ABSTRACT
AIM: To find predictors of abnormal retinal vascularisation in moderately to late preterm newborn infants considered to have no risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity. METHODS: Seventy-eight infants (34 girls) were recruited from a longitudinal study of otherwise healthy premature children born at a gestational age of 32 + 0-36 + 6 weeks. Retinal vessel morphology was evaluated at mean postnatal age 7 days. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels were analysed in umbilical cord blood. RESULTS: Of the 78 infants, 21 (27%) had abnormal retinal vessel morphology; they had significantly lower median (range) birth weight [1850 g, (1190-3260), vs. 2320, (1330-3580), p < 0.0001], shorter birth length [43.0 cm, (38-49), vs. 46.0, (40-50), p < 0.0001] and smaller head circumference [31.0 cm, (27.7-34.0), vs. 32.0, (27.5-36.5), p = 0.003]. They also had significantly lower gestational age [34 + 1 weeks, (32 + 2-35 + 3), vs. 34 + 6, (32 + 2-36 + 6), p = 0.004] and mean ± SD IGF-I levels (24.6 ± 17.0 µg/L vs. 46.7 ± 21.5, p < 0.0001). A higher percentage of these infants were small for gestational age (57.1% vs. 15.8%, p = 0.001), and maternal hypertension/preeclampsia rates were also higher (47.6% vs. 19.3%, p = 0.03). Step-wise logistic regression showed that birth weight was the strongest predictor of abnormal retinal vascularisation (p < 0.0001, odds ratio 0.040, 95% confidence interval 0.007-0.216). CONCLUSION: In this population of moderately to late preterm newborns, birth weight appeared to affect the retinal vascular system.
Subject(s)
Birth Weight/physiology , Infant, Premature , Infant, Small for Gestational Age , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis , Pregnancy Complications , Retinal Neovascularization/etiology , Retinal Vessels/pathology , Female , Fetal Blood , Fundus Oculi , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Small for Gestational Age/blood , Infant, Small for Gestational Age/physiology , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Pre-Eclampsia , Pregnancy , Pregnancy in Diabetics , Retinal Neovascularization/blood , Retinal Neovascularization/pathology , Risk Factors , SwedenABSTRACT
AIM: To evaluate ophthalmological findings in children with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). METHODS: An ophthalmological evaluation including visual acuity (VA), refraction, strabismus, near point of convergence (NPC), slit-lamp examination, ophthalmoscopy, axial length measurements and full-field electroretinogram was performed on 18 children with SRS (8 girls, 10 boys; mean age 11.6 years). Fundus photographs were taken for digital image analysis. Data were compared with data on an age- and gender-matched reference group (ref) of school children (n=99). RESULTS: Seventeen out of 18 children with SRS had ophthalmological abnormalities. Best corrected VA of the best eye was <0.1 log of the minimal angle of resolution in 11 children (ref n=98) (p<0.0001), and 11 children had refractive errors (ref n=33) (p=0.05). Anisometropia (≥1 dioptre) was noted in three of the children (ref n=3) (p=0.046). Subnormal stereo acuity and NPC were found in 2/16 (ref=0) (p=0.02). The total axial length in both eyes was shorter compared with that in controls (p<0.006 and p<0.001). Small optic discs were found in 3/16, large cup in 3/16 and increased tortuosity of retinal vessels in 4/13 children with SRS. CONCLUSION: Children with SRS, who are severely intrauterine growth retarded, show significant ophthalmological abnormalities. Based on the present findings, ophthalmological examination is recommended in children with SRS.
