Pain Neuroscience Education in elective surgery patients: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) consists of an educational strategy that seeks to understand the biological processes of pain and how to control it. The main objective of this study will be to evaluate the impact of PNE on outcomes related to the postoperative period. The hypothesis is that the intervention may positively influence postoperative recovery, contributing to pain control, clinical indications, acceptance and consumption of analgesics and other pharmacological drugs that contribute to its control, as well as psychological aspects, such as anxiety, depression and pain catastrophising. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This will be an open, parallel, multicentre and randomised controlled clinical trial. A total of 100 participants aged between 18 and 59 years of age, of both genders, who are going to have elective general surgery will be evaluated. The intervention group will participate in a preoperative pain neuroscience educational session and also receive usual preoperative care, while the control group receives usual preoperative care as well. The educational session will last 30 min and consists of a video (5:20 min), a questionnaire about the content, time for participants to express their beliefs, thoughts and doubts. Participants will be evaluated preoperatively and there will be one postintervention evaluation. The intensity and characteristics of pain and anxiety are evaluated as primary outcomes. As secondary outcomes, pain catastrophising and depression are taken into account. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Ceilandia, the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Strategic Health Management of the Federal District and the Research Council of the Hospital of Brasília-Rede Dasa (CAAE: 28572420.3.0000.8093). Recruitment began in June of 2023. All participants were included in the study only after their written consent. All data obtained will be analysed and distributed through publication in journals and at scientific events. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) (RBR-23mr7yy).

Análise das variáveis perioperatórias e sua relação com as complicações em Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica / Analysis of perioperative variables and their relationship with complications in the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit / Análisis de variables perioperatorias y su relación con complicaciones en la Unidad de Cuidados Postanestésicos

Objetivo: analisar as frequências das complicações em Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica (SRPA) por especialidades cirúrgicas e sua associação com variáveis pré, intra e pós-operatórias imediatas. Método: estudo transversal, com 98 pacientes. Utilizaram-se dados perioperatórios, coletados por meio de entrevista, exame físico e prontuário eletrônico; e análises descritivas, bivariadas e regressão logística. Resultados: hipotermia foi mais frequente nas cirurgias geral e ginecológica em mulheres, sendo associada às anestesias geral ou raquidiana e ao posicionamento litotômico (p<0,05). Náuseas em cirurgias gerais e ginecológicas (p=0,05), e vômitos nas gerais (p=0,01). Dor nas cirurgias gerais, associada à anestesia geral e à prescrição de analgésicos no intraoperatório (p<0,05). Cirurgia geral aumenta 3,5 vezes as chances de dor em SRPA (p=0,01). Conclusão: encontrou-se maior frequência de hipotermia, dor e náuseas/vômitos, associadas às especialidades ginecológica e geral, ao sexo feminino, posicionamento cirúrgico litotômico, à prescrição de analgésicos no intraoperatório e às anestesias raquidiana e geral.

Objective: to analyze the frequencies of complications in the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU) by surgical specialties and their association with pre-, intra- and immediate postoperative variables. Method: cross-sectional study with 98 patients. Perioperative data were used, collected through interviews, physical examination and electronic medical records; and descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Results: hypothermia was more frequent in general and gynecological surgeries in women, being associated with general or spinal anesthesia and lithotomy positioning (p<0.05); nausea in general and gynecological surgeries (p=0.05), and vomiting in general (p=0.01); pain in general surgeries, associated with general anesthesia and intraoperative prescription of analgesics (p<0.05). General surgery increased the chances of pain in the PACU by 3.5 times (p=0.01). Conclusion: there was a higher frequency of hypothermia, pain and nausea/vomiting associated with gynecological and general specialties, female sex, lithotomy surgical position, intraoperative analgesic prescription and spinal and general anesthesia.

Objetivo: analizar las frecuencias de las complicaciones en la Unidad de Cuidados Post Anestésicos (UCPA) por especialidades quirúrgicas y su asociación con variables pre, intra y postoperatorias inmediatas. Método: estudio transversal con 98 pacientes. Se utilizaron datos perioperatorios, recolectados a través de entrevistas, examen físico y prontuario electrónico; y análisis de regresión descriptiva, bivariada y logística. Resultados: la hipotermia fue más frecuente en cirugías generales y ginecológicas en mujeres, asociándose a anestesia general o espinal y posicionamiento litotómico (p<0.05). Náuseas en general y cirugías ginecológicas (p=0.05), y vómitos en general (p=0.01). Dolor en cirugías generales, asociado a anestesia general y prescripción intraoperatoria de analgésicos (p<0.05). La cirugía general aumenta las posibilidades de dolor en la UCPA 3.5 veces (p=0.01). Conclusión: hubo mayor frecuencia de hipotermia, dolor y náuseas/vómitos, asociados a especialidades ginecológicas y generales, sexo femenino, posicionamiento quirúrgico litotómico, prescripción analgésica intraoperatoria y anestesia raquídea y general.

Greater expression of the human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: analytical cross-sectional study / Aumento da expressão do antígeno leucocitário humano-G (HLA-G) e interleucina-17 (IL-17) em neoplasia intraepitelial cervical: estudo transversal analítico

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:Impaired local cell immunity seems to contribute towards the pathogenesis and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but the underlying molecular mechanisms promoting its progression remain unclear. Identification of new molecular markers for prognosis and diagnosis of early-stage CIN may aid in decreasing the numbers of CIN cases. Several novel immunoregulatory molecules have been discovered over the past few years, including the human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), which through interaction with its receptors exerts important tolerogenic functions. Several lines of evidence suggest that T-helper interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing cells (Th17 cells) may play a role in antitumor immunity. However, recent reports have implicated Th17 cells and their cytokines in both pro and anti-tumorigenic processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the roles of HLA-G and Th17 in the immunopathogenesis of CIN I.DESIGN AND SETTING:Analytical cross-sectional study with a control group using 58 cervical specimens from the files of a public university hospital providing tertiary-level care.METHODS:We examined HLA-G and IL-17 expression in the cervical microenvironment by means of immunohistochemistry, and correlated these findings with clinical and pathological features.RESULTS:There was a greater tendency towards HLA-G and IL-17 expression in specimens that showed CIN I, thus suggesting that these molecules have a contribution towards cervical progression.CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that HLA-G and IL-17 expression may be an early marker for assessing the progression of cervical lesions.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:A deficiência na imunidade celular localizada parece contribuir para a patogênese e progressão das neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais (NIC), no entanto, ainda não está totalmente esclarecido o mecanismo molecular fundamental nesse processo de progressão. A identificação de novos marcadores moleculares de prognóstico e diagnóstico das NIC em estágios precoces pode ajudar a diminuir a quantidade de casos de NIC. Várias novas moléculas com função imunorregulatória foram descobertas nos últimos anos, inclusive o antígeno leucocitário humano G (HLA-G), que, através de interação com os receptores, tem importantes funções tolerogênicas. Diversas linhas de evidência sugerem que as células T-ajudantes produtoras de interleucina-17 (IL-17, células Th17), podem desempenhar um papel na imunidade antitumoral. Porém, recentes relatos implicaram as células Th17 e suas citocinas tanto em processos pro- quanto anti-tumorigênicos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o papel do HLA-G e Th17 na imunopatogênese das NIC I.TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:Estudo transversal analítico com grupo controle em 58 espécimes cervicais dos arquivos de um hospital universitário público com assistência prestada no nível terciário.MÉTODOS:Avaliamos a expressão de HLA-G e IL-17 por imunoistoquímica no microambiente cervical, associando esses achados com as características clínico-patológicas.RESULTADOS:Houve tendência aumentada da expressão de HLA-G e IL-17 em espécimes que apresentaram NIC I, sugerindo que essas moléculas têm contribuição na progressão cervical.CONCLUSÃO:Estes resultados sugerem que a expressão do HLA-G e da IL-17 pode ser um marcador precoce para avaliar a progressão das lesões cervicais.

Greater expression of the human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: analytical cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Impaired local cell immunity seems to contribute towards the pathogenesis and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but the underlying molecular mechanisms promoting its progression remain unclear. Identification of new molecular markers for prognosis and diagnosis of early-stage CIN may aid in decreasing the numbers of CIN cases. Several novel immunoregulatory molecules have been discovered over the past few years, including the human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), which through interaction with its receptors exerts important tolerogenic functions. Several lines of evidence suggest that T-helper interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing cells (Th17 cells) may play a role in antitumor immunity. However, recent reports have implicated Th17 cells and their cytokines in both pro and anti-tumorigenic processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the roles of HLA-G and Th17 in the immunopathogenesis of CIN I. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study with a control group using 58 cervical specimens from the files of a public university hospital providing tertiary-level care. METHODS: We examined HLA-G and IL-17 expression in the cervical microenvironment by means of immunohistochemistry, and correlated these findings with clinical and pathological features. RESULTS: There was a greater tendency towards HLA-G and IL-17 expression in specimens that showed CIN I, thus suggesting that these molecules have a contribution towards cervical progression. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that HLA-G and IL-17 expression may be an early marker for assessing the progression of cervical lesions.