ABSTRACT
This paper reports results of international multicentre non-interventional clinical study of the effectiveness and safety of ascoril expectorant for the treatment of cough in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The study included 16312 patients examined in different cities during 2011-2012. It showed that ascoril expectorant (Glenmark) at a standard dose is an effective agent for the treatment of cough in children above 3 years and adults aged up to 78 years with ARVI and acute bronchitis, exacerbation of these conditions or grade I-II chronic obstructire pulmonary disease. Most patients reported good therapeutic effect within 1 day after intake. Ascoril expectorant caused no adverse reactions and was well tolerated by the patients. 91% of the attending physicians describe the drug as highly effective.
Subject(s)
Albuterol , Bromhexine , Cough , Guaifenesin , Respiratory Tract Infections/complications , Adolescent , Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage , Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Albuterol/administration & dosage , Albuterol/adverse effects , Bromhexine/administration & dosage , Bromhexine/adverse effects , Child, Preschool , Cough/drug therapy , Cough/etiology , Cough/physiopathology , Drug Combinations , Drug Monitoring , Expectorants/administration & dosage , Expectorants/adverse effects , Female , Guaifenesin/administration & dosage , Guaifenesin/adverse effects , Humans , Kazakhstan , Male , Outpatients , Patient Acuity , Respiratory Tract Infections/classification , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Treatment Outcome , UzbekistanABSTRACT
Athermal solutions (from dilute to concentrated) of semiflexible macromolecules confined in a film of thickness D between two hard walls are studied by means of grand-canonical lattice Monte Carlo simulation using the bond fluctuation model. This system exhibits two phase transitions as a function of the thickness of the film and polymer volume fraction. One of them is the bulk isotropic-nematic first-order transition, which ends in a critical point on decreasing the film thickness. The chemical potential at this transition decreases with decreasing film thickness ("capillary nematization"). The other transition is a continuous (or very weakly first-order) transition in the layers adjacent to the hard planar walls from the disordered phase, where the bond vectors of the macromolecules show local ordering (i.e., "preferential orientation" along the x or y axes of the simple cubic lattice, but no long-range orientational order occurs), to a quasi-two-dimensional nematic phase (with the director at each wall being oriented along either the x or y axis), while the bulk of the film is still disordered. When the chemical potential or monomer density increase, respectively, the thickness of these surface-induced nematic layers grows, causing the disappearance of the disordered region in the center of the film.
ABSTRACT
The osmotic equation of state for the athermal bond fluctuation model on the simple cubic lattice is obtained from extensive Monte Carlo simulations. For short macromolecules (chain length N=20 ) we study the influence of various choices for the chain stiffness on the equation of state. Three techniques are applied and compared in order to critically assess their efficiency and accuracy: the "repulsive wall" method, the thermodynamic integration method (which rests on the feasibility of simulations in the grand canonical ensemble), and the recently advocated sedimentation equilibrium method, which records the density profile in an external (e.g., gravitationlike) field and infers, via a local density approximation, the equation of state from the hydrostatic equilibrium condition. We confirm the conclusion that the latter technique is far more efficient than the repulsive wall method, but we find that the thermodynamic integration method is similarly efficient as the sedimentation equilibrium method. For very stiff chains the onset of nematic order enforces the formation of an isotropic-nematic interface in the sedimentation equilibrium method leading to strong rounding effects and deviations from the true equation of state in the transition regime.
ABSTRACT
Epitopic analysis of anti-beta1-adrenergic receptor autoantibodies in the serum of patients with cardiomyopathy was performed. An immunoenzyme test system for detection of autoantibodies was developed using peptide containing 26 amino acids of the second extracellular loop of the beta1-adrenergic receptor as antigen. It was demonstrated that removal of autoantibodies against beta1-adrenergic receptor in patients with cardiomyopathy by immunoadsorption and plasmapheresis metodes led to improvement of the heart pumping capacity.
