Spanish Adaptation of the Inventory Brief Child Abuse Potential and the Protective Factors Survey.

Child maltreatment is a public health problem with different consequences depending on the form of abuse. Measuring risk and protective factors has been a fertile ground for research, without involving instruments with sufficient evidence of validity. The aim of the study was to gather evidence of validity and reliability of the Inventory Brief Child Abuse Potential (IBCAP) and Protective Factors Survey (PFS) in the Mexican population. The instruments were translated into Spanish. In a non-probabilistic sample of 200 participants, the 7-factor model for the IBCAP [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.984; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.067] and the 4-factor model for the PFS (CFI = 0.974; RMSEA = 0.061) were confirmed, showing adequate fit indices. Reliability was estimated and evidence of convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity was collected, controlling for effects of social desirability. We also report interpretability statistics of the scores. We achieved solid progress in the development of instrumentation that allows determining the presence or absence of protective and risk factors for child abuse.

Conductas de riesgo al conducir un automóvil en zonas urbanas del sur de Tamaulipas y la Ciudad de México / Risk behavior when driving a car in the urban areas of southern Tamaulipas and Mexico City

Resumen Los accidentes de tránsito constituyen, actualmente, una de las principales causas de muerte y discapacidad en poblaciones humanas, acentuándose el problema en países de ingresos medios y bajos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el tipo de conductas de riesgo y la frecuencia de las mismas, en los conductores de automóviles de la Ciudad de México y la zona conurbada del sur de Tamaulipas, considerando que la infraestructura de cada ciudad y sobre todo, el marco regulatorio de ellas, puede producir diferencias en estas conductas. Se observó una muestra de 792 automovilistas, mediante un registro conductual, donde se marcaba el uso de celular en la conducción, uso del cinturón de seguridad, el manejo con ambas manos al volante, y el tiempo de conducción, para el cálculo de la velocidad. Las conductas de riesgo más relevantes fueron la conducción con una mano al volante, significativa entre ambas ciudades (P < 0.05) y la velocidad de conducción, que en promedio fue mayor a 50 km/h, lo cual excede los límites establecidos para ambas zonas. Todas las conductas de riesgo se encontraron presentes en la muestra, y solo en algunas los factores, fueron determinantes, la velocidad de conducción y el manejo con ambas manos al volante, sobresalen. El registro del tipo de conductas de riesgo y la frecuencia de estas, al conducir, puede ser útil para el diseño de programas preventivos en conductores de automóviles en contextos mexicanos.

Abstract Traffic accidents are currently one of the main causes of death and disability in human populations, with the problem being exacerbated in low and middle income countries. The objective of the present study was to determine the type of risk behaviors and their frequency in the drivers of automobiles of Mexico City and the metropolitan area of the south of Tamaulipas, considering that the infrastructure of each city and especially the regulatory framework of them can produce differences in these behaviors. A sample of 792 motorists was observed, through a behavioral record where the use of a cell phone was indicated in the driving, wearing of seatbelt, driving with both hands at the steering wheel, and the driving time for the calculation of the speed. The most relevant risk behaviors were driving with only one hand at the wheel, significant between both cities and sexes (P < 0.05) and driving speed, which on average was greater than 50 km/h, which exceeds the established limits for both areas. All the risk behaviors were present in the sample, and only some of them were determinant factors, of which driving speed and driving with both hands at the wheel stand out. The recording of the type of risk behaviors and the frequency of these when driving can be useful for the design of preventive programs in automobile drivers in Mexican contexts.

La precisión diagnóstica del MMPI-2 al evaluar los desajustes socio-familiares en personas con dependencia de sustancias / Diagnostic accuracy of the MMPI-2 to assess imbalances emphasising in people with substance dependence

La aceptación y respeto de las normas que rigen la sociedad y la unidad familiar son pilares esenciales para la elaboración de un programa terapéutico en personas con trastornos por dependencia de sustancias. Este estudio plantea un doble objetivo utilizando las escalas del MMPI-2 detectoras de desajustes socio-familiares: qué información pueden aportar y cuál es la precisión diagnóstica del MMPI-2 para evaluar estos desajustes. Se tomaron como referencia desviación psicopática (Pd), introversión social (Si), prácticas antisociales (ASP), responsabilidad social (Re), malestar social (SOD), introversión/escasa emoción positiva (PSY-INTR), problemas familiares (FAM) y estrés conyugal (MDS). De los 226 participantes, 113 son personas con dependencia de sustancias y otras 113 no presentan dependencia ni patología alguna. Se analizaron sus diferencias estadísticas y precisión diagnóstica a través de la curva ROC. Los resultados mostraron diferente aportación y precisión diagnóstica de las escalas

The acceptance and respect of the rules governing society and the family unit are essential pillars for the development of a therapeutic program for people with substance dependence disorders. This study proposes a double objective using the scales of the MMPI-2 detectors of mismatches emphasising: what information can provide and what the diagnostic accuracy of the MMPI-2 is to assess these mismatches. As a reference, psychopathic deviation (Pd), social introversion (Si), antisocial practices (ASP), social responsibility (Re), social unrest (SOD), introversion/low positive emotion (PSY-INTR), family problems (FAM), and conjugal stress (MDS) were taken. Of the 226 participants, 113 are people with substance dependence and 113 have no dependence or any pathology. Their differences and diagnostic accuracy through the ROC curve were analysed. The results showed different contribution and diagnostic accuracy of the scales

Caracterización de los conocimientos de las madres sobre la discapacidad de sus hijos y su vínculo con la dinámica familiar / Characterization of the knowledge of mothers concerning their children's disability and the relation with the family dynamics / Caracterização dos conhecimentos das mães sobre a incapacidade de seus filhos e seu vínculo com a dinâmica familiar

El propósito del estudio es establecer los conocimientos, la dinámica familiar y comunitaria de madres de hijos con discapacidad que sirvan de base para la instrumentación de programas de intervención. Participaron 42 madres con edades entre 19 y 49 años (M = 31.14) de un Centro de Rehabilitación Infantil perteneciente a la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional en México. Se utilizó una guía de entrevista semi-estructurada para explorar los conocimientos, la dinámica familiar y comunitaria de las familias. Las madres reportaron que no recibieron preparación de cómo tratar a sus hijos; sin embargo, ellas consideran la importancia de adquirir conocimientos especializados para entender y tratar al menor. Las madres que no tienen los conocimientos necesarios sobre la discapacidad de su hijo no son capaces de entender ni aceptar la condición del niño, conllevando a la negación del problema, inconformidad, culpa y depresión. Se observó en el estudio que una adecuada preparación de la madre después del nacimiento de su hijo, acerca de la discapacidad, puede proveer una mejor interacción y funcionamiento de estas familias.

The purpose of this study is to enquire about the knowledge, as well as about the family and community dynamics of mothers of children with disabilities, as a basis to implement intervention programs. Participants were 42 mothers aged between 19 and 49 years (M= 31.14) who attended a Children's Rehabilitation Center belonging to the National Defense Secretariat in Mexico [SEDENA, for its Spanish acronym]. Semi-structured interviews were used to assess the mother's knowledge on the disability of the child and the family and community dynamics. Mothers reported receiving no training on how to treat their children, though they considered the importance of acquiring expertise to understand and treat the child. Mothers who do not have the necessary knowledge about their child's disability are not able to understand or accept the child's condition, leading to a denial of the problem, dissatisfaction, guilt and depression. It was noted in the study that proper preparation of the mother after the birth of her child, in terms of the disability can provide a better interaction and functioning of these families.

O propósito do estudo é estabelecer os conhecimentos, a dinâmica familiar e comunitária de mães de filhos com incapacidade que sirvam de base para a instrumentação de programas de intervenção. Participaram 42 mães com idades entre 19 e 49 anos (M = 31.14) de um Centro de Recuperação Infantil pertencentes à Secretaria de Defesa Nacional no México. Utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada para explorar os conhecimentos, a dinâmica familiar e comunitária das famílias. As mães relataram que não receberam preparação de como cuidar seus filhos; porém, elas consideram a importância de adquirir conhecimentos especializados para entender e tratar ao menor. As mães que não têm os conhecimentos necessários sobre a incapacidade de seu filho não são capazes de entender nem aceitar a condição da criança, levando à negação do problema, inconformidade, culpa e depressão. Observou-se no estudo que uma preparação adequada da mãe depois do nascimento de seu filho, sobre a incapacidade, pode dar uma melhor interação e funcionamento destas famílias.

Is there a social desirability scale in the MMPI-2-RF? / ¿Existe una escala de deseabilidad social en el MMPI-2-RF?

The purpose of this study is to search for a validity scale for detecting social desirability bias in the MMPI-2-RF. To that end, data from scales considered as underreporting on the MMMPI-2-RF, such as the Edwards and Wiggins Social Desirability (Esd and Wsd respectively) scales, the Other Deception (ODecp) scale of Nichols & Greene, the Superlative (S) scale of Butcher and Han, and Uncommon Virtues (L-r) and Adjustment Validity (K-r) scales, was analyzed comparatively. The sample was taken from the Spanish adaptation of the MMPI-2 database, with the corresponding item selection made from the restructured MMPI-2-RF. Two groups of participants were established: The honest group and the dissimulator group, participants of the latter being instructed to give socially desirable responses. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) methodology was used to suggest a scale that offers more diagnostic accuracy (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio es buscar una escala de validez que detecte la deseabilidad social en el MMPI-2-RF. Para ello se analizaron comparativamente los datos ofrecidos por las escalas de Deseabilidad Social de Edwards (Esd), de Wiggins (Wsd), la escala de Engaño de Nichols & Greene (ODecp), la Superlativa de Butcher y Han (S) y las de Virtudes Inusuales (L-r) y Validez del Ajuste (K-r), propuestas como minimización de síntomas en el MMMPI-2-RF. La muestra fue obtenida de la base de datos del MMPI-2 para la adaptación castellana con la correspondiente selección de los ítems realizada con la forma reestructurada del MMPI-2-RF. Se establecieron dos grupos de participantes: sinceros y disimuladores, siendo éstos últimos instruidos para contestar al cuestionario de forma socialmente deseable. Se utilizó la metodología Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) para proponer la escala que presentara mejor precisión diagnóstica (AU)

Programa de intervención para el desarrollo de habilidades sociales en niños institucionalizados / Intervention program for developing social skills in institutionalized children / Programa de intervenção para o desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais em crianças institucionalizadas

Los niños institucionalizados suelen provenir de hogares o situaciones de calle, en los que han sido víctimas de maltrato, por lo que sus habilidades sociales son limitadas y pueden sufrir problemas psicológicos. La presente investigación retoma los hallazgos de la literatura cognitivo-conductual para la intervención con esos problemas conductuales y prueba los efectos de un programa para desarrollar habilidades sociales en niños institucionalizados, así como su impacto sobre variables psicológicas como depresión, autoestima y ansiedad. Participaron 36 niños entre 8 y 12 años de edad, asignados aleatoriamente a dos grupos: experimental y control (entrenamiento demorado). El diseño fue pre-test post-test con seguimientos a 1, 3 y 6 meses, utilizando cuatro escalas cognitivo-conductuales validadas y con confiabilidad. Se llevaron a cabo 14 sesiones para entrenar habilidades sociales básicas y avanzadas, entrenamiento en solución de problemas y reestructuración cognoscitiva. Las estrategias fueron instrucciones verbales, modelamiento, juego de roles, retroalimentación, reforzamiento y encargar tareas. Después de la intervención, los niños de ambas condiciones incrementaron significativamente su nivel de habilidad social, además de reducir síntomas depresivos en el grupo experimental. Se discuten los resultados a partir de las características de los niños institucionalizados.

Institutionalized children often come from homes or street situations, where they have been victims of abuse, so that their social skills are limited and may suffer psychological problems. This research incorporates the findings of the cognitive behavioral literature for intervention in these behavioral problems and shows the effects of a program to develop social skills in institutionalized children, as well as its impact on psychological variables such as depression, self-esteem and anxiety. Participants were 36 children between 8 and 12 years old, randomly assigned to two groups: experimental and control (delayed training). The study had a pre-test post-test design with follow-ups after 1, 3 and 6 months, using four validated and reliable cognitive behavioral scales. 14 sessions were conducted for the training of basic and advanced social skills, problem solving and cognitive restructuring. The strategies were: verbal instructions, modeling, role playing, feedback, positive reinforcement and tasks assignments. After the intervention, children in both conditions significantly increased their level of social skills and reduced depressive symptoms in the experimental group. Results are discussed from the characteristics of institutionalized children.

As crianças institucionalizadas costumam ser provenientes de lares ou situações de rua, em que foram vítimas de maltrato, por isso suas habilidades sociais são limitadas e, além disso, podem sofrer problemas psicológicos. A presente pesquisa retoma as descobertas da literatura cognitivo-condutual para a intervenção com esses problemas condutuais e testa os efeitos de um programa para desenvolver habilidades sociais em crianças institucionalizadas, bem como seu impacto sobre variáveis psicológicas como depressão, autoestima e ansiedade. Participaram 36 crianças entre 8 e 12 anos de idade, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: experimental e controle (treinamento demorado). O desenho foi pré-teste, pós-teste com acompanhamentos a 1, 3 e 6 meses, utilizando quatro escalas cognitivo-condutuais validadas e com confiabilidade. Foram feitas 14 sessões para treinar habilidades sociais básicas e avançadas, treinamento em solução de problemas e reestruturação cognoscitiva. As estratégias foram instruções verbais, modelagem, jogo de papéis, retroalimentação, reforçamento e encarregar tarefas. Depois da intervenção, as crianças de ambas condições aumentaram significativamente seu nível de habilidade social, além de reduzir sintomas depressivos no grupo experimental. Discutem-se os resultados a partir das características das crianças institucionalizadas.