettison well-rooted practices in the face of the existential threats stemming from COVID-19. In this paper, we examine the new contemporary challenges of adopting and implementing environmental sustainability policies in the global airline industry in the wake of COVID-19. The analysis sheds light on firms' level sustainability initiatives such as upgrading to environmentally friendly aircraft and offsetting emission footprint, and institutional initiatives such as the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for Aviation. Our analysis demonstrates that some airlines and industrial bodies sought to sidestep environmentally friendly commitments and practices to overcome new challenges such as cost pressures, survival threat and deprioritising environmental sustainability initiatives. We establish and examine the implications of the analysis.