Norbuprenorphine Interferences in Urine Drug Testing LC-MS-MS Confirmation Methods from Quetiapine Metabolites.

Norbuprenorphine interferences were observed in urine drug testing LC-MS-MS confirmation methods used to assess patient compliance with prescribed buprenorphine for chronic pain and opioid use disorder. The interferences were observed in the norbuprenorphine MS-MS transitions, m/z 414.4/83.1 and 414.4/187.2, at and near the norbuprenorphine retention time at multiple laboratories using different sample preparation procedures and chromatographic conditions. When the interferences were present, a norbuprenorphine result could not be reported. Upon investigation, the interferences were correlated with prescribed quetiapine (Seroquel, Seroquel XR), a second-generation antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and more recently as an adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder. In addition to the approved indications, quetiapine is prescribed off-label for other conditions including insomnia and anxiety disorders. Off-label prescribing has increased in recent years, thereby exacerbating this analytical issue. Here, we present the study of four quetiapine metabolites found to have significant direct or potential interferences in norbuprenorphine quantitation. The four metabolites were putatively identified as two hydroxyquetiapine acids differing in the site of hydroxylation and a quetiapine sulfoxide acid diastereomer pair. As a result of this study, interference-free norbuprenorphine MS-MS transitions, m/z 414.4/340.2 and 414.4/326.1, were found that were selective for norbuprenorphine while maintaining an acceptable 10 ng/mL lower limit of quantitation.

Factors Compromising Glucuronidase Performance in Urine Drug Testing Potentially Resulting in False Negatives.

Next generation ß-glucuronidases can effectively cleave glucuronides in urine at room temperature. However, during the discovery studies, additional challenges were identified for urine drug testing across biologically relevant pH extremes and patient urine specimens. Different enzymes were evaluated across clinical urine specimens and commercially available urine control matrices. Each enzyme shows distinct substrate preferences, pH optima, and variability across clinical specimens. These results demonstrate how reliance on a single glucuronidated substrate as the internal hydrolysis control cannot ensure performance across a broader panel of analytes. Moreover, sample specific urine properties compromise ß-glucuronidases to varying levels, more pronounced for some enzymes, and thereby lower the recovery of some drug analytes in an enzyme-specific manner. A minimum of 3-fold dilution of urine with buffer yields measurable improvements in achieving target pH and reducing the impact of endogenous compounds on enzyme performance. After subjecting the enzymes to pH extremes and compromising chemicals, one particular ß-glucuronidase was identified that addressed many of these challenges and greatly lower the risk of failed hydrolyses. In summary, we present strategies to evaluate glucuronidases that aid in higher accuracy urine drug tests with lower potential for false negatives.

The determination of thiocyanate in the blood plasma and holding water of Amphiprion clarkii after exposure to cyanide.

The illegal practice of cyanide fishing continues throughout the Indo-Pacific. To combat this destructive fishing method, a reliable test to detect whether a fish has been captured using cyanide (CN) is needed. We report on the toxicokinetics of acute, pulsed CN exposure and chronic thiocyanate (SCN) exposure, the major metabolite of CN, in the clownfish species, Amphiprion clarkii. Fish were pulse exposed to 50 ppm CN for 20 or 45 s or chronically exposed to 100 ppm SCN for 12 days and blood plasma levels of SCN were measured. SCN blood plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (301-468 ppb) 0.13-0.17 days after exposure to CN and had a 0.1 to 1.2 day half-life. The half-life of blood plasma SCN after chronic exposure to SCN was found to be 0.13 days. Interestingly, we observed that when a fish, with no previous CN or SCN exposure, was placed in holding water spiked to 20 ppb SCN, there was a steady decrease in the SCN concentration in the holding water until it could no longer be detected at 24 hrs. Under chronic exposure conditions (100 ppm, 12 days), trace levels of SCN (∼40 ppb) were detected in the holding water during depuration but decreased to below detection within the first 24 hrs. Our holding water experiments demonstrate that low levels of SCN in the holding water of A. clarkii will not persist, but rather will quickly and steadily decrease to below detection limits refuting several publications. After CN exposure, A. clarkii exhibits a classic two compartment model where SCN is eliminated from the blood plasma and is likely distributed throughout the body. Similar studies of other species must be examined to continue to develop our understanding of CN metabolism in marine fish before a reliable cyanide detection test can be developed.

Characterization of an Amphetamine Interference from Gabapentin in an LC-HRMS Method.

An amphetamine interference was observed during the development of an liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) multi-class confirmation method for the determination of 47 drugs and metabolites in urine. The interference passed all qualitative criteria for amphetamine leading to potential false-positive results. Upon investigation, it was found that the amphetamine interference was correlated with the presence of high levels of gabapentin. Gabapentin is routinely detected in patient urine specimens at levels in excess of 1 mg/mL as it is widely prescribed at high doses and does not undergo significant metabolism. The source of the interference was identified as a gabapentin in-source fragment isomeric with protonated amphetamine. Here we describe the characterization of this interference and how its effect was mitigated in the LC-HRMS method.

Correction: Can excreted thiocyanate be used to detect cyanide exposure in live reef fish?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196841.].

Can excreted thiocyanate be used to detect cyanide exposure in live reef fish?

Cyanide fishing, where a solution of sodium or potassium cyanide is used to stun reef fish for easy capture for the marine aquarium and live fish food trades, continues to be pervasive despite being illegal in many countries and destructive to coral reef ecosystems. Currently, there is no easy, reliable and universally accepted method to detect if a fish has been exposed to cyanide during the capture process. A promising non-invasive technique for detecting thiocyanate ions, the metabolic byproduct excreted by exposed fish, has been reported in the literature. In an effort to validate this method, four cyanide exposure studies on Amphiprion ocellaris (common clownfish) were carried out over three years. Fish were either exposed to the same (25 ppm) or twice the concentration (50 ppm) as the previsouly published method. Over 100 water samples of fish exposed to cyanide were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with a C30 column treated with polyethylene glycol and UV detector operating at 220 nm. No thiocyanate was detected beyond the analytical standards and positive controls prepared in seawater. As an alternate means of detecting thiocyanate, water samples and thiocyanate standards from these exposures were derivatized with monobromobimane (MBB) for LC-MS/MS analysis. Thiocyanate was detected in standards with concentrations as low as 0.6 µg/L and quantified to 1 µg/L, but thiocyanate could not be detected in any of the water samples from fish exposed to cyanide with this method either, confirming the HPLC results. Further, we calculated both the mass balance of thiocyanate and the resultant plausible dosage of cyanide from the data reported in the previously published method. These calculations, along with the known lethal dosage of cyanide, further suggests that the detection of thiocyanate in aquarium water is not a viable method for assessing fish exposure to cyanide.

Analysis of isomeric opioids in urine using LC-TIMS-TOF MS.

In the present work, a fast separation, identification and quantification workflow based on liquid chromatography coupled to trapped ion mobility in tandem with mass spectrometry (LC-TIMS-MS) is described for the analysis of common isomeric drugs of abuse and their metabolites in human urine. In particular, the analytical performance of LC-TIMS-MS is shown for identification based on retention time, collision cross section and accurate mass for three sets of common isomeric opioids and their deuterated analogs in urine. The LC-TIMS-MS analysis provided limits of detection of 1.4-35.2 ng/mL with demonstrated linearity up to 500 ng/mL, enabling discovery and targeted monitoring (DTM) of opioids in urine, with high precision in retention times (RT) (< 0.3%), collision cross sections (CCS) (< 0.6%) and mass accuracy (< 1 ppm) across multiple measurements using external calibration. A good agreement was observed between theoretical and experimental CCS from candidate structures optimized at the DFT/B3LYP level. The need for complementary liquid and mobility separations prior to mass analysis is shown for the analysis of complex mixtures, with mobility resolving power of 80-130. The reproducibility and high speed of LC-TIMS-MS analysis provides a powerful platform for drug and metabolite screening in biological matrices with higher precision and confidence than traditional LC-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) approaches.

Identification of Novel Opioid Interferences using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Novel opioid interferences were observed during the development of a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry urine drug testing method for 47 analytes from multiple drug classes. The interferences affected both analytes and internal standards and were only observed when the method was challenged with patient samples. Some interferences were attributable to isomeric opioid metabolites not previously reported while others were due to interference from in-source dissociations or 13C isotopic contributions from known opioid metabolites not typically monitored as analytes. Based on patient drug profiles, known and inferred metabolism, accurate mass, retention time and MS/MS spectrum, the putative identity of each interference was assigned and later confirmed, when possible, using an authentic standard. Opioids are some of the most frequently monitored analytes in urine drug testing laboratories. Because of the potential for co-purification, co-chromatography and spectral similarity, it is anticipated that the reported opioid metabolite interferences could be present with other method conditions and instrument platforms. The objectives of this work are to raise awareness of these interferences and emphasize the importance of evaluating patient samples for potential interferences during method development.

Designer Drugs: A Synthetic Catastrophe.

Synthetic stimulants can cause hallucinations, aggressive behaviors, death and are sometimes legal. These substances are sold as plant food and bath salts that are "Not for Human Consumption", therefore skirting the 1986 Federal Analogue Act and giving a false pretense of safety. Studies have proved that these substances are toxic, have a high abuse potential, and are becoming extremely prevalent in the United States. This creates a dilemma for law enforcement agents, hospitals, and substance use disorder treatment centers. Urine Drug Testing is utilized as a clinical diagnostic tool in substance use disorder treatment centers, and the furious pace at which new synthetic stimulants are introduced to the black market are making the detection via urine increasingly difficult. This article will discuss the prevalence, pharmacology and difficulty developing laboratory assays to detect synthetic stimulants.

Structural basis of Src tyrosine kinase inhibition with a new class of potent and selective trisubstituted purine-based compounds.

The tyrosine kinase pp60src (Src) is the prototypical member of a family of proteins that participate in a broad array of cellular signal transduction processes, including cell growth, differentiation, survival, adhesion, and migration. Abnormal Src family kinase (SFK) signaling has been linked to several disease states, including osteoporosis and cancer metastases. Src has thus emerged as a molecular target for the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors that regulate Src kinase activity by binding to the ATP pocket within the catalytic domain. Here, we present crystal structures of the kinase domain of Src in complex with two purine-based inhibitors: AP23451, a small-molecule inhibitor designed to inhibit Src-dependent bone resorption, and AP23464, a small-molecule inhibitor designed to inhibit the Src-dependent metastatic spread of cancer. In each case, a trisubstituted purine template core was elaborated using structure-based drug design to yield a potent Src kinase inhibitor. These structures represent early examples of high affinity purine-based Src family kinase-inhibitor complexes, and they provide a detailed view of the specific protein-ligand interactions that lead to potent inhibition of Src. In particular, the 3-hydroxyphenethyl N9 substituent of AP23464 forms unique interactions with the protein that are critical to the picomolar affinity of this compound for Src. The comparison of these new structures with two relevant kinase-inhibitor complexes provides a structural basis for the observed kinase inhibitory selectivity. Further comparisons reveal a concerted induced-fit movement between the N- and C-terminal lobes of the kinase that correlates with the affinity of the ligand. Binding of the most potent inhibitor, AP23464, results in the largest induced-fit movement, which can be directly linked to interactions of the hydrophenethyl N9 substituent with a region at the interface between the two lobes. A less pronounced induced-fit movement is also observed in the Src-AP23451 complex. These new structures illustrate how the combination of structural, computational, and medicinal chemistry can be used to rationalize the process of developing high affinity, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.