Papiloma Conjuntival: revisión bibliográfica / Conjunctival Papilloma: a literature review

Objetivo: El objetivo de la realización del presente artículo de revisión bibliográfica es analizar las características del Papiloma conjuntival como: el pronóstico, prevalencia, relación con el VPH, diagnóstico, tratamiento e importancia que representa la presencia del mismo. Métodos: El siguiente artículo se realizó mediante la búsqueda de artículos científicos en español e inglés, mismos que fueron obtenidos a través de base de datos como Scopus, PubMed y Google Academic. Se hizo usó de la plataforma virtual de la biblioteca católica de Cuenca utilizando comandos de búsqueda avanzada (""), AND, OR. Finalmente se incluyeron 15 artículos dentro de la revisión bibliográfica. Para el trabajo conjunto de los colaboradores se hizo uso de la plataforma Google Drive. Resultados: Papiloma conjuntival es un tumor de células escamosas benigno de la conjuntiva con una tendencia mínima a la malignidad. Estos tumores están relacionados con el VPH específicamente los tipos VI y XI. Para obtener un diagnóstico es importante realizar una anamnesis y un examen oftalmológico exhaustivo, una biopsia posterior a la extirpación de la lesión, la tomografía de coherencia óptica de alta definición (HR-OCT), y la biomicroscopia ultrasónica (UBM). El MSP, ha elaborado una iniciativa denominada "Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones (PAI)", mismo que consiste en el proceso de vacunación de la población femenina de 9, 10 y 11 años pertenecientes a escuelas públicas y privadas. Conclusiones: Es importante que las instituciones educativas fomenten más la salud ocular porque al momento de que existe un contagio de VPH hay riesgo de tener papiloma conjuntival y las personas desconocen este medio de transmisión. Además, se debe promover la vacunación en niños porque cualquier género es propenso a adquirir el VPH

Objective: The aim of this literature review article is to analyze the characteristics of: conjunctival papilloma such as prognosis, prevalence, relationship with HPV, diagnosis, treatment and importance of its presence. Methods: The following article was carried out by searching scientific articles in Spanish and English, which were obtained through databases such as Scopus, PubMed and Google Academic. We used the virtual platform of the Catholic Library of Cuenca using advanced search commands (""), AND, OR. Finally, 15 articles were included in the biliographic review. For the joint work of the collaborators, use was made of the Google Drive platform. Results: Conjunctival papilloma is a benign squamous cell tumor of the conjunctiva with a minimal tendency to malignancy. These tumors are related to HPV specifically types VI and XI. To obtain a diagnosis it is important to perform a thorough anamnesis and ophthalmologic examination, a biopsy after removal of the lesion, high-definition optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT), and ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM). The MSP has developed an initiative called "Expanded Program of Immunizations (PAI)", same that consists of the vaccination process of the female population of 9, 10 and 11 years old belonging to public and private schools. Conclusions: It is important that educational institutions promote more eye health because when there is an HPV infection there is a risk of having conjunctival papilloma and people are unaware of this means of transmission. In addition, vaccination should be promoted in children because any gender is prone to acquire HPV.

Electrolytic Sulfuric Acid Production with Carbon Mineralization for Permanent Carbon Dioxide Removal.

Several billion metric tons per year of durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be needed by mid-century to prevent catastrophic climate warming, and many new approaches must be rapidly scaled to ensure this target is met. Geologically permanent sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in carbonate minerals-carbon mineralization-requires two moles of alkalinity and one mole of a CO2-reactive metal such as calcium or magnesium per mole of CO2 captured. Chemical weathering of geological materials can supply both ingredients, but weathering reactions must be accelerated to achieve targets for durable CDR. Here, a scalable CDR and mineralization process is reported in which water electrolysis is used to produce sulfuric acid for accelerated weathering, while a base is used to permanently sequester CO2 from air into carbonate minerals. The process can be integrated into existing extractive processes by reacting produced sulfuric acid with critical element feedstocks that neutralize acidity (e.g., rock phosphorus or ultramafic rock mine tailings), with calcium- and magnesium-bearing sulfate wastes electrolytically upcycled. The highest reported efficiency of electrolytic sulfuric acid production is achieved by maintaining catholyte feed conditions that minimize Faradaic losses by hydroxide permeation of the membrane-separated electrochemical cell. The industrial implementation of this process provides a pathway to gigaton-scale CO2 removal and sequestration during the production of critical elements needed for decarbonizing global energy infrastructure and feeding the world.

Comprehensive Automated Routine Implementation, Validation, and Benchmark of the Anisotropic Force Field (AUA4) Using Python and GROMACS.

Molecular simulation users are sometimes discouraged from using specific molecular models because of the inconvenience of finding the force field parameters and preparing and validating the topology files. To facilitate this process and make the accurate anisotropic force field AUA4 available to molecular dynamics users, we have created and validated an automated topology and coordinate file creation routine for the GROMACS molecular simulation software. In the present work, we describe the AUA4, explain its particularities and how it was implemented, thoroughly validating the implementation, and for the first time, perform a molecular dynamics benchmark for this transferable force field. Several properties were computed, namely, liquid density, vapor pressure, and vaporization enthalpy by conducting explicit vapor-liquid interface simulations. The results evidence the correct implementation showing slight deviations from the parametrization studies. The benchmark shows the superior predictive capability of the AUA4 in recreating liquid density (RMSD equal to 17.0 kg/m3) and vaporization enthalpy (RMSD equal to 1.3 kJ/mol) compared to other transferable force fields. In addition, its superior computational time performance doubles or even triples compared to an all-atom force field such as the OPLS, depending on whether the workstation counts with GPU.

Alternativas terapéuticas del Queratocono / Therapeutic alternatives forkeratoconus / Alternativas terapêuticas para ceratocone

El queratocono es una enfermedad asimétrica, no inflamatoria de origen multifactorial donde diversos factores se ven involucrados; entre los cuales destacan factores genéticos, biomoleculares y ambientales. No precisa causa única por lo cual su tratamiento es variable y depende directamente de la etapa de la enfermedad. Objetivo. El objetivo del artículo es describir las alternativas terapéuticas para el queratocono y los factores de riesgo asociado a la enfermedad. Metodología. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica relacionados a las alternativas terapéuticas del queratocono incluyendo estudios observacionales, experimentales analíticos descriptivos. Se utilizo la base de datos PubMed, y Google scholar cuyos documentos fueron publicados entre 2013 a 2022 en idioma español e inglés; se utilizaron los términos MESH y DeCs: "Terapéutica" "queratocono" "factores de riesgo". Conclusión. En la actualidad existen numerosas alternativas terapéuticas, sin embargo, esta va a depender de la etapa de la enfermedad y el grado de afectación corneal. Los tratamientos van desde lentes de contacto hasta la cirugía de trasplante de la córnea. Se aconseja la cirugía lamelar como la mejor opción terapéutica y menores efectos secundarios, ya que, mostrando una rápida recuperación de la capacidad visual en comparación con las otras técnicas.

Keratoconus is an asymmetric, non-inflammatory disease of multifactorial origin where several factors are involved, among which genetic, biomolecular and environmental factors stand out. It does not have a single cause, so its treatment is variable and depends directly on the stage of the disease. Objective. The aim of this article is to describe the therapeutic alternatives for keratoconus and the risk factors associated with the disease. Methodology. For the development of the research, a bibliographic review of the scientific literature related to the therapeutic alternatives for keratoconus was carried out, including observational, experimental, analytical and descriptive studies. The PubMed database was used, and Google scholar whose documents were published between 2013 to 2022 in Spanish and English language; the terms MESH and DeCs: "Therapeutics" "keratoconus" "risk factors" were used. Conclusion. At present there are numerous therapeutic alternatives, however, this will depend on the stage of the disease and the degree of corneal involvement. Treatments range from contact lenses to corneal transplant surgery. Lamellar surgery is advised as the best therapeutic option and has the least side effects, showing a rapid recovery of visual ability compared to other techniques.

O queratocono é uma doença assimétrica, não-inflamatória, de origem multifatorial, onde vários fatores estão envolvidos, incluindo fatores genéticos, biomoleculares e ambientais. Ela não tem uma causa única, portanto seu tratamento é variável e depende diretamente do estágio da doença. Objetivo. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as alternativas terapêuticas para o queratocono e os fatores de risco associados com a doença. Metodologia. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura científica relacionada às alternativas terapêuticas para o queratocono, incluindo estudos observacionais, experimentais, analíticos e descritivos. Utilizamos o banco de dados PubMed e Google scholar cujos documentos foram publicados entre 2013 e 2022 em espanhol e inglês; usamos os termos MESH e DeCs: "Therapeutics" "keratoconus" "risk factors". Conclusão. Existem atualmente inúmeras alternativas terapêuticas, porém, isto dependerá do estágio da doença e do grau de envolvimento da córnea. Os tratamentos variam de lentes de contato a cirurgia de transplante de córnea. A cirurgia lamelar é aconselhada como a melhor opção terapêutica com os menores efeitos colaterais, mostrando uma rápida recuperação da capacidade visual em comparação com outras técnicas.

Immunogenicity and safety of a combined DTPa-IPV/Hib vaccine administered as a three-dose primary vaccination course and a booster dose in healthy children in Russia: a phase III, non-randomized, open-label study.

We assessed the immunogenicity and safety of the combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTPa-IPV/Hib) in children in Russian Federation aiming to support the registration of the vaccine in Russia. In this phase 3, non-randomized, open-label study (NCT02858440), healthy children received three primary doses at 3, 4.5, and 6 months of age (N = 235) and a booster dose at 18 months of age (N = 225). Seroprotection rates against diphtheria, tetanus, Hib, and poliovirus 1-3, seropositivity rates against pertussis antigens, and antibody geometric mean concentrations/titers for all antigens were evaluated one month post-primary and post-booster vaccinations. Solicited local and general adverse events (AEs) were collected during a 4-day period and unsolicited AEs during a 31-day period post-vaccination. Serious AEs were recorded throughout the study. At post-primary vaccination, all infants were seroprotected against diphtheria, tetanus, and poliovirus 1 and 2, 99.3% against poliovirus 3, and 98.4% against Hib. At least 98.9% of participants were seropositive for the three pertussis antigens. At post-booster vaccination, all toddlers were seroprotected/seropositive against all vaccine components. The most frequent local and general solicited AEs were redness, reported for 52.6% and 44.9% of children, and irritability, reported for 64.7% and 39.1% of children, post-primary and post-booster vaccination, respectively. Unsolicited AEs were reported for 20.4% (post-primary) and 5.8% of children (post-booster vaccination). Most AEs were mild or moderate in intensity. Six serious AEs were reported in three (0.4%) children; none were fatal or assessed as vaccination-related. DTPa-IPV/Hib proved immunogenic and well tolerated in the Russian pediatric population.

Comparative Study of Drainage and Antibiotics versus Drainage Only in the Management of Primary Subcutaneous Abscesses.

BACKGROUND: Skin and soft tissue infections are common problems dealt with in emergency departments and medical offices. It is routine practice to prescribe antibiotic agents after incision and drainage of cutaneous abscesses. However, current evidence does not support prescribing oral antibiotic agents after surgical debridement. The aim of the present study was to determine the actual role of antibiotic agents after drainage of cutaneous abscesses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of patients undergoing incision and drainage (I&D) of a subcutaneous abscess. Patients were randomly assigned either to receive antibiotic agents (group 1) or placebo (group 2) after I&D. The primary end point was resolution rate of the abscess at the seventh day. Secondary end points were pain at the seventh day and total time to full healing of the wound. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-five patients were included for analysis. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities did not differ substantially between groups. Chest and peri-anal abscesses were statistically more frequent in group 2, whereas neck abscesses were more frequent in group 1 (p = 0.02). Leukocyte count was also statistically higher in group 1 (p = 0.005). Resolution rate was 96% in group 1 and 93% in group 2, with no statistical difference between both (p = 0.28). Neither pain at seventh day nor time to full healing differed statistically between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic agents are not necessary for uncomplicated subcutaneous abscesses after I&D. These cases can be managed safely on an outpatient basis without any increase in morbidity.

A sustained increase in plasma NEFA upregulates the Toll-like receptor network in human muscle.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Insulin-sensitive tissues (muscle, liver) of individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are in a state of low-grade inflammation, characterised by increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-driven signalling. However, the cause of this mild inflammatory state is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that a prolonged mild increase in plasma NEFA will increase TLR expression and TLR-driven signalling (nuclear factor κB [NFκB] and mitogen-activated kinase [MAPK]) and impair insulin action in muscle of lean healthy individuals. METHODS: Twelve lean, normal-glucose-tolerant participants were randomised to receive a 48 h infusion (30 ml/h) of saline or Intralipid followed by a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed before and during the clamp. RESULTS: Lipid infusion impaired insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity (p < 0.01). The elevation in circulating NEFA increased expression of TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5, and several MAPK (MAPK8, MAP4K4, MAP2K3) and inhibitor of κB kinase-NFκB (CHUK [IKKA], c-REL [REL] and p65 [RELA, NFKB3, p65]) signalling genes (p < 0.05). The lipid infusion also increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation (p < 0.05) and tended to reduce the content of inhibitor of kappa Bα (p = 0.09). The muscle content of most diacylglycerol, ceramide and acylcarnitine species was unaffected. In summary, insulin resistance induced by prolonged low-dose lipid infusion occurs together with increased TLR-driven inflammatory signalling and impaired insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: A sustained, mild elevation in plasma NEFA is sufficient to increase TLR expression and TLR-driven signalling (NFκB and MAPK) in lean individuals. The activation of this pathway by NEFA may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01740817.

Peri-infusional adverse reactions to rituximab in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Rituximab is effective in the treatment of B-cell lymphoid malignances and some autoimmune diseases. Most patients receiving the first infusion of rituximab experience symptoms that decrease with subsequent infusions. It is assumed that the first dose of rituximab should be infused slowly during a 6-h period and during 4-h periods subsequently. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of adverse reactions to rituximab in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. METHODS: This was an intensive pharmacovigilance prospective, observational, open labeled, multicenter cohort study conducted in 12 hospitals. Adults requiring treatment with rituximab (375 mg/m(2) body surface area) alone or with chemotherapy were included. Adverse reactions were graded according to the National Cancer Institute scale, whereas causality was established using the Naranjo algorithm. Infusions were classified as fast (0-90 min) and slow (>91 min). Fast infusions were used to analyze the associated adverse reactions. RESULTS: We included 550 adult patients. Total infusion episodes were 1,749 and 52 adverse reactions were reported in 22 patients (4%). Thirty-one of 52 adverse reactions occurred during the first infusion. The risk of adverse reactions was lower with the fast infusions (10/52 adverse reactions [19.23%]). All adverse effects were mild. Twenty-three adverse effects were possibly related to rituximab. CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab can be infused at a fast rate without an increase in adverse reactions. Peri-infusional adverse reactions are similar to those described for other populations but the incidence rate is lower. Rituximab has a favorable safety profile in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Is ultra-violet radiation the main force shaping molecular evolution of varicella-zoster virus?

BACKGROUND: Varicella (chickenpox) exhibits a characteristic epidemiological pattern which is associated with climate. In general, primary infections in tropical regions are comparatively less frequent among children than in temperate regions. This peculiarity regarding varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection among certain age groups in tropical regions results in increased susceptibility during adulthood in these regions. Moreover, this disease shows a cyclic behavior in which the number of cases increases significantly during winter and spring. This observation further supports the participation of environmental factors in global epidemiology of chickenpox. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this distinctive disease behavior are not understood completely. In a recent publication, Philip S. Rice has put forward an interesting hypothesis suggesting that ultra-violet (UV) radiation is the major environmental factor driving the molecular evolution of VZV. DISCUSSION: While we welcomed the attempt to explain the mechanisms controlling VZV transmission and distribution, we argue that Rice's hypothesis takes lightly the circulation of the so called "temperate VZV genotypes" in tropical regions and, to certain degree, overlooks the predominance of such lineages in certain non-temperate areas. Here, we further discuss and present new information about the overwhelming dominance of temperate VZV genotypes in Mexico regardless of geographical location and climate. SUMMARY: UV radiation does not satisfactorily explain the distribution of VZV genotypes in different tropical and temperate regions of Mexico. Additionally, the cyclic behavior of varicella does not shown significant differences between regions with different climates in the country. More studies should be conducted to identify the factors directly involved in viral spreading. A better understanding of the modes of transmissions exploited by VZV and their effect on viral fitness is likely to facilitate the implementation of preventive measures for disease control.

Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico.

Circulation of a unique genetic type of Rickettsia rickettsii in ticks of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex was detected in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. The Mexican R. rickettsii differed from all isolates previously characterized from the endemic regions of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in northern, central, and southern Americas. Rhipicephalus ticks in Mexicali are genetically different from Rh. sanguineus found in the United States.

Diarrhea morbidity and mortality in Mexican children: impact of rotavirus disease.

AIM: To analyze changes in prevalence and seasonality of diarrhea morbidity and mortality and to evaluate the impact of rotavirus disease among Mexican children younger than 5 years old. METHODS: Diarrhea surveillance was performed from 1990 to 2002. Rotavirus testing was performed on stool specimens from 1996 to 2002. Data were obtained from different surveillance systems considering a nationwide representation in Mexico. Diarrhea morbidity and mortality rates were analyzed against time to determine trends or seasonal patterns. RESULTS: Improvement of surveillance for all diarrhea episodes denoted an initial morbidity increase from 1995 to 1999, followed by a decrease by 2002, without any seasonal pattern. However, from 1990 to 1995, morbidity for severe diarrhea decreased 63%. From 1996 to 2002, 62-68% of severe diarrhea episodes occurring during the fall-winter season (FWS) were rotavirus-positive compared with 6-12% in the spring-summer season (SSS). From 1990 to 2002, diarrhea mortality decreased 84%. Higher mortality rates for children younger than 1 year old coincided precisely during the FWS, annually. Both severe diarrhea episodes and diarrhea deaths denoted a changing seasonal pattern. In 1990-1991, 2 waves of increased diarrhea activity occurred. The increase in SSS was much more pronounced than that in FWS. From 1992 to 1995 for severe diarrhea and from 1993 to 2002 for diarrhea deaths, the SSS frequencies subsequently reduced, whereas the FWS peaks remained annually. CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of severe diarrhea has occurred from 1990 and 2002 in Mexican children younger than 5 years old. This is a consequence of preventive programs initiated for cholera control since 1991, which had greater impact on SSS diarrhea and limited response for FWS diarrhea, when rotavirus is mainly present. Currently rotavirus diarrhea requires new prevention strategies and specific control measures, such as a specific national vaccine program.

Deaths from complications of unsafe abortion: misclassified second trimester deaths.

This study measured the contribution of abortion-related deaths to overall maternal mortality and calculated the underestimation of maternal mortality using verbal autopsy and clinical record review where available. We reviewed 807 death certificates of women aged 12-50 who died in 2001 in two sites of about 1.5 million inhabitants each in the state of Morelos (primarily rural) and the municipality of Nezahualcóyotl (primarily urban) in the state of Mexico. Deaths were classified as definite, possible or non-maternal deaths. Finally we identified abortion-related deaths and calculated the underestimation of maternal mortality. Among 326 possible maternal deaths, we encountered five misclassified cases: one spontaneous abortion and four non-abortion maternal deaths. Among 32 registered maternal deaths, we found four misclassified cases that were actually second trimester, abortion-related deaths. There were no officially registered abortion-related deaths in either Morelos or Nezahualcóyotl, making the overall underestimation of abortion mortality 100%. Abortion contributed 13.5% of all maternal deaths. The overall underestimation of maternal mortality was 13.55%, higher in Morelos (21.7%). There were no unregistered maternal deaths in Nezahualcóyotl. Unsafe abortion continues to be an important cause of maternal mortality, though first trimester deaths appear to be decreasing. We identified domestic violence as an important cause of death among pregnant and post-partum women, and two abortion-related suicides, and believe these should be reconsidered as indirect maternal deaths. The misclassification of second trimester abortion deaths as maternal deaths from other causes is an obstacle to preventing them.

The Mexican HIV/AIDS surveillance system: 1986-2001.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the Mexican HIV/AIDS surveillance system between 1986 and 2001. DESIGN: All information was collected through an extensive literature search. METHODS: Databases such as the Mexican National AIDS Programmes RIMSIDA (Registry of Mexican AIDS Research), MedLINE, PopLine, and AIDSLINE were used. Databases, keywords, and MeSH headings to search were discussed and agreed upon before and during the literature search. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty articles and conference abstracts were reviewed and showed that the Mexican surveillance system has undergone many adaptations. The HIV/AIDS surveillance system began in 1986, when the focus was on identifying AIDS cases. This period was followed by special studies among risk groups, and served as the basis for the sentinel surveillance system that was adopted in 1990. The system now requires HIV and AIDS case reporting as well as sentinel surveillance. Mexico has also carried out the piloting of the behavioural surveillance component of Second Generation Surveillance. CONCLUSION: The Mexican experience illustrates how surveillance systems need to be dynamic in order to monitor trends in HIV over time. This review also demonstrates that middle-income countries can successfully implement surveillance systems. However, although Mexico has had many successes, a need exists to address issues that limit its ability to implement AIDS case and behavioural surveillance fully and consistently.

Trastornos en el sentido del gusto. Revisión de la literatura / Taste sense disorders. Review of the literature

Las alteraciones en el sentido del gusto son problemas que por lo general han recibido poca atención de la comunidad médica, por una parte el diagnóstico es complicado, y por otra no existe un tratamiento estandarizado. Se hace una revisión de la literatura y se enfatiza la necesidad del estomatólogo de profundizar sobre estos trastornos, para formar parte del equipo multidisciplinario que se requiere en este tipo de pacientes