ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The programmed death 1 and ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors have significantly altered therapeutic perspectives on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, their efficacy and safety are unknown since direct clinical trials have not yet been performed on them. It is also necessary to determine the economics of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors due to their high cost. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy for advanced NSCLC patients in China with high PD-L1 expression as first-line treatment. METHODS: From the PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases, we retrieved survival, progression, and safety data on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy for advanced NSCLC patients. A network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to consider PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in efficacy and safety. A Markov model with a full-lifetime horizon was adopted. Clinical and utility data were collected through the trial. The cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: This study included five phase III clinical trials using four drugs: nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab. The NMA demonstrated that the four drugs had similar efficacy and safety, while pembrolizumab and atezolizumab were better for than for nivolumab (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.66, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.46-0.95 and HR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.37-0.94) in progression-free survival (PFS), and the risk of a severe adverse event was higher for atezolizumab than for nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Compared with nivolumab, durvalumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab had QALY of 0.19, 0.38, and 0.53, respectively, which induced ICERs of $ 197,028.8/QALY, $ 111,859.0/QALY, and $ 76,182.3/QALY, respectively. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and safety are similar among types of PD-1/PD-L1-inhibitor monotherapy. The cost-effectiveness of nivolumab appears optimal, but the other PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are not as cost-effective for the first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC in China.
Subject(s)
B7-H1 Antigen/analysis , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adult , B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors , B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , China/epidemiology , Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Drug Costs/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/economics , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Lung Neoplasms/immunology , Lung Neoplasms/mortality , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Markov Chains , Models, Economic , Network Meta-Analysis , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism , Progression-Free Survival , Quality-Adjusted Life YearsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the health risks of antineoplastic drugs (ADs) occupational exposure in nurses and to evaluate the effects of implementing a pharmacy intravenous admixture service (PIVAS) in two Chinese hospitals. METHODS: The laboratory findings were collected from annual staff physical examination data. Reproductive toxicity and clinical manifestations were self-reported via a questionnaire. RESULTS: Hematotoxicity, organ damage, reproductive toxicity, and clinical manifestations associated with AD exposure were markedly higher in oncology nurses than unexposed nurses. Application of PIVAS led to a significant restoration of the blood cell counts and kidney function, and a reduction in adverse reproductive outcomes among oncology nurses. Pronounced symptoms related to AD exposure were alleviated as well. CONCLUSION: Oncology nurses who work with AD's experienced more adverse health outcomes than unexposed nurses. The health risks to AD were significantly alleviated by implementing a pharmacy intravenous admixture service.
