ABSTRACT
Context: Viral and bacterial infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The oropharyngeal microbiome could play an important role in preventing invasion of viral and bacterial pathogens by modulating its content and the host's innate immune response. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies now enable in-depth study of the genomes of microbial communities. The objective of this review is to highlight how metagenomics has contributed to establish links between changes in the oropharyngeal microbiome and emergence of bacterial and viral diseases. Method: Two search engines, PubMed and Google scholar were used with filters to focus searches on peer-reviewed original articles published between January 2010 and September 2022. Different keywords were used and only articles with metagenomic approaches were included. Results: This review shows that there were few articles studying the link between oropharyngeal microbiome and infectious diseases. Studies on viruses using metagenomic techniques have been growing exponentially in recent years due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This review shows that most studies still focus on the basic identification of microorganisms in different disease states and multiple microorganisms (Alloprevotella, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella sp., Acinetobacter sp ), have been associated with development of infections such as childhood wheezing, influenza, Covid-19, pneumonia, meningitis, and tuberculosis. Conclusion: The oropharyngeal microbiome, despite its importance, remains poorly studied. A limited number of articles were identified but this number has increased exponentially since 2020 due to research conducted on Covid-19. These studies have shown that metagenomic has contributed to the unbiased identification of bacteria that could be used as biomarkers of various diseases and that further research is now needed to capitalize on those findings for human health benefit.
ABSTRACT
In this study, HS-SPME/GC-MS and ICP-AES/MS methods are presented to extract and quantify pesticides and metals in palm wines. Various parameters affecting the extraction were investigated: SPME fiber, equilibrium and extraction time, extraction temperature, salinity, and stirring, through an experimental design with 45 trials. The developed method allowed to identify 35 pesticides and quantify 29 of them, from different families of pesticides in 32 palm wine samples. Method performance was evaluated in terms of linearity, repeatability, LOD, LOQ, and accuracy. Among the 32 samples analyzed in 3 replicates, 7 pesticides were detected in 10 samples. Dichlorvos was the only pesticide detected at levels above the European maximal limits. Additionally, 10 of the 19 metals explored by ICP-AES and ICP-MS were found in all samples. Six metals were detected in different samples at levels above the European or OIV maximal limits for drinking water or wine.
Subject(s)
Pesticides , Wine , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Metals , Solid Phase Microextraction/methods , Wine/analysisABSTRACT
Analysis of yeasts isolated from various biotopes in French Guiana led to the identification of two strains isolated from flowers and designated CLIB 1634T and CLIB 1707T. Comparison of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU D1/D2) rRNA gene sequences of CLIB 1634T and CLIB 1707T to those in the GenBank database revealed that these strains belong to the Starmerella clade. Strain CLIB 1634T was shown to diverge from the closely related Starmerella apicola type strain CBS 2868T with a sequence divergence of 1.34 and 1.30â%, in the LSU D1/D2 rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences respectively. Strain CLIB 1634T and Candida apicola CBS 2868T diverged by 3.81 and 14.96â% at the level of the protein-coding gene partial sequences EF-1α and RPB2, respectively. CLIB 1707T was found to have sequence divergence of 3.88 and 9.16â% in the LSU D1/D2 rRNA gene and ITS, respectively, from that of the most closely related species Starmerella ratchasimensis type strain CBS 10611T. The species Starmerella reginensis f.a., sp. nov. and Starmerella kourouensis f.a., sp. nov. are proposed to accommodate strains CLIB 1634T (=CBS 15247T) and CLIB 1707T (=CBS 15257T), respectively.
