Enhanced efficiency of photocatalytically synthesised Co3+/Co2+-incorporated CeO2/SnO2 nanocomposite and supercapacitor studies.

The photochemical reduction approach, distilled H2O with PriOH as the solvent medium, was used to create and characterise the conversion of Co3+ to Co2+ integrated on CeO2/SnO2. The PXRD, IR, SEM, HR-TEM, VSM, and XPS results show that the materials generated have appropriate crystallisation form and retain the hollow spherical structure of Co-CeO2/SnO2. The performance of several UV-light energetic photocatalysts and the reaction pathways for inorganic complex degradation are addressed, emphasising the main elements contributing to their mineralisation. Reaction mechanisms, identification and quantification of degradation intermediates, and effects of reactive active species were described and analysed for each modelled target inorganic pollutant category. The ternary (Co3+/Co2+)/CeO2/SnO2 materials were hypothesised to improve the photocatalytic activity by increasing the transport rate of eCB- impurities as a result of accelerating the practical separation of electron-hole (e-/h+) pairs. Then, it exhibits high cycling stability by successfully reducing the pulverisation of Co-CeO2/SnO2 electrode materials due to volume expansion and a high specific capacity of 827 F g-1(1 A g-1) while maintaining a high current density of 5 A g-1. GCD and impedance spectroscopy studies were also carried out to analyse charge-discharge cycles and sample stability. This exceptional electrochemical performance suggests that Co-CeO2/SnO2 are promising for high-performance energy storage systems.

Phthalates removal from wastewater by different methods - a review.

Phthalate esters are commonly used as plasticizers to improve the durability and workability of polymeric materials, locating and identifying them in various contexts has become a major challenge. Because of their ubiquitous use in plastic packaging and personal care items, as well as their tendency to leach out of these materials, phthalates have been detected in a variety of aquatic situations, including surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater. Phthalate esters have been shown to affect reproductive health and physical growth by disrupting the endocrine system. As a result, developing energy-efficient and effective technologies to eliminate these harmful substances from the atmosphere has become more important and urgent. This paper examines the existing techniques for treating phthalates and degradation mechanisms, as well as knowledge gaps and future research directions. These technologies include adsorption, electrochemical, photocatalysis, membrane filtration and microbial degradation. Adsorption and photo catalysis are the most widely used techniques for phthalate removal, according to the literature survey papers.

Tris(ethane-1,2-di-amine-κ2 N,N')zinc(II) tetra-chlorido-zincate(II).

The title complex, [Zn(C2H8N2)3][ZnCl4], exists as discrete ions. The [Zn(C2H8N2)3]2+ cation exhibits a distorted octa-hedral shape. In the [ZnCl4]2- anion, the ZnII atom is in an almost regular tetra-hedral environment. The crystal packing is consolidated by N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.

Crystal structure of di-chlorido-bis-(4-ethyl-aniline-κN)zinc.

The title compound, [ZnCl2(C8H11N)2], was synthesized by the reaction of zinc dichloride and 4-ethyl-aniline. The Zn(2+) cation is coordinated by two Cl(-) anions and the N atoms of two 4-ethyl-aniline ligands, forming a distorted Zn(N2Cl2) tetra-hedron. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 85.3 (2)° The Zn atom lies on a twofold rotation axis. The ethyl substituents are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.74 (2):0.26 (2) ratio. In the crystal, N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into sheets perpendicular to the a axis. C-H⋯Cl inter-actions also occur.

Crystal structure of trans-aqua-(perchlorato-κO)bis-(propane-1,3-di-amine-κ(2) N,N')copper(II) perchlorate.

In the title compound, [Cu(ClO4)(C3H10N2)2(H2O)]ClO4, the Cu(II) atom has a distorted octa-hedral coordination sphere and is coordinated by the N atoms of two propane-1,3-di-amine ligands in the equatorial plane. The axial positions are occupied by a water O atom and an O atom of a disordered perchlorate anion [occupancy ratio 0.631 (9):0.369 (9)]. In the crystal, the various components are linked via O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets lying parallel to (001).

cis-Bromido(methyl-amine)-bis-(propane-1,3-di-amine)-cobalt(III) dibromide.

In the title compound, [CoBr(CH5N)(C3H10N2)2]Br2, the cobalt(III) ion has a distorted octa-hedral coordination environment and is surrounded by four N atoms in the equatorial plane, with an additional N atom and the Br atom occupying the axial positions. In the crystal, the complex cation and the two counter anions are linked via N-H⋯Br and C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

cis-Di-aqua-tetra-kis-(1-butyl-1H-imidazole-κN (3))nickel(II) dichloride.

In the title compound, [Ni(C7H12N2)4(H2O)2]Cl2, the nickel(II) ion has a distorted octa-hedral coordination environment. It is surrounded by three N atoms and one O atom occupying the equatorial plane, and one N and one O atom in the axial positions. The imidazole ring systems are inclined to one another with dihedral angles varying between 38.3 (4) and 74.1 (4)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds involving one Cl(-) anion and the water mol-ecule in the equatorial plane, forming an inversion dimer-like arrangement. The water mol-ecule in the axial position is hydrogen-bonded to both Cl(-) anions. There are also a number of C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds present, forming a three-dimensional structure. All four alkyl chains are disordered over two positions with refined occupancy ratios of 0.395 (15):0.605 (15), 0.658 (14):0.342 (14), 0.332 (11):0.668 (11) and 0.622 (12):0.378 (12).

Di-aqua-dichlorido-bis-(pyridine-κN)cobalt(II).

The title mol-ecule, [CoCl2(C5H5N)2(H2O)2], has -1 symmetry with the Co(II) ion situated on an inversion centre. The cation has a distorted octa-hedral coordination environment and is surrounded by two N and two Cl atoms in the equatorial plane, while the coordinating water O atoms occupy the axial positions. The crystal exhibits nonmerohedral twinning with two domain states, the volume fractions of which were refined to 0.883 (2) and 0.117 (3). The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H⋯Cl hydrogen-bond inter-actions, forming two-dimensional networks lying parallel to (001). The crystal packing also features π-π inter-actions between the pyridine rings, with centroid-centroid separations of 3.493 (3) and 3.545 (3) Å.

(Benzyl-amine)chloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) dichloride hemihydrate.

In the title compound, [CoCl(C(2)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(7)H(9)N)]Cl(2)·0.5H(2)O, there are two crystallographically independent cations and anions and one water mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. Both Co(III) ions are bonded to two chelating ethylenediamine ligands, one benzylamine molecule and one chloride ion. The crystal packing is through N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯Cl inter-actions.

Chloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)(4-methyl-aniline)cobalt(III) dichloride monohydrate.

In the title compound, [CoCl(C(2)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(7)H(9)N)]Cl(2)·H(2)O, the Co(III) ion has a distorted octa-hedral coordination environment and is surrounded by four N atoms in an equatorial plane, with the other N and Cl atoms occupying the axial positions. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯Cl inter-actions.

Chloridobis(ethyl-enediamine-κN,N')(n-pentyl-amine-κN)cobalt(III) dichloride monhydrate.

The title complex, [CoCl(C(5)H(13)N)(C(2)H(8)N(2))(2)]Cl(2)·H(2)O, comprises one chloridobis(ethyl-enediamine)(n-pentyl-amine)cobalt(III) cation, two chloride counter-anions and a water mol-ecule. The Co(III) atom of the complex is hexa-coordinated by five N and one Cl atoms. The five N atoms are from two chelating ethyl-enediamine and one n-pentyl-amine ligands. Neighbouring cations and anions are connected by N-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to each other and also to the water mol-ecule.

Homogeneous solvation controlled photoreduction of cobalt(III) complexes in aqueous 2-methyl-2-propanol solutions linear solvation energy relationship and cyclic voltammetric analyses.

The effect of solvent participation on the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT, L-->Co(III)) reduction of the of Co(III)(en)(2)Br(RC(6)H(4)NH(2))(2+) where R=m-OCH(3), p-F, H, m-CH(3), p-CH(3,)p-OC(2)H(5) and p-OCH(3) were examined in aqueous 2-methyl-2-propanol (Bu(t)OH) solutions. The change in the reduction behavior of Co(III) centre was also examined through cyclic voltammetric studies. The observed reduction in quantum yield due to LMCT excitation can mainly be accounted using linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) comprising model correlation equations. These consist of empirical parameters such as Grunwald-Winstein's solvent ionizing power, Y, Dimroth-Richardt's solvent micro-polarity parameter, E(T)(N), Gutmann's donor number, DN(N), along with Kamlet-Taft's solvatochromic parameters (hydrogen bond acceptor acidity/basicity alpha/beta and solvent dipolarity/polarizability, pi*). The origin of solvent effect is found to be due to microscopic interaction between the solvent donor and the nitrogen-bound hydrogen of the ligand. Cyclic voltammograms show an irreversible reduction of Co(III) in DMF using Glassy Carbon Electrode, GCE, the redox peaks for the aniline complexes appear at -0.20 and 0.525V. Irradiation of the complexes with UV light (lambda=254nm) in binary mixtures produce Co(II)(aq) and the concentration of this species are highly dependent on x(alc) (x(alc)=mole fraction of alcohol). The observed quantum yield (logPhi(Co(II))) is found to be linearly related to mole fraction of organic co-solvent added in the mixture, therefore, logPhi(Co(II))=26.41 x 10(-2) when x(2)=0.0094 and 43.75 x 10(-2) when x(2)=0.076 for a typical complex Co(III)(en)(2)Br(p-OCH(3)C(6)H(4)NH(2))(2+) in aqueous 2-methyl-2-propanol at 300K. Cyclic voltammetry and LSER analyses illustrate the variation of reduction property of Co(III) by the aryl ligand and homogeneous solvation of the excited state of the complex Co(III)(en)(2)Br(RC(6)H(4)NH(2))(2+) in H(2)O/Bu(t)OH mixtures.

Effects of placental dressing indolent ulcers.

Fifteen cases of indolent ulcers of varying aetiology were treated by human placental dressing. An equal number of patients treated with antibiotics were taken as control. Human placental dressing for chronic ulcers was found to be effective in wound healing, inexpensive, freely available and devoid of side-effects. The immunological response which produces the clinical results by the use of human placenta has been studied. The raised level of immunoglobulins in the form of IgG and IgM was also seen.

Role of prostaglandins in acute phase proteins in inflammation.

Prostaglandin E1, a mediator of inflammation, was investigated for its effects on serum acute phase proteins, alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M). Induction of carrageenin inflammation in rats caused an elevation of alpha 2M to a maximum level (100%) at 1 day. Similarly, administration of PGE1 (1 mg/kg) was found to increase serum alpha 2M levels in normal rats. On the other hand, sc injection of PGE1 into inflamed rats significantly reduced the alpha 2M in serum as well as edema. In vitro studies with liver slices showed increasing rates of incorporation of [14C]leucine into alpha 2M with the addition of PGE1 to the medium. It was followed by the secretion of alpha 2M-bound radioactivity into media. But addition of higher doses (greater than 100 ng/ml) of PGE1 resulted in the suppression of incorporation and secretion of alpha 2M-bound radioactivity. Incubation of inflamed liver slices with PGE1, however, showed only decreased incorporation and secretion of alpha 2M-bound radioactivity. These results indicate that (a) primary prostaglandins, like PGE1, generated during inflammation may be responsible for the increase of alpha 2M in serum, and (b) PGE1 enhanced the synthesis of alpha 2M in liver and its secretion into the medium, so the anti-inflammatory drugs which decrease levels of PGs are likely to alter alpha 2M levels.