[Analysis on the vaccination coverage of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in China from 2017 to 2021].

Objective: To explore the vaccination coverage of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in China from 2017 to 2021. Methods: Using the reported number of PCV13 administrated doses from 2017 to 2021 and the population data from 31 provinces in China, which were collected by the Immunization Program Information System and summarized data at different levels (prefecture, provincial, and national). Collecting batch release data of PCV13 during the same period through the official website of the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control. The average coverage level of PCV13 was calculated by comparing the number of PCV13 vaccinations reported annually to the number of births in that year, and the spatial auto-correlation analysis was conducted in 2021 at the prefecture level. The coverage of PCV13 vaccination was estimated by the total vaccine doses administered each year divided by the number of newborn in the year, as of the administrated dose number per 100 people. Results: From March 2017 to December 2020, the total batch release of PCV13 was 20.06 million, with a total of 71.54, 384.75, 475.45, and 10.8886 million doses each year. During the same period, PCV13 reported doses were 20.2369 million and the vaccination doses from 2017 to 2021 were 4.08, 170.46, 407.52, 599.77, and 8.4185 million doses, respectively. From 2017 to 2021, the ratio of PCV13 doses administrated per 100 infants in each year was 0.25, 10.26, 23.81, 38.16, and 69.90 doses per 100 people, respectively. The range of the ratio in each province increased from 3.85 doses in 2017 to 264.41 doses per 100 people in 2021. The spatial auto-correlation analysis results showed that based on prefecture-level cities, there was spatial clustering in a certain area of PCV13 coverage from 2017 to 2021, and the spatial correlation in 2021 was the highest. The hotspot analysis showed that the hotspot areas with high coverage levels of PCV13 were concentrated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian and their surrounding areas. The cold spots with low vaccine coverage were concentrated in Yunnan, Qinghai, Tibet, and their surrounding areas. Conclusion: The average coverage level of PCV13 is low in China with significant regional differences.

[Analysis of the vaccination status of enterovirus type 71 inactivated vaccine in China from 2017 to 2021].

Objective: To understand the vaccination status of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) inactivated vaccines in China from 2017 to 2021 and provide evidence for making policy on immunization strategy against hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Methods: Using the reported dose number of EV71 vaccination and birth cohort population data collected by the China immunizaiton program information system to estimate the cumulative coverage of EV71 vaccine by the end of 2021 among the birth cohorts since 2012 at national, provincial, and prefecture levels, and analyze the correlation between the vaccination coverage and the potential influencing factors. Results: As of 2021, the estimated cumulative vaccination coverage of the EV71 vaccine was 24.96% in birth cohorts since 2012. The cumulative vaccination coverage was between 3.09% and 56.59% in different provinces, between 0 and 88.17% in different prefectures. There was a statistically significant correlation between vaccination coverage in different regions and the region's previous HFMD prevalence and disposable income per capita. Conclusions: Since 2017, the EV71 vaccines have been widely used nationwide, but the coverage of EV71 vaccination varies greatly among regions. Vaccination coverage is higher in relatively developed regions, and the intensity of previous epidemic of HFMD may have a certain impact on the acceptance of the vaccine and the pattern of immunization service. The impact of EV71 vaccination on the epidemic of HFMD requires further studies.

Predicting coronary artery disease by carotid color doppler ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the color ultrasound indicators of carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) intima-media thickness (IMT) and atherosclerotic plaque (AP) were retrospectively analyzed for the prediction of CHD with the help of compressed speckle denoising. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 248 patients with suspected coronary atherosclerosis admitted to the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from August 2020 to January 2022 were retrospectively recruited as research subjects. RESULTS: The plaque detection rate (71.83%), IMT (1.26 ± 0.75) mm, and plaque index (PI) (2.31 ± 0.95) in the Obs group were greatly higher. The IMT and PI values in the patients with two CALs were superior to those in patients with a single CAL, and the IMT and PI values in the patients with three CALs were higher than those in patients with two CALs, illustrating considerable differences between the two groups (p < 0.05). The predictive sensitivity of IMT combined with AP was higher than that of IMT and AP (p < 0.05), and the predictive specificity of AP results was markedly inferior to that of IMT and IMT combined with AP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasound examination of CAS had obvious predictive value for the occurrence and disease severity of CHD. The higher the IMT and AP, the higher the incidence and severity of CAD.

[Interpretation of defeating meningitis by 2030: a global road map].

Meningitis is a life-threatening disease. In order to reduce its threat to public health, the World Health Assembly indorsed a resolution in 2020 for urgent global action to prevent and control meningitis. Defeating Meningitis by 2030: a Global Roadmap was officially launched by the World Health Organization in 2021. We interpreted some key information of the roadmap from the aspects of coverage, objectives and pillar strategies, providing ideas for further strengthening the prevention and control of bacterial meningitis in China.

[Considerations on vaccines and immunization against COVID-19 for epidemic control in China].

The Delta variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a new global wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 vaccines currently available in China show high effectiveness against severe illness and death. However, transmission of the virus is not fully stopped by vaccination alone, therefore, integrated vaccination and non-pharmacological interventions is necessary to prevent and control the epidemic in the near future. Further expanded vaccine coverage of primary doses as well as booster shots in China's domestic population are needed to reduce severe illness and death. In order to provide evidence necessary for adjusting and optimizing immunization strategies and pandemic control measures, it is essential to conduct research on vaccine effectiveness against emerging variants, persistence of vaccine-induced protection, surveillance of adverse event following immunization with large-scale vaccine use, and modelling studies on strategic combinations of vaccination and non-pharmacological interventions.

[Surveillance and response to measles outbreaks in China, 2016-2020].

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles outbreaks in China from 2016 to 2020 and related outbreak investigations and response performances. Methods: The information about the incidence of measles outbreaks, the investigation and response of measles outbreaks in 31 provinces from 2016 to 2020 were collected from Measles Surveillance System, and the incidence of suspected measles outbreaks detected through sporadic case finding during the same period according to the measles outbreak definition was analyzed. Results: From 2016 to 2020, a total of 344 measles outbreaks were reported nationwide, involving 1 886 measles cases. The median of intervals between the first case onsets and reported outbreaks ranged from 4 to 10 days, the median of the numbers of involved cases ranged from 2 to 3, and the median of the duration of the epidemic ranged from 8 to 13 days, and some outbreaks had long durations of 65,44,28,63 and 13 days. The top three provinces with high number of reported outbreaks were Gansu, Beijing and Shandong. Among the reported outbreaks, 115 occurred in communities/villages, accounting for the highest proportion. The genotype identification results indicated that all the outbreaks in 2016 were caused by measles virus H1, and the proportion of the outbreaks caused by measles virus H1 decreased year by year since then, which was 88.57% (31/35) in 2017, 85.00% (17/20) in 2018 and 15.79% (3/19) in 2019 respectively. There was no outbreak caused by measles H1 reported in 2020, the 4 isolates all belonged to genotype D8. Active case findings were conducted in local medical institutions for 313 outbreaks, and measles-containing vaccine coverage surveys were conducted for 266 outbreaks. From 2016 to 2020, a total of 919 suspected measles outbreaks were detected nationwide, involving 4 212 measles cases. The top three provinces with suspected measles outbreaks were Xinjiang, Gansu and Sichuan. The suspected measles outbreaks also mainly occurred in communities/villages (493). Conclusions: The number, scale and duration of measles outbreaks were gradually decreasing, the measles outbreaks at the community level can not be ignored, and the local H1 genotypes tend to be gradually replaced by other genotypes. Improving the sensitivity of outbreak surveillance, promoting vaccination, expanding the vaccine coverage, timely and effective response to the outbreaks are the focus of measles elimination in China in the future.

[Analysis on prevention and control of some infectious diseases in the elderly aged 60 years and above in China and countermeasure recommendation].

As the progress of population aging in China, the proportion of elderly population is increasing. Both chronic diseases and infectious diseases can threaten the health of the elderly. There are many kinds of infectious diseases, including vaccine preventable infectious diseases affecting the health of adults, such as influenza, pneumococcal diseases and herpes zoster. In addition, the newly emerged COVID-19 has caused a pandemic in the world, resulting the highest proportion of deaths occurred in the elderly and posing a serious threat to the health of the elderly. This paper mainly summarizes the prevention and control of vaccine preventable diseases and COVID-19 to which the elderly are susceptible, analyzes the infectious disease problems affecting the health of elderly population, and recommends countermeasures for the prevention and control of these diseases in elderly population.

[Progress in research of specific antibody dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19].

COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. After the infection of the virus, the host immune system is stimulated to produce multifarious specific antibodies to decrease or eliminate effects of the pathogen. Study of the specific antibodies dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19 is very important for the understanding and diagnosis of the disease, research and development of vaccine, and planning of prevention and control strategy. This paper reviews and summarizes the domestic and oversea research on dynamic characteristics of specific antibodies of COVID-19 patients, including the antibody producing, duration and level, and its possible influencing factors in order to improve the understanding of the immunological characteristics of COVID-19.

[Early containment strategies and core measures for prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia in China].

In December 2019, novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, and spread rapidly across the country. In the early stages of the epidemic, China adopted the containment strategy and implemented a series of core measures around this strategic point, including social mobilization, strengthening case isolation and close contacts tracking management, blocking epidemic areas and traffic control to reduce personnel movements and increase social distance, environmental measures and personal protection, with a view to controlling the epidemic as soon as possible in limited areas such as Wuhan. This article summarizes the background, key points and core measures in the country and provinces. It sent prospects for future prevention and control strategies.

[Analysis of vaccination situation of orial live attenuated rotavirus vaccine (LLR strain) among children in 6 provinces of China].

Objective: To analyze vaccination situation of oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccine (LLR strain) among children from six provinces in China. Methods: In 2014, we selected 12 counties in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang and Gansu provinces by using stratified cluster random sampling method and extract information of children born from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012 from Children's Immunization Information System. We investigated ten children of each birth cohort in each county by checking the vaccination certification, and a total of 606 children were investigated. A survey was conducted to check the information of the children's vaccination certification with the data of Children's Immunization Information System by questionnaire including the basic information (province, county, name, gender, birth date, etc) and the rotavirus vaccination (vaccination date, dose, etc) to analyze the rotavirus vaccination situation. Results: 340 of 606 children were male. There were 121, 124, 122, 119 and 120 children born in 2008-2012, respectively. The proportions of the first and the second dose of rotavirus vaccination were 32.8% (199) and 9.7% (59). The proportion of the third dose of rotavirus vaccination among children born between 2008 and 2010 was 3.5% (13) since children born in 2011 and 2012 did not reach the age of third dose vaccination. The proportion of the first dose of rotavirus vaccination in high, middle and low per capita disposable income areas was 45.0% (91), 37.7% (77) and 15.5% (31) respectively (χ(2)= 43.15, P<0.001). Among 199 children vaccinated with the first dose of vaccine, the vaccination age mainly concentrated in 2 to 21 months, of which the peak was 5 to 13 months (66.8%, 133). The intervals between 2 doses of vaccination were mainly from 12 to 13 months (42.4%, 25) among the 59 children who received at least 2 doses of vaccine. In the 13 children vaccinated with 3 doses, the intervals between the second and the third dose were 12 months (5). Of the 271 doses of rotavirus vaccine vaccinated during 2008-2014, 34.7% (94 doses) were vaccinated in June-August, 88 were vaccinated simultaneously with 18 other vaccines, accounting for 32.5% of the total. Of the 18 other vaccines, inactivated vaccines such as diphtheria vaccine (30 doses), Hib vaccine (14 doses), group A meningitis vaccine (10 doses) were predominant. Conclusion: The proportion of rotavirus vaccination was low and the vaccination age was relatively late. The vaccination mode was different from the recommendation of WHO. It is recommended that routine immunization of rotavirus vaccines should be carried out in early-months of children.