Spatio-temporal modulation of cortical activity during motor deadaptation depends on the feedback of task-related error.

Motor adaptations are responsible for recalibrating actions and facilitating the achievement of goals in a constantly changing environment. Once consolidated, the decay of motor adaptation is a process affected by available sensory information during deadaptation. However, the cortical response to task error feedback during the deadaptation phase has received little attention. Here, we explored changes in brain cortical responses due to feedback of task-related error during deadaptation. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. Right hand movement and EEG were recorded during repetitive trials of a hand reaching movement. A visuomotor rotation of 30° was introduced to induce motor adaptation. Volunteers participated in two experimental sessions organized in baseline, adaptation, and deadaptation blocks. In the deadaptation block, the visuomotor rotation was removed, and visual feedback was only provided in one session. Performance was quantified using angle end-point error, averaged speed, and movement onset time. A non-parametric spatiotemporal cluster-level permutation test was used to analyze the EEG recordings. During deadaptation, participants experienced a greater error reduction when feedback of the cursor was provided. The EEG responses showed larger activity in the left centro-frontal parietal areas during the deadaptation block when participants received feedback, as opposed to when they did not receive feedback. Centrally distributed clusters were found for the adaptation and deadaptation blocks in the absence of visual feedback. The results suggest that visual feedback of the task-related error activates cortical areas related to performance monitoring, depending on the accessible sensory information.

Directional discrimination is better for noxious laser stimuli than for innocuous laser stimuli.

BACKGROUND: The directional discrimination is lower for painful laser heat compared to non-painful mechanical stimulation. The aim of the current study was to investigate how the directional discrimination of radiant heat stimulation depends on stimulation intensity and displacement velocity. METHODS: Fifteen healthy subjects were stimulated in the right volar forearm with a CO2 laser at intensities that were expected to be either painful (46°C) or non-painful (39°C). The laser beam was continuously displaced distal-proximally along the arm during the stimulation. After the stimulation, subjects indicated the perceived direction and intensity (NRS: 0: perception 3: pain 10: maximum pain). Stimulations were delivered with five lengths (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm) and three velocities (10, 30 and 100 mm/s). To estimate the directional discrimination threshold (DDT) the data were fitted to a sigmoidal curve. RESULTS: For the lower intensity (39°C) the DDT was 81.8 mm for the slowest velocity, and above 100 mm for the two faster velocities. For the higher intensity (46°C) the DDT was 58.8 and 69.6 mm for the slowest velocity and middle velocity, respectively, and above 100 mm for the fastest velocity. The perceived intensity increased with stimulation length, stimulation intensity and decreasing velocity (LMM, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows how the DDT for thermal stimuli is shorter for higher intensity and lower displacement velocities. Additionally, it was shown that for the velocity where directional discrimination is optimal for mechanical stimuli it is not possible to discriminate a thermal stimulus. SIGNIFICANCE: This study showed that the directional discrimination of painful laser stimuli is better than that for non-painful laser stimuli. These findings supplements our current knowledge regarding the tempo-spatial discrimination in the nociceptive system, where evidence from previous discrimination studies differs somewhat regarding difference between painful and non-painful discrimination. This, therefore, indicates that there is lacking knowledge regarding the discrimination within the nociceptive system.

Exploration of conditioned pain modulation effect on long-term potentiation-like pain amplification in humans.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore conditioned pain modulation (CPM) effect on long-term potentiation (LTP)-like pain amplification induced by cutaneous 10-Hz conditioning electrical stimulation (CES). METHODS: Conditioned pain modulation was induced by cold pressor conditioning stimulus (CPCS) (4 °C) which was applied immediately before CES in the active session. In the control session, water with a temperature of 32 °C was used. Twenty subjects participated in two sessions in a randomized crossover design with at least 1-week interval. Perceptual intensity ratings to single electrical stimulation (SES) at the conditioned skin site and to pinprick and light-stroking stimuli in the immediate vicinity of the CES electrodes were measured . Superficial blood flow (SBF), skin temperature (ST) and heat pain threshold (HPT) were measured covering both homotopic and heterotopic skin. The pain intensities during CES process were measured and short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was used for assessing CES pain experience. RESULTS: Cold pressor conditioning stimulus reduced pain perception increments to weak pinprick and light-stroking stimuli after 10-Hz CES compared with the control session. Moreover, CPCS resulted in lower pain intensity ratings during CES process but without affecting the SF-MPQ scores between two sessions. The SBF and ST increased after CES and then gradually declined but without differences between CPCS and control sessions. CPM did not affect HPT and pain intensity increments to SES. CONCLUSIONS: The CPCS inhibited heterotopic perception amplification to weak mechanical stimuli after CES. The results indicate that endogenous descending inhibitory systems might play a role against development of non-nociceptive perception amplificatory states (e.g. allodynia). SIGNIFICANCE: Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) may play a role in inhibiting the pain amplificatory process at the central nervous system and prompting central desensitization. CPM has a special inhibition effect for the development of perception amplification to non-painful mechanical stimuli.

Differences in perception and brain activation following stimulation by large versus small area cutaneous surface electrodes.

INTRODUCTION: Application of electrical stimulation through conventional surface electrodes activates both non-nociceptive and nociceptive fibres. To encompass this problem, electrical stimulation through small area pin electrode was introduced where subjective description of stimulation quality indicated preferential activation of nociceptors. The present study aimed to show that brain areas involved in nociceptive processing are activated by stimulation through cutaneous pin electrode (CPE) to a larger extent than conventional surface electrodes. METHODS: Evoked potentials (EPs) were induced by electrical stimulation through conventional surface and CPE electrodes. The EPs were recorded from 62 scalp electrodes in 12 healthy volunteers where stimulation intensity was 10 times the sensory threshold. Dipolar models of brain sources were built by using the brain electrical source analysis. RESULTS: The solution for the conventional large area surface electrode was a four-dipole model including contralateral primary somatosensory cortex, bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) and mid-cingulate sources. The solution for CPE was a five-dipole model and very similar to that previously described to explain the topography of laser EPs. The solution included bilateral SII, bilateral insula and mid-cingulate sources. Since laser stimuli mainly activate nociceptive fibres, the strong similarity suggests that mainly nociceptive inputs are involved in generation of CPE-evoked responses. CONCLUSION: The current study gives evidence that CPE activates the nociceptive brain areas to a greater extent than conventional surface electrode. Therefore, CPE should preferentially be utilized in future studies where electrical stimuli are used to study nociception.

Dynamic tuning of human withdrawal reflex receptive fields during cognitive attention and distraction tasks.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate supraspinal modulation of human lower limb reflex receptive fields (RRFs) on the plantar side of the foot during cognitive tasks either distracting the subjects or actively directing their attention to the electrical stimuli directed to the sole of the foot. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers participated. Nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) were recorded in the ankle flexor tibialis anterior. The RRF was acquired by randomized activation of ten stimulation sites on the sole of the foot. The RRF was assessed during baseline, distraction, and attention in randomized order. Distraction was induced by the Stroop test, while attention was induced by requiring the subjects to localize the site of the stimulation and thereby forcing them to focus on the sole of the foot. RESULTS: The area of the RRF was significantly enlarged during the distraction task compared to baseline (P<0.05), whereas the RRF area was significantly reduced during the attention task compared to baseline (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The size of the RRF area was modulated by the cognitive state demonstrating a link between the cognitive activity and the descending control on spinal withdrawal reflex pathways.

Pseudogap of metallic layered nickelate R(2-x)Sr(x)NiO4 (R = Nd, Eu) crystals measured using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.

We have investigated charge dynamics and electronic structures for single crystals of metallic layered nickelates, R(2-x)Sr(x)NiO4 (R = Nd, Eu), isostructural to La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO4. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on the barely metallic Eu(0.9)Sr(1.1)NiO4 (R = Eu, x = 1.1) has revealed a large hole surface of x2-y2 character with a high-energy pseudogap of the same symmetry and comparable magnitude with those of underdoped (x<0.1) cuprates, although the antiferromagnetic interactions are 1 order of magnitude smaller. This finding strongly indicates that the momentum-dependent pseudogap feature in the layered nickelate arises from the real-space charge correlation.

A microscopic view on the Mott transition in chromium-doped V(2)O(3).

V(2)O(3) is the prototype system for the Mott transition, one of the most fundamental phenomena of electronic correlation. Temperature, doping or pressure induce a metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) between a paramagnetic metal (PM) and a paramagnetic insulator. This or related MITs have a high technological potential, among others, for intelligent windows and field effect transistors. However the spatial scale on which such transitions develop is not known in spite of their importance for research and applications. Here we unveil for the first time the MIT in Cr-doped V(2)O(3) with submicron lateral resolution: with decreasing temperature, microscopic domains become metallic and coexist with an insulating background. This explains why the associated PM phase is actually a poor metal. The phase separation can be associated with a thermodynamic instability near the transition. This instability is reduced by pressure, that promotes a genuine Mott transition to an eventually homogeneous metallic state.

Inequivalent routes across the Mott transition in V2O3 explored by X-ray absorption.

The changes in the electronic structure of V2O3 across the metal-insulator transition induced by temperature, doping, and pressure are identified using high resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the V pre-K edge. Contrary to what has been taken for granted so far, the metallic phase reached under pressure is shown to differ from the one obtained by changing doping or temperature. Using a novel computational scheme, we relate this effect to the role and occupancy of the a{1g} orbitals. This finding unveils the inequivalence of different routes across the Mott transition in V2O3.

Turning a nickelate Fermi surface into a cupratelike one through heterostructuring.

Using the local density approximation and its combination with dynamical mean-field theory, we show that electronic correlations induce a single-sheet, cupratelike Fermi surface for hole-doped 1/1 LaNiO3/LaAlO3 heterostructures, even though both eg orbitals contribute to it. The Ni 3d3z(2)-1} orbital plays the role of the axial Cu 4s-like orbital in the cuprates. These two results indicate that "orbital engineering" by means of heterostructuring should be possible. As we also find strong antiferromagnetic correlations, the low-energy electronic and spin excitations in nickelate heterostructures resemble those of high-temperature cuprate superconductors.

Coulomb-enhanced spin-orbit splitting: the missing piece in the Sr2RhO4 puzzle.

The outstanding discrepancy between the measured and calculated (local-density approximation) Fermi surfaces in the well-characterized, paramagnetic Fermi liquid Sr2RhO4 is resolved by including the spin-orbit coupling and Coulomb repulsion. This results in an effective spin-orbit coupling constant enhanced 2.15 times over the bare value. A simple formalism allows discussion of other systems. For Sr2RhO4, the experimental specific-heat and mass enhancements are found to be 2.2.

Bandstructure meets many-body theory: the LDA+DMFT method.

Ab initio calculation of the electronic properties of materials is a major challenge for solid-state theory. Whereas 40 years' experience has proven density-functional theory (DFT) in a suitable form, e.g. local approximation (LDA), to give a satisfactory description when electronic correlations are weak, materials with strongly correlated electrons, say d- or f-electrons, remain a challenge. Such materials often exhibit 'colossal' responses to small changes of external parameters such as pressure, temperature, and magnetic field, and are therefore most interesting for technical applications. Encouraged by the success of dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) in dealing with model Hamiltonians for strongly correlated electron systems, physicists from the bandstructure and many-body communities have joined forces and developed a combined LDA+DMFT method for treating materials with strongly correlated electrons ab initio. As a function of increasing Coulomb correlations, this new approach yields a weakly correlated metal, a strongly correlated metal, or a Mott insulator. In this paper, we introduce the LDA+DMFT method by means of an example, LaMnO(3). Results for this material, including the 'colossal' magnetoresistance of doped manganites, are presented. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the LDA+DMFT approach.

Orbital fluctuations in the different phases of LaVO(3) and YVO(3).

We investigate the importance of quantum orbital fluctuations in the orthorhombic and monoclinic phases of the Mott insulators LaVO(3) and YVO(3). First, we construct ab initio material-specific t(2g) Hubbard models. Then, by using dynamical mean-field theory, we calculate the spectral matrix as a function of temperature. Our Hubbard bands and Mott gaps are in very good agreement with spectroscopy. We show that in orthorhombic LaVO(3), quantum orbital fluctuations are strong and that they are suppressed only in the monoclinic 140 K phase. In YVO(3)the suppression happens already at 300 K. We show that Jahn-Teller and GdFeO3-type distortions are both crucial in determining the type of orbital and magnetic order in the low temperature phases.

Insights from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of an undoped four-layered two-gap high-T(c) superconductor.

An undoped cuprate with apical fluorine and inner (i) and outer (o) CuO(2) layers is a 60 K superconductor whose Fermi surface has large n- and p-doped sheets with the superconducting gap on the n sheet twice that on the p sheet. The Fermi surface is not reproduced by the local density approximation, but the screening must be substantially reduced due to electronic correlations, and oxygen in the o layers must be allowed to dimple outwards. This charges the i layers by 0.01|e|, causes a 0.4 eV Madelung-potential difference between the i and o layers, quenches the i-o hopping, and localizes the n sheets onto the i layers, thus protecting their d-wave pairs from being broken by scattering on impurities in the BaF layers. The correlation-reduced screening strengthens the coupling to z-axis phonons.

Modulation of the withdrawal reflex during hemiplegic gait: effect of stimulation site and gait phase.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the sensitivity of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex to stimulation of different locations on the sole of the foot during hemiplegic gait. METHODS: Reflexes were evoked by cutaneous electrical stimulation of 4 locations on the sole of the foot of 7 hemiplegic and 6 age-matched healthy persons. The stimuli were delivered at heel-contact, during foot-flat, at heel-off, and during mid-swing. Reflexes were recorded from muscles of the stimulated and the contralateral leg. Ankle, knee, and hip joints angles were recorded using goniometers. RESULTS: In the hemiplegic persons, the size of tibialis anterior reflexes, and the latency of soleus reflexes were site- and phase-modulated. In both groups, the tibialis anterior reflexes were significantly smaller with stimulation to the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint and the heel compared with the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the arch of the foot. The tibialis anterior reflexes evoked at heel-off and mid-swing were larger in hemiplegic persons than in healthy persons. Reflexes in the proximal and contralateral limb muscles were not site-modulated during hemiplegic gait. The kinematic response at the ankle joint was also different in the two groups during mid-swing. CONCLUSIONS: Hemiplegic and healthy middle-aged people presented different phase-modulation of the kinematic and muscle nociceptive reflex responses evoked by stimulation delivered on the sole of the foot. SIGNIFICANCE: The results have potential application in programs to rehabilitate hemiplegic gait.

Pressure-induced metal-insulator transition in LaMnO3 is not of Mott-Hubbard type.

Calculations employing the local density approximation combined with static and dynamical mean field theories (LDA+U and LDA+DMFT) indicate that the metal-insulator transition observed at 32 GPa in paramagnetic LaMnO3 at room temperature is not a Mott-Hubbard transition, but is caused by orbital splitting of the majority-spin eg bands. For LaMnO3 to be insulating at pressures below 32 GPa, both on-site Coulomb repulsion and Jahn-Teller distortion are needed.

An overview of the BEEP Stavanger workshop.

Within the three-year European Research Project BEEP (Biological Effects of Environmental Pollution in marine ecosystems), a workshop was carried out at the facility of Akvamiljø a.s. with the scientific support of IRIS (International Research Institute of Stavanger) researchers. Validation of newly developed biomarkers, especially at the molecular level, was the core part of the activity. Two large scale mesocosm exposures were done and samples shared between the participants (about 30 Institute), allowing an integrated approach for studying the effects of several pollutants selected as environmentally important issues (i.e. PAHs, alkyl phenols, bisphenol A, diallyl phthalate and polybrominated diphenyl ether). In addition, a field study (Visne, Norway) has been performed for the validations of biomarkers under environmental conditions. The Stavanger workshop demonstrates the importance of collaboration between researchers to establish common ways to proceed in biomarker analysis. The common exposures encourage a joint strategy for planning biomonitoring activity. A clarification in this direction is needed to coordinate results from numerous studies about the environmental impact of pollutants which are currently carried out all over Europe and around the world. Expertise in various disciplines is required to plan and perform a successful monitoring activity and to study/predict the effect of environmental pollutants. Biologists, chemists, statisticians and environmental researchers should always be included. The Stavanger workshop also indicated the importance of developing multivariate statistical methods to enable interpretation of complex data sets. It is of interest to develop statistical tools which can integrate the results from a battery of biomarkers in order to obtain a more complete picture of environmental impact.

Preliminary study of responses in mussel (Mytilus edilus) exposed to bisphenol A, diallyl phthalate and tetrabromodiphenyl ether.

Environmental pollutants with hormonal activity including bisphenol, diallyl phtalate and tetrabromodiphenyl ether, have the potential to alter gonadal development and reproduction in aquatic wildlife. Little is known about the biological impact of environmentally relevant concentrations in mussels. To investigate some aspects of their potential estrogenic action, mussels were continuously exposed during 3 weeks. Gonadal development and vitellogenin like protein levels were examined. Bisphenol (50 microg/l) induced the expression of phospho-proteins in females and spawning in both sexes. Diallyl phthalate and tetrabromodiphenyl ether decreased phospho-protein levels in both sexes and induced spawning in males. Moreover, severe damaging effects on ovarian follicles and ovocytes were observed in both bisphenol A- and tetrabromodiphenyl ether-exposed female mussels.

An ecotoxicoproteomic approach (SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry) to biomarker discovery in crab exposed to pollutants under laboratory conditions.

Ciphergen ProteinChip Technology is a proteomic tool, used for the discovery of new and sensitive biomarkers. This approach was used to evaluate the protein profile of crabs exposed to various pollutants. Two different exposure experiments were performed: spider crabs (Hyas araneus) were exposed for 3 weeks to diallyl phatalate (DAP), bisphenol A (BisA) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-47), while shore crabs (Carcinus maeanas) were exposed to crude oil, crude oil spiked with alkylphenols (APs) and 4-nonylphenol (NP). Gender and species-related protein pattern alterations were observed and compared to controls. Results showed different responses to pollutants by the two species. Major disruption in protein peak expression was observed in samples exposed to mixtures of pollutants, i.e. oil spiked with APs. Compared to shore crab, spider crab species showed a lower degree of response in terms of number of altered protein peaks following exposure. In general, female individuals of both species showed a larger number of significantly altered proteins compared to males. Data analysis by non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was performed. Bi-dimesional-MDS plots revealed a good separation of groups for both spider and shore crabs. In some cases, a good discrimination can also be observed between the two genders within each treatment. Results highlight the potential of crabs as sentinel organisms for the aquatic environment. The results indicate that SELDI-ToF technology is a powerful tool to discover protein expression signatures for different pollutants and sex dependent responses.