Conocimiento y conductas de riesgo de VIH/SIDA en adolescentes chilenos pertenecientes a colegios urbano y rural: ¿Es necesario enfocar la promoción y prevención de la enfermedad con pertinencia territorial? / Knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors of Chilean adolescents attending urban and rural schools. Is it necessary to focus the prevention strategies according to territorial relevance?

BACKGROUND: HIV infection has sustained increased in the Chilean young population. In order to focus on sexual education in adolescents, it is first necessary to establish the degree of knowledge and risk behaviors in this group. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the degree of knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in adolescents from rural and urban schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 385 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old. Through an anonymous survey, sociodemographic data, knowledge about HIV/ AIDS, risk behaviors, and ways of accessing information were collected. RESULTS: A third of the adolescents surveyed (33.6%) reported having initiated sexual activity, primarily men. Rural students showed lower knowledge of HIV/AIDS. 32.2% of individuals who initiated sexual activity reported nonuse or rarely use of condoms, and only 4.4% of students have had an HIV detection/diagnostic test. Although the students had received information mainly from their teachers, they reported that if they needed help, they would go to health centers, youth programs, and, to a lesser extent, to teachers. They also preferred access to information in workshops, on the Internet, and social networks. CONCLUSIONS: We observed regular knowledge of HIV/AIDS among adolescents. Rural students showed less knowledge and several risk behaviors. These findings emphasize the need to establish sexual education strategies in adolescents, considering the territory and the use of new technologies.

[Knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors of Chilean adolescents attending urban and rural schools. Is it necessary to focus the prevention strategies according to territorial relevance?] / Conocimiento y conductas de riesgo de VIH/SIDA en adolescentes chilenos pertenecientes a colegios urbano y rural: ¿Es necesario enfocar la promoción y prevención de la enfermedad con pertinencia territorial?

BACKGROUND: HIV infection has sustained increased in the Chilean young population. In order to focus on sexual education in adolescents, it is first necessary to establish the degree of knowledge and risk behaviors in this group. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the degree of knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in adolescents from rural and urban schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 385 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old. Through an anonymous survey, sociodemographic data, knowledge about HIV/ AIDS, risk behaviors, and ways of accessing information were collected. RESULTS: A third of the adolescents surveyed (33.6%) reported having initiated sexual activity, primarily men. Rural students showed lower knowledge of HIV/AIDS. 32.2% of individuals who initiated sexual activity reported nonuse or rarely use of condoms, and only 4.4% of students have had an HIV detection/diagnostic test. Although the students had received information mainly from their teachers, they reported that if they needed help, they would go to health centers, youth programs, and, to a lesser extent, to teachers. They also preferred access to information in workshops, on the Internet, and social networks. CONCLUSIONS: We observed regular knowledge of HIV/AIDS among adolescents. Rural students showed less knowledge and several risk behaviors. These findings emphasize the need to establish sexual education strategies in adolescents, considering the territory and the use of new technologies.

Long-term survive of Aliarcobacter butzleri in two models symbiotic interaction with Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Aliarcobacter butzleri (formerly known as Arcobacter butzleri) is an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen that establishes in vitro endosymbiotic relationships with Acanthamoeba castellanii, a free-living amoeba. Previously, we described that this bacterium acts as an endocytobiont of A. castellanii, surviving for at least 10 days in absence of bacterial replication. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of A. butzleri to survive as a long-term endosymbiont of A. castellanii for 30 days in two models of symbiotic interaction with A. castellanii: (i) endosymbiotic culture followed by gentamicin protection assay and (ii) transwell co-culture assay. The results allow us to conclude that A. butzleri is capable of surviving as an endosymbiont of A. castellanii for at least 30 days, without multiplying, under controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, in the absence of nutrients and as both microorganisms remain in the same culture, separated by semi-permeable membranes, A. castellanii does not promote the survival of A. butzleri, nor does it multiply. Our findings suggest that the greater survival capacity of A. butzleri is associated with their endosymbiont status inside A. castellanii, pointing out the complexity of this type of symbiotic relationship.

Farmacogenómica de los anticoagulantes orales: la importancia de establecer algoritmos de dosificación en población chilena

There is an important interindividual variability in dose requirement for coumarinic anticoagulants, which could be explained by genetic and non-genetic factors. Among hereditary factors, there are gene polymorphisms that code the therapeutic target and the main enzyme responsible for their metabolism. However, there are other candidate genes that could modulate dose requirements. The is a paucity of pharmacogenomic platforms to determine dose requirements of coumarinics in the Chilean population. Therefore, algorithms considering different variables to adjust individual dosages are required. Herein, we analyze the available evidence about factors that can modify the effects of vitamin K antagonists and that should be incorporated to dosing algorithms.

[Pharmacogenomics of vitamin K antagonists]. / Farmacogenómica de los anticoagulantes orales: la importancia de establecer algoritmos de dosificación en población chilena.

There is an important interindividual variability in dose requirement for coumarinic anticoagulants, which could be explained by genetic and non-genetic factors. Among hereditary factors, there are gene polymorphisms that code the therapeutic target and the main enzyme responsible for their metabolism. However, there are other candidate genes that could modulate dose requirements. The is a paucity of pharmacogenomic platforms to determine dose requirements of coumarinics in the Chilean population. Therefore, algorithms considering different variables to adjust individual dosages are required. Herein, we analyze the available evidence about factors that can modify the effects of vitamin K antagonists and that should be incorporated to dosing algorithms.

Transcriptional analysis of flagellar and putative virulence genes of Arcobacter butzleri as an endocytobiont of Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Arcobacter butzleri is an emerging foodborne zoonotic pathogen that has been isolated from environmental water sources. This pathogen establishes in vitro endosymbiotic relationships with Acanthamoeba castellanii, a free-living amoeba found in environmental matrices such as soil and water. The principal aim of this study was to analyse the transcriptional pattern of flagellar (flaA-flaB-flgH-motA) and other putative virulence genes (ciaB-cadF-mviN-pldA) of A. butzleri during its interaction with A. castellanii by quantitative real-time PCR. The transcriptional analysis showed up-regulation of all genes analysed before A. butzleri became established as an endocytobiont of A. castellanii. In contrast, while A. butzleri remains an endocytobiont, a significant and sustained decrease in the transcription of all analysed genes was observed. Our findings suggest that A. butzleri requires a biphasic transcriptional pattern of flagellar and other putative virulence genes to establish an endosymbiotic relationship with A. castellanii.

Medición post-ejercicio de variable fisiológicas, hematológicas y bioquímicas en equinos de salto holsteiner / Post-exercise measurement of physiological hemtological and biochemical variables in holsteiner jumping horses

Se realizó un estudio post-ejercicio en 10 equinos de salto a través de variables fisiológicas, hematológicas y bioquímicas. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas en reposo e inmediatamente finalizado el ejercicio, cada 15 días,durante 60 días. Se obtuvo la media, desviación estándar y se realizó un análisis de varianza y la prueba de Tukey para determinar si existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre: reposo v/s post-ejercicio; reposo de los distintos muestreos (día 15 a día 60) v/s reposo del día 0 y post-ejercicio de los distintos muestreos (día 15 día 60) v/s post-ejercicio del día 0, como consecuencia del entrenamiento. Los resultados han permitido determinar que la frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria fueron significativamente menores (P<0,05) en el post-ejercicio un vez finalizado el período de entrenamiento v/s el post-ejercicio del día 0. Así mismo, la recuperación fue significativamente más rápida en el día 60 v/s día 0. El volumen globular aglomerado (VGA) y la hemoglobina (HB) fueron significativamente mayores (P<0,05) en el post-ejercicio del primer muestreo (día 0). Las proteínas totales, glucosa sanguínea y aspartatoaminotransferasa no mostraron cambios estadísticamente significativos. La actividad plasmática de creatinfosfoquinasa aumentó después de realizado el ejercicio v/s reposo. Este aumento solo fue significativo (P<0,05), al inicio del estudio (día 0). Posteriormente, los valores de esta enzima disminuyeron significativamente (P<0,05). De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que el entrenamiento produce una adaptación fisiológica de los individuos que se traduce en un descenso de la frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria, aumento del VGA y HB y una disminución de la actividad plasmática de las enzimas relacionadas con daño muscular