[DYNAMICS OF DENTAL CARIES' INDEXES IN CHILDREN WITH DENTOALVEOLAR ANOMALIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES].

Frequency dentition anomalies in children and adolescents according to different authors, ranging from rising 50.8 to 81%. Anomalies of dental systems lead to aesthetic and functional disturbances affecting the child's psyche, and often lead to the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. So, the purpose of our study was to investigate the dynamics of dental caries' indexes in children with dentoalveolar anomalies under the influence of preventive measures. We observed 50 children aged 12, who were divided into four groups. The most effective prophylactic complex in terms of reduction of growth of caries (59.4%) was the one that involved the use of "Tooth Mousse" (applying to the surface of the teeth 5 minutes after eating one time a day, in the morning after brushing teeth), "Osteovit" (one tablet three times a day), "Pektodent--dentifrice? (dental cleaning powder twice a day--in the morning and evening). This complex creates conditions for increasing the resistance of hard dental tissues, resulting in low levels of intensity of caries in children.

[Features' dental status population of the territory of Ukraine in different historical epochs].

In recent decades, domestic and foreign dentistry actively developing direction associated with the study of the ancient population health. As part of this special issue of the informative value of acquiring individual are extremely fragmented findings of human remains. Therefore the aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of the course of dental caries in the historical aspect by considering anthropological remains of Ukrainian citizens from copper age to the late Middle Ages. During the Bronze Age, Early Iron Age (EIA) in adults caries cavities (CC) are fixed at an age close to 40 years and above. In the copper age population in Ukraine manual were apparently extremely rare, their traces, we have not found. As a continuation of the tightening properties of caries in the EIA (except Class II) have already taken place and CC of V class (many combinations of class II and V) appear damaged teeth and lost, probably as a complication of tooth decay. All of the above prompts to seek new development study of the state of skeletal remains.

[Ultrafine structure of salivary glands of the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina, Gamasina, Dermanyssidae)].

Using the method of transmission electron microscopy, structure of salivary glands of the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is studied. Structure of the glands and of their ducts is described. The cellular composition, ultrastructural characteristics of secretion, and peculiarities of its release from cells are revealed.

[Morphofunctional changes, and their significance, of salivary glands of ixodid ticks of subfamilies Ixodinae and Amblyomminae (Acari: Ixodidae) during nutrition].

By methods of light and electron microscopy, dynamics of functioning of salivary glands has been studied in female ticks of the genus Ixodes. Based on literature data and on our own studies, a comparative analysis of morphofunctional changes and of role of salivary gland secretion has been performed in female ticks of subfamilies Ixodinae and Amblyomminae in the process of nutrition.

[Ultrastructural aspects of saliva production by the granule-secreting acini of the tick Ixodes persulcatus females].

Fine structure of salivary glands was investigated in the tick Ixodes persulcatus females. Ultrastructure of II and III acini in unfed and feeding females is described. Changes in size and structure of the secretory products during feeding are demonstrated.

[Peritrophic matrix in the midgut of tick females of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae)]. / Osobennosti peritroficheskogo matriksa v kishechnike samok kleshchei roda Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae).

The formation of the peritrophic matrix in the midgut of females of 5 ixodid tick species (Ixodes pacificus, I. pavlovskyi, I. persulcatus, I. ricinus and I. scapularis) was studied by means of light and electron microscopy in different periods of the feeding and after detachment. The formation of the peritrophic matrix started when the first food portions came into the gut lumen, 9-12 hours after the attachment. Renovation of the peritrophic matrix took place during the whole feeding period; every new generation of midgut cells synthesized their own matrix. It was deposited on the apical surface of every midgut cell in the beginning of differentiation, and was functioning during the life of the cell. The peritrophic matrix separates spaces of the cavitary and cytozoic digestions.

[Structure of subepidermal tissue of gamasid mites (electron microscopy data)]. / Stroenie subépidermal'noi tkani gamazovykh kleshchei po dannym élektronnoi mikroskopii.

Fine structure of the subepidermal tissue was investigated in the adult predatory mite Hypoaspis miles (Gamasina: Laelapidae) and bloodsucking mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Gamasinae: Dermanyssidae) of both sexes. This tissue is analogous to the fat body of other arthropodes. The subepidermal tissue of females consists of two types of cells: cells containing a synthetic apparatus and secretory granules; cells containing storage substances. In the subepidermal tissue of H. miles, cells being similar to hemocytes were also observed. As the males of both species have only one cell type in this tissue--the storage one and the females have the secretory cells, it is suggested that the subepidermal tissue of females could probably take part in the vitellogenesis.

[An electron microscopic study of Borrelia in the body of the female ixodid tick Ixodes persulcatus]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie borrelii v organizme samok iksodovogo kleshcha Ixodes persulcatus.

Borrelia burgdorferi s. lato in naturally infected females of tick Ixodes persulcatus were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The Borreliae were found in midgut and ovary. Location and ultrastructure of bacteria indicate extracellular migration through the midgut epithelium as a preferential way. In gonad, the borreliae intracellular situate in ovarian epithelium and oocytes before and at the beginning of vitellogenesis. The demonstration of numerous spirochetes in the oocytes provides the support for transovarial transmission of the agent. Two morphological types of borreliae were observed.

[Transovarial and transphasic transmissions of Borrelia by the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae)]. / Transovarial'naia i transfazovaia peredachi borrelii taezhnym kleshchom Ixodes perculcatus (Ixodidae).

Three generations of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus, the descendants from naturally infected females, have been examined by means of dark field and phase contrast microscopies and indirect immunofluorescent reactions with monoclonal antibodies. Location of borreliae in oocytes was examined by means of electron microscopy. The examined ticks derived from 9 females collected in the Novgorod Province, from 6 females of 1st laboratory generation and 5 females of the 2nd generation. In total, 250 larvae, 178 nymphs, 59 females and 70 males of three consequent generation have been examined. Almost 100% of descendants of naturally infected females were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and similar infection rate was observed in unfed tick larvae collected in field conditions. The borreliae received transovarially to larvae of the 1st generation then were transmitted to 100% nymphs and imago of this generation and two next generations.

[Ultrastructural features of histopathologic changes at the site of attachment of the larva of the Ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis to the body of the host]. / Ul'trastrukturnye osobennosti gistopatologicheskikh izmenenii v meste prikrepleniia k telu khoziiana lichinok iksodovogo kleshcha Haemaphysalis longicornis.

This article continues the series of electronic microscopical investigations of tick attachment and host's inflammatory reaction in the attachment site. In all this works we used larvae of different Ixodid ticks but the same species of the host (white mouse), Ixodid species having different type of attachment. Dermacentor marginatus (Amosova, 1989a) is characterized by the superficial penetration of mouth parts, the abundance of cement around them and on the surface of the host's skin, the mouth parts of Hyalomma asiaticum are fully inserted and the superficial cement is minimal (Amosova, 1989b) and Ixodes ricinus has mouth parts inserted more deeply in the skin tissue of the host and the cement substance localised only on the surface of the skin at the 1st and 2nd days of feeding period. For this investigation we choose Haemaphysalis longicornis because it is known (see Kemp et al., 1982) that genus Haemaphysalis has the most superficial localisation of the mouth parts in the attachment site. We have studied a fine structure of cement cone and the cement substance surrounding the mouth parts in the skin and have demonstrated that it is very similar to the Dermacentor marginatus cement structure. The pattern of cellular response is similar to D. marginatus lesion too.

[The ultrastructural characteristics of the histopathological changes at the site of attachment to the host body of larvae of the ixodid tick Ixodes ricinus]. / Ul'trastrukturnye osobennosti gistopatologicheskikh izmenenii v meste prikreplenii k telu khoziaina lichinok iksodovogo kleshcha Ixodes ricinus.

The attachment of ixodid tick Ixodes ricinus larvae to white mice and histopathology of host tissue in the attachment site were investigated by means of electronic microscopy. It was demonstrated the presence of cement substance around the mouthparts of tick during the first and the second days of feeding period and the absence of it at the last day of this period. The cement substance consists only of the cement cone (the external cement), situated on the surface of host epidermis. The tick mouthparts in the host dermis were surrounded by zone of modified collagene fibers. Examination of feeding site showed the intensive neutrophil migration and the formation of feeding cavity in 2 days after attachment of tick. At the same time the erythrocytes and active fibroblasts were found in the feeding cavity.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of the histopathologic changes at the site of attachment to the host's body of larvae of the ixodid tick Hyalomma asiaticum]. / Ul'trastrukturnye osobennosti gistopatologicheskikh izmenenii v meste prikrepleniia k telu khoziaina lichinok iksodovogo kleshcha Hyalomma asiaticum.

Tissues of white mice in the place of the attachment of H. asiaticum larvae were examined by means of electron microscopy 2, 4, 24 and 72 hours after the attachment to the host. Fine structure of the cement sheath, peculiarities of its connection with host's tissues, fine structure of derm at different feeding stages of the tick are studied.

[Ultrafine structure of the integument of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum P. Sch. et E. Schl. in starvation and feeding]. / Ul'tratonkoe stroenie pokrovov kleshcha Hyalomma asiaticum P. Sch. et E. Schl. pri golodanii i pitanii

Integument fine structure of H. asiaticum nymphs during their feeding and starvation has been studied. In hungry nymphs hypoderma has an ultrastructure typical for hypodermal cells of arthropods in the intermoulting period and is characterized by a poor development of granular endoplasmic reticulum, small number of mitochondrial and absence of Golgi complexes. The apical surface of the cells is covered with short irregularly scattered microvilli. The cuticle consists of the procuticle, which has a homogenous fine-granular structure, and four-layered epicuticle. During the feeding period hypodermal cells greatly increase in volume and the elements of granular endoplasmic reticulum and metachondria increase in number. Golgi complexes and a variety of apical vesicles have been observed. The number of microvilli on the apical surface increases that is accompanied by a cuticle growth. Procuticle, which is being formed within this period, has a lamellar structure.