ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence of daytime sleepiness and associated sleep factors in a sample of elementary school students who attended school in the afternoon schedule. METHODS: Sleep data from 363 Brazilian public school students (12.78 ± 1.36 years, 206 girls) were obtained by applying questionnaires in classrooms. All subjects attended school in the afternoon schedule, with classes starting between 1:00 and 1:20 p.m. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale; sleep quality, by the mini-sleep questionnaire; and sleep patterns and chronotypes, by the Munich chronotype questionnaire. Scores equal to or greater than 15 pediatric daytime sleepiness scale points were considered as excessive daytime sleepiness. The predictive power of sleep variables on daytime sleepiness was evaluated by a multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The subjects in the sample had an average time in bed greater than nine hours both on school days and on weekends. Nevertheless, 52.1% had an average pediatric daytime sleepiness scale score equal to or greater than 15 points, indicative of excessive daytime sleepiness. As for their quality of sleep, 41.1% had a very altered sleep. We observed, by a multiple linear regression, that quality of sleep (ß = 0.417), chronotype (ß = 0.174), mid-sleep on school days (ß = 0.138), and time in bed (ß = - 0.091) were all significant in predicting daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSION: This study showed the occurrence of excessive daytime sleepiness in non-sleep deprived students who attended school in the afternoon. The worst quality of sleep and eveningness had a greater predictive power on daytime sleepiness than time in bed. Therefore, we must consider other factors in addition to sleep duration when planning interventions for daytime sleepiness.
Subject(s)
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence , Sleep Quality , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Circadian Rhythm , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/epidemiology , Female , Humans , StudentsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of daytime sleepiness and associated sleep factors in a sample of elementary school students who attended school in the afternoon schedule. METHODS Sleep data from 363 Brazilian public school students (12.78 ± 1.36 years, 206 girls) were obtained by applying questionnaires in classrooms. All subjects attended school in the afternoon schedule, with classes starting between 1:00 and 1:20 p.m. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale; sleep quality, by the mini-sleep questionnaire; and sleep patterns and chronotypes, by the Munich chronotype questionnaire. Scores equal to or greater than 15 pediatric daytime sleepiness scale points were considered as excessive daytime sleepiness. The predictive power of sleep variables on daytime sleepiness was evaluated by a multiple linear regression. RESULTS The subjects in the sample had an average time in bed greater than nine hours both on school days and on weekends. Nevertheless, 52.1% had an average pediatric daytime sleepiness scale score equal to or greater than 15 points, indicative of excessive daytime sleepiness. As for their quality of sleep, 41.1% had a very altered sleep. We observed, by a multiple linear regression, that quality of sleep (β = 0.417), chronotype (β = 0.174), mid-sleep on school days (β = 0.138), and time in bed (β = - 0.091) were all significant in predicting daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSION This study showed the occurrence of excessive daytime sleepiness in non-sleep deprived students who attended school in the afternoon. The worst quality of sleep and eveningness had a greater predictive power on daytime sleepiness than time in bed. Therefore, we must consider other factors in addition to sleep duration when planning interventions for daytime sleepiness.
Subject(s)
Quality of Life , Sleep , Brazil , Activities of Daily Living , Adolescent , Circadian Rhythm , Education, Primary and Secondary , Sleep QualityABSTRACT
Studies focusing on human rhythmicity show that human circadian rhythm suffers constant changes across lifespan. Changes in rest-activity patterns can be studied through nonparametric variables of actigraphy: L5 (an individual's least active 5 h), M10 (an individual's most active 10 h) and RA (relative amplitude of the rest-activity rhythm). The variable RA is the normalized difference between L5 and M10 - the higher the RA, the greater the difference between these two variables. This study used the data bank of the Human Chronobiology Laboratory of Federal University of Paraná (Brazil). It analyzed actimetric data of 93 children between 4 and 11 years of age in their naturalistic context in order to describe the development of nonparametric variables. Correlation between age and L5 was significantly negative (rho = - 0.29, p = 0.004), while correlation between age and RA was significantly positive (rho = 0.31, p = 0.003). The variables M10, sL5 (start of L5) and sM10 (start of M10) did not show significant correlation to age. Furthermore, there were no statistical differences between genders. The population of this study, healthy children, has been poorly assessed by similar literature. Through our results, we have demonstrated that, as children age, L5 significantly decreases, which reflects a smaller fragmentation of circadian rhythm. As an expected consequence, RA significantly increases. In other words, these nonparametric variables of actimetry successfully demonstrate that children tend to reduce nocturnal activity as they age, a phenomenon that reflects the ongoing consolidation of circadian rhythm.
Subject(s)
Actigraphy , Circadian Rhythm , Animals , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Motor Activity , Rest , Schools , SleepABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Analisar as relações entre ciclo vigília/sono e transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. FONTES DE DADOS: Os artigos foram selecionados nas bases de dados SciELO e PubMed, utilizando-se "sono", "transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade", "atividade motora" e "crianças" como palavras-chave para a busca. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Embora os resultados de diferentes estudos sejam inconclusivos e, por vezes, contraditórios, não sendo possível estabelecer relações claras entre sono e transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade, observa-se que o sono das crianças diagnosticadas difere do sono de crianças que não possuem o transtorno, sugerindo que alterações de sono possam se relacionar ao transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. CONCLUSÕES: A falta de marcadores biológicos e de conhecimento a respeito da sua etiologia gera dificuldades na determinação da real prevalência do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade, além de limitar sua compreensão e a busca por novas formas de tratamento e prevenção. Embora dificuldades de sono sejam frequentemente relatadas na prática clínica e já tenham sido utilizadas como um dos critérios diagnósticos para o transtorno, pouco se sabe sobre a possível participação da privação de sono na etiologia do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the wake/sleep cycle and the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. DATA SOURCE: The articles were found in the SciELO and PubMed databases, using "sleep", "attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder", "motor activity" and "children" as search key-words. DATA SYNTHESIS: The results of individual studies are inconclusive and frequently contradictory, not allowing the establishment of a clear relationship between sleep and the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, sleep patterns of children diagnosed with this disorder are different than those of healthy children. Thus, the possible role of sleep alterations in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder etiology cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of biological markers and knowledge about the etiology of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder results in some difficulties in determining its real prevalence. Moreover, this restricts our understanding of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the search for new forms of treatment and prevention. Although sleeping difficulties have been frequently mentioned in clinical practice studies and are already being used as one of the diagnostic criteria for the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, little is known about the possible participation of sleep deprivation in the etiology of the disorder.