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1.
Acta Oncol ; 61(10): 1256-1262, 2022 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36264585

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) examinations are increasingly used worldwide and incidental findings are growing likewise. Lung cancer stage at diagnosis is pivotal to survival. The earliest stage of lung cancer, stage IA is in most cases asymptomatic. Potentially, increased use of clinical CTs could induce a stage shift toward earlier lung cancer diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on the number of CT thorax in Denmark and the stage distribution of Danish lung cancer patients 2013-2020 were acquired from, respectively, the Danish Health Data Authority and the Danish Lung Cancer Registry. Clinical auditing of stage IA lung cancer patients was performed in the period 2019-2021 in a Danish region to assess the reasons for referral. Auditing of stage IV lung cancer patients was done to see whether a CT thorax was performed in a two-year period before diagnosis. RESULTS: All regions showed an increase in CTs per 1000 inhabitants. However, the number of CTs performed in 2013 differed by more than 50% among regions, and the increase per year also differed, from an increase of 1.9 to 3.4 more examinations per year. A significant correlation between CTs and fraction of stage IA lung cancers was seen in four out of the five regions. The audit of stage IA lung cancer cases revealed that 86.8% were incidental findings. Audit of stage IV lung cancer found that 4.3% had a nodule/infiltrate on a previous CT within a 2-year period prior to the diagnosis of lung cancer that was the probable origin of stage IV lung cancer. CONCLUSION: The study found that the vast majority of early-stage lung cancers were incidental findings. It highlights that follow-up algorithms of incidental findings should be used in accordance with guidelines and it should be unequivocally how the CT follow-up of pulmonary infiltrates is managed.


Subject(s)
Incidental Findings , Lung Neoplasms , Humans , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Lung Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thorax , Denmark/epidemiology
2.
Nature ; 517(7532): 73-6, 2015 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25517093

ABSTRACT

Extreme, abrupt Northern Hemisphere climate oscillations during the last glacial cycle (140,000 years ago to present) were modulated by changes in ocean circulation and atmospheric forcing. However, the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), which has a role in controlling heat transport from low to high latitudes and in ocean CO2 storage, is still poorly constrained beyond the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we show that a deep and vigorous overturning circulation mode has persisted for most of the last glacial cycle, dominating ocean circulation in the Atlantic, whereas a shallower glacial mode with southern-sourced waters filling the deep western North Atlantic prevailed during glacial maxima. Our results are based on a reconstruction of both the strength and the direction of the AMOC during the last glacial cycle from a highly resolved marine sedimentary record in the deep western North Atlantic. Parallel measurements of two independent chemical water tracers (the isotope ratios of (231)Pa/(230)Th and (143)Nd/(144)Nd), which are not directly affected by changes in the global cycle, reveal consistent responses of the AMOC during the last two glacial terminations. Any significant deviations from this configuration, resulting in slowdowns of the AMOC, were restricted to centennial-scale excursions during catastrophic iceberg discharges of the Heinrich stadials. Severe and multicentennial weakening of North Atlantic Deep Water formation occurred only during Heinrich stadials close to glacial maxima with increased ice coverage, probably as a result of increased fresh-water input. In contrast, the AMOC was relatively insensitive to submillennial meltwater pulses during warmer climate states, and an active AMOC prevailed during Dansgaard-Oeschger interstadials (Greenland warm periods).


Subject(s)
Ice Cover , Water Movements , Atlantic Ocean , Foraminifera , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Greenland , History, Ancient , Uncertainty
3.
Phys Rev Lett ; 109(10): 108301, 2012 Sep 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23005334

ABSTRACT

Possible mechanisms for overlimiting current (OLC) through aqueous ion-exchange membranes (exceeding diffusion limitation) have been debated for half a century. Flows consistent with electro-osmotic instability have recently been observed in microfluidic experiments, but the existing theory neglects chemical effects and remains to be quantitatively tested. Here, we show that charge regulation and water self-ionization can lead to OLC by "current-induced membrane discharge" (CIMD), even in the absence of fluid flow, in ion-exchange membranes much thicker than the local Debye screening length. Salt depletion leads to a large electric field resulting in a local pH shift within the membrane with the effect that the membrane discharges and loses its ion selectivity. Since salt co-ions, H(+) ions, and OH(-) ions contribute to OLC, CIMD interferes with electrodialysis (salt counterion removal) but could be exploited for current-assisted ion exchange and pH control. CIMD also suppresses the extended space charge that leads to electro-osmotic instability, so it should be reconsidered in both models and experiments on OLC.

4.
Fam Cancer ; 7(4): 303-7, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18389386

ABSTRACT

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate if Urine Cytology (UC) is an appropriate screening procedure for detecting urinary tract neoplasia at an early stage in persons at risk in Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer families. METHOD: In the National Danish HNPCC-register persons at risk were identified in three categories of HNPCC-families (1) families harbouring a disease causing mutation in a Mismatch repair gene (MMR), (2) families fulfilling the Amsterdam I or II criteria and (3) families suspected of HNPCC. In total 3,411 persons were identified and traced in Patobank-the National Danish Pathology database. All UC and UTC (Urinary Tract Tumours) were listed and evaluated. RESULTS: 977 persons had a total of 1,868 screening procedures performed. Two of these procedures (0.1%) lead to diagnosis of an asymptomatic urothelial tumour. In ten times as many procedures (22 persons) UC lead to a false positive screening diagnosis. During the study period fourteen persons (1.4%) developed a UTC and five of these were interval tumours. The sensitivity of UC in diagnosing asymptomatic UTC in HNPCC patients was 29%. Twelve of the tumours were found in persons from families with a proven MMR-mutation and eleven out of these were MSH2 mutations (92%, 95% cl 62-100%). DISCUSSION: UC is not a proper method of screening for UTC in HNPCC. However, the study can not reveal if screening for UTC in special families ought to be recommended. Consequently, further studies needs to be performed in order to evaluate an appropriate screening programme.


Subject(s)
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/complications , Colorectal Neoplasms/complications , Cytodiagnosis/methods , Urologic Neoplasms/urine , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , DNA Mismatch Repair , Early Detection of Cancer , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mutation , Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics , Sensitivity and Specificity
5.
J Neural Transm (Vienna) ; 113(1): 11-9, 2006 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15795789

ABSTRACT

Low affinity dopamine (DA) D2 antagonists such as the substituted (S)-3-phenylpiperidine (-)-OSU6162 have been proposed to be putative antipsychotic agents not endowed with extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). In the present study we investigated the effects of (-)-OSU6162 on (-)-apomorphine and d-amphetamine-induced behaviours in EPS sensitised Cebus apella monkeys. (-)-OSU6162 was administered subcutaneously in doses of 1, 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg alone and in combination with (-)-apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). (-)-OSU6162 inhibited (-)-apomorphine-(1-9 mg/kg) as well as d-amphetamine (3-9 mg/kg)-induced arousal and stereotypy. EPS did not occur when (-)-OSU6162 was administered in combination with (-)-apomorphine or d-amphetamine. However, when (-)-OSU6162 was administered alone, dystonia was observed at high doses (6 and 9 mg/kg) in two out of six monkeys. The present study shows that (-)-OSU6162 can inhibit (-)-apomorphine-induced behaviours in non-human primates at doses that do not cause EPS. When (-)-OSU6162 was tested against d-amphetamine-induced behaviours a separation between dose levels that inhibit d-amphetamine effects and cause EPS was not observed. The data further substantiate a role for low affinity DA D2 antagonists in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis.


Subject(s)
Amphetamine/pharmacology , Apomorphine/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology , Stereotyped Behavior/drug effects , Amphetamine/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Apomorphine/antagonists & inhibitors , Cebus , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Piperidines/chemistry , Stereotyped Behavior/physiology
6.
Eur Psychiatry ; 20 Suppl 3: S318-25, 2005 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16459243

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: By use of valid questionnaires to investigate work-related stress and distress in Danish managers. METHODS: The survey focused on members of the Danish Association of Managers and Executives who no longer were active (former managers' group). Acting managers (active managers' group) served as controls. Questionnaires measuring stressors at work and general life events were used. For the measurement of distress, scales for depression and quality of life were used. RESULTS: The Mokken analysis proved the validity of the questionnaires, i.e. their summed-up total scores were sufficient statistics. No differences were found between former (n = 1,256) and active managers (n = 942) as to life events. Approximately 20% of former managers were at risk of depression and 12% had developed major depression. Among the specific work-related stressors were role overload, lack of team spirit and lack of social support. The percentage of active managers at risk of or suffering from major depression did not differ significantly from the Danish general population. Approximately 37% of the former managers had a decreased well-being. Alcohol use was found to be significantly associated with depression. CONCLUSION: The study identified specific work-related stressors in managers, 12% of whom developed a major depression.


Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/etiology , Life Change Events , Personnel Management , Quality of Life/psychology , Workplace/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adult , Denmark , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Male , Severity of Illness Index , Social Adjustment , Statistics, Nonparametric , Surveys and Questionnaires
7.
Pharmacogenomics J ; 3(2): 97-100, 2003.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12746734

ABSTRACT

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a severe side effect of traditional neuroleptics affecting a considerable number of schizophrenic patients. Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of a genetic disposition to TD and other extra pyramidal symptoms (EPS) most strongly linked to a ser/gly polymorphism in position 9 of the D3 dopamine receptor gene (DRD3). The Cebus apella monkey is the favored animal model to study TD and other EPS because of its high susceptibility to side effects of neuroleptics. We therefore determined the sequence of the DRD3 gene in this species and compared it with that of humans. We found that the highly TD susceptible C. apella monkey (n=21) carries the gly9/gly9 DRD3 genotype that has been associated with TD in humans. Contrarily, C. apella did not carry the ser23 5HT2C allele that has been reported to increase TD susceptibility in humans.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/genetics , Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics , Amino Acid Substitution , Animals , Cebus , Exons/genetics , Humans , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics , Receptors, Dopamine D3 , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
8.
Behav Pharmacol ; 13(8): 639-44, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12478214

ABSTRACT

The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 has shown effects similar to dopamine antagonists in behavioural assays in rats predictive for antipsychotic activity, without induction of extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). In the present study, we examined whether this functional dopamine antagonism and lack of EPS in rodents could also be observed in non-human primates. We investigated the effects of CGS 21680 on behaviours induced by D-amphetamine and (-)-apomorphine in EPS-sensitized Cebus apella monkeys. CGS 21680 was administered s.c. in doses of 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg, alone and in combination with D-amphetamine and (-)-apomorphine. The monkeys were videotaped after drug administration and the tapes were rated for EPS and psychosis-like symptoms. CGS 21680 decreased apomorphine-induced behavioural unrest, arousal (0.01-0.05 mg/kg) and stereotypies (0.05 mg/kg) while amphetamine-induced behaviours (unrest, stereotypies, arousal) were unaffected. EPS were not observed at any dose. At 0.05 mg/kg CGS 21680 produced vomiting. The two lower doses did not produce observable side-effects. Though the differential effect on amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced behaviours is intriguing, CGS 21680 showed a functional anti-dopaminergic effect in Cebus apella monkeys without production of EPS. This further substantiates that adenosine A2A receptor agonists may have potential as antipsychotics with atypical profiles.


Subject(s)
Adenosine/analogs & derivatives , Adenosine/pharmacology , Antipsychotic Agents , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Phenethylamines/pharmacology , Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists , Adenosine/adverse effects , Amphetamine/antagonists & inhibitors , Amphetamine/pharmacology , Animals , Apomorphine/antagonists & inhibitors , Apomorphine/pharmacology , Arousal/drug effects , Basal Ganglia Diseases/chemically induced , Basal Ganglia Diseases/psychology , Cebus , Conscious Sedation , Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology , Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology , Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/antagonists & inhibitors , Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Motor Activity/drug effects , Phenethylamines/adverse effects , Receptor, Adenosine A2A , Stereotyped Behavior/drug effects
9.
J Sci Med Sport ; 4(3): 266-82, 2001 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11702914

ABSTRACT

A survey based on those employed by Petitpas, Brewer, Rivera, and Van Raalte (1994), Pope, Tabachnick, and Keith-Spiegel (1987), Pope and Vetter (1992), and Tabachnick, Keith-Spiegel, and Pope (1991) was used to investigate the ethical beliefs and behaviours of Victorian fitness professionals. Although there is evidence that Victorian fitness professionals are knowledgeable about some general ethical principles, the results of this study suggest that there is some lack of consensus among Victorian fitness professionals about the ethical appropriateness of a number of complex issues relating to business practices, confidentiality, dual relationships, and personal and professional boundaries. The findings suggest there is a need to improve the professional and ethical education of fitness professionals and to develop comprehensive ethical principles and a code of conduct that is relevant to the individuals working in the Australian fitness profession.


Subject(s)
Ethics , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Personnel/standards , Physical Education and Training/standards , Adult , Female , Health Care Surveys , Health Personnel/education , Health Personnel/psychology , Humans , Male , Professional Competence/standards , Professional Practice/standards , Victoria
10.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness ; 41(4): 421-32, 2001 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11687760

ABSTRACT

The case for the benefits of physical activity has been well documented in healthy individuals, and the potential for reducing the risk of mental and physical ill health is substantial. Yet, individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have long been advised to avoid participation in exercise in order to minimise the risk of exacerbations and symptoms of fatigue. There is, however, increasing interest in how acute and chronic exercise affect physiological and psychological functioning in MS. Much of the research has examined physiological tolerance to exercise and focused on responses in terms of heart rate, blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle function, and symptom stability. Little research has focused on understanding how exercise affects psychosocial functioning and brings about changes in depression, affect, mood, well-being, and quality of life. This paper provides a summary of the research exploring the efficacy of physical activity for people with MS. In addition, the key issues that face clinical practice are examined, and considerations for research are discussed.


Subject(s)
Exercise , Multiple Sclerosis , Autonomic Nervous System/physiology , Body Temperature , Exercise/physiology , Exercise/psychology , Humans , Motor Activity , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Multiple Sclerosis/psychology , Oxygen Consumption , Quality of Life
11.
J Neurosci Methods ; 107(1-2): 71-80, 2001 May 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11389943

ABSTRACT

We report a technique for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an awake, co-operative, rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in a conventional 1.5T clinical MR scanner, thus accomplishing the first direct comparison of activation in visual cortex between humans and non-human primates with fMRI. Activation was seen in multiple areas of striate and extra-striate visual cortex and in areas for motion, object and face recognition in the monkey and in homologous visual areas in a human volunteer. This article describes T1, T2 and T2* values for macaque cortex, suitable MR imaging sequences, a training schedule, stimulus delivery apparatus and restraining hardware for monkey fMRI using a conventional 19 cm knee coil. Much of our understanding of the functional organization of the primate brain comes from physiological studies in monkeys. Direct comparison between species using fMRI such as those described here will help us to relate the wealth of existing knowledge on the functional organization of the non-human primate brain to human fMRI.


Subject(s)
Brain Mapping , Hominidae/metabolism , Macaca mulatta/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Visual Cortex/metabolism , Visual Perception/physiology , Adolescent , Animals , Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology , Hominidae/anatomy & histology , Humans , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Macaca mulatta/anatomy & histology , Male , Photic Stimulation , Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology
12.
Prof Psychol Res Pr ; 32(1): 12-8, 2001 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12449939

ABSTRACT

Although the parent discipline of sport psychology is psychology, the delivery of sport psychology services has its main roots in physical education and sports science (motor learning and control, skill acquisition). Thus, sport psychologists may look more like coaches than they look like clinicians or counselors. In this article, the authors trace the evolution of sport psychology services and contrast the temporal, spatial, and delivery issues of applied sport psychology with more mainstream counseling and clinical psychology. The looser boundaries of sport psychologist practice have both benefits and dangers, and the authors offer some examples to professional psychologists who are thinking of expanding their delivery of service to athletes and coaches.


Subject(s)
Professional-Patient Relations , Psychology , Sports/psychology , Confidentiality , Counseling , Humans , Professional-Patient Relations/ethics
13.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness ; 40(3): 201-8, 2000 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11125762

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Examine the heart rate-perceived exertion (HR-RPE) relationship under conditions of high-intensity training and taper. METHODS: Experimental design and participants: prospective with collegiate cyclists (n=11) completed six weeks of high-intensity interval training, followed by a one-week taper. INTERVENTIONS: participants completed a high-intensity training regimen along with graded exercise tests (GXT) throughout the training and the taper. MEASURES: heart rates (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded following each stage of the GXTs. Scores on GXTs were also recorded. RESULTS: . The HR-RPE relationship during GXTs changed over the course of the training with greater RPEs for a given HR at the end of the training compared to the beginning. The most powerful predictors of the performance response to the taper were training induced changes in the HR-RPE relationship and decreases in HR for a given power output. Those individuals who reported higher RPEs for lower HRs were more likely to have better performance responses to taper (r=0.72) as were those who had larger changes in the HR-power output relationship (r=0.76). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that changes in the HR-RPE relationship during high-intensity training may be used to monitor the magnitude of overreaching that is necessary for a positive response to a taper. For coaches and athletes, the HR-RPE ratio may be a practical measure for monitoring an aspect of fatigue associated with high-intensity training.


Subject(s)
Bicycling/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Perception/physiology , Physical Exertion/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Attitude , Bicycling/education , Ergometry , Exercise Test , Fatigue/physiopathology , Fatigue/psychology , Follow-Up Studies , Forecasting , Humans , Physical Fitness/physiology , Prospective Studies , Regression Analysis , Time Factors
14.
J Sci Med Sport ; 3(1): 17-29, 2000 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10839225

ABSTRACT

In the literature on the psychological aspects of rehabilitation from athletic injury, several studies in North America have focused on athletic trainers' roles as physical and psychological caregivers for injured athletes. Wiese, Weiss, and Yukelson (1991) examined the views of athletic trainers on the psychological characteristics that distinguished athletes who coped well, versus those who coped poorly with rehabilitation, and also sought athletic trainers opinions on the role of psychological skills in injury rehabilitation. This study replicated the Wiese et al. (1991) study with Australian physiotherapists and extended it to include the viewpoints of professional basketball players. The results indicated the importance attached to communication and motivation by both physiotherapists and athletes in the rehabilitation process. Both athletes and physiotherapists did not, however, think psychological skills such as relaxation or imagery techniques to be particularly useful tools in the recovery process.


Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries/psychology , Athletic Injuries/rehabilitation , Attitude to Health , Rehabilitation/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent , Adult , Attitude of Health Personnel , Basketball/psychology , Data Collection , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Physical Therapy Modalities/psychology , Psychological Techniques/statistics & numerical data
15.
J Sci Med Sport ; 3(1): 84-92, 2000 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10839232

ABSTRACT

The power of research design in studies published in the Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (AJSMS: now the Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport) for the years 1996 and 1997 were analysed for their ability to detect small, medium, and large effects according to Cohen's (1988) conventions. Also examined were the reporting and interpreting of effect sizes and the control for experiment-wise (EW) Type I error rates. From the two years of articles, 29 studies were analysed, and power was computed on 108 different tests of significance. The median power of the studies to detect small, medium, and large effects were .14, .65 and .97, respectively. These results suggest that exercise and sport science research, at least as represented in AJSMS, is probably underpowered and may be limited in detecting small effects, has a better, but still underpowered, chance of detecting medium effects, and has adequate power principally for detecting large effects. The reporting of effect sizes was rare, and adequate interpretation of them was even rarer. The mean EW Type I error rate for all studies was .49. The analyses conducted suggest that much research in exercise science may have substantial Type I and Type II errors. An appeal is made for exercise scientists to conduct power analyses, control for EW error, exercise caution in the interpretation of nonsignificant results, and examine, report, and interpret effect sizes rather than solely rely on p values to determine whether significant changes occurred or significant relationships exist.


Subject(s)
Data Interpretation, Statistical , Research Design , Sports Medicine , Humans , Reproducibility of Results
16.
J Sports Sci ; 17(9): 735-41, 1999 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10521004

ABSTRACT

In this study, we measured changes in state anxiety, visual perception and reaction time during stress among 196 collegiate athletes participating in 10 sports. The athletes also completed measures of life events and social support at the beginning of their seasons. Measures of life events stress, social support, perceptual changes and changes in reaction time during stress were used as predictors of the number of injuries. For the entire sample, the only significant predictor of injury was negative life events stress (R = 0.45, P < 0.001). Following the suggestions of Smith et al., simple correlations were performed for those with least social support (bottom 33%, n = 65). Among this group, those individuals with more negative life events and greater peripheral narrowing during stress incurred more injuries than those with the opposite profile. Our findings are in line with the model of Andersen and Williams, in that those individuals who were low in a variable that buffers stress responsivity (i.e. social support), their negative life events and peripheral narrowing under stress (large and medium effect sizes, respectively) were substantially related to their number of injuries.


Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries/psychology , Life Change Events , Stress, Psychological , Adult , Anxiety/psychology , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Female , Humans , Injury Severity Score , Male , Predictive Value of Tests , Reaction Time , Social Support , Surveys and Questionnaires , Visual Perception
17.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 62(4): 673-82, 1999 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10208372

ABSTRACT

Rats at 4, 14, and 20 months of age were subjected to permanent occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCAO) and the effects of age and ischemia assessed in tests for spatial learning (Morris' water maze), social behavior, olfactory learning, exploratory behavior, and motor function. Furthermore, the extent of ischemic damage to the brain of rats of 5 and 19 months of age was studied. An age-related decline in water-maze performance was observed, and aged rats were less agile, less explorative, and less frequently engaged in social interactions than young rats. After ischemia, mild memory impairment was observed in old rats, while changes in some exploratory behaviors were observed in young rats. Neuropathological analyses revealed a variable and limited degree of infarction in the piriform cortex and the insular cortex with no difference between age groups. In conclusion, the present study confirmed and extended current data on behavioral differences between young and old rats. MCAO had limited influence on the tested behaviors.


Subject(s)
Aging/psychology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Brain Ischemia/psychology , Aging/pathology , Animals , Brain/pathology , Brain Ischemia/pathology , Cerebral Arteries/physiology , Exploratory Behavior/physiology , Interpersonal Relations , Learning/physiology , Male , Maze Learning/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Smell/physiology , Swimming/physiology
18.
Behav Brain Res ; 91(1-2): 15-22, 1998 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9578435

ABSTRACT

Using a T-maze, the influence of transient global cerebral ischemia on working memory in gerbils was investigated. Furthermore, it was examined whether a correlation exists between impairment in choice accuracy in the T-maze and neuron loss in the hippocampus. In two experiments, male Mongolian gerbils were tested in a previously learned delayed alternation T-maze task 1 week after a 4 min occlusion of the common carotid arteries. In both experiments memory was significantly impaired and in the second experiment, where the design allowed a separation between working and reference memory deficits, a selective impairment in working memory was seen. The results suggest that ischemia-induced disruption of delayed alternation in the T-maze in gerbils is a model which is relevant to the clinical manifestations of vascular dementia.


Subject(s)
Ischemic Attack, Transient/psychology , Maze Learning/physiology , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Animals , Carotid Arteries/physiology , Gerbillinae , Hippocampus/pathology , Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology , Male , Motor Activity/physiology , Neurons/physiology
19.
Ugeskr Laeger ; 160(12): 1781-4, 1998 Mar 16.
Article in Danish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9536632

ABSTRACT

In a questionnaire sent out to general practitioners (GP) in the County of Funen they reported a yearly incidence of lesions penetrating the skin of 1.2 per practitioner. Approximately half of these lesions were potentially infectious. Sixty percent of the lesions were due to accidents involving needles. Only 52% of the GPs with the risk of a potentially infectious lesion tried to prevent infection. We estimate that the risk of becoming infected with HIV or Hepatitis-B infection is very low. It is necessary to get GPs to change procedures in an attempt to minimize the risk.


Subject(s)
Accidents, Occupational , Blood-Borne Pathogens , HIV Infections/transmission , Hepatitis B/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional , Needles/adverse effects , Physicians, Family , Wounds, Stab , Accidents, Occupational/statistics & numerical data , Attitude of Health Personnel , Denmark/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Humans , Incidence , Male , Physicians, Family/psychology , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
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