Eliminating Potential Effects of Other Infections During Selection of Nonhuman Primates for COVID-19 Research.

The study of nonhuman primates (NHP) can provide significant insights into our understanding numerous infectious agents. The etiological agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 virus, first emerged in 2019 and has so far been responsible for the deaths of over 4 million people globally. In the frenzied search to understand its pathogenesis and immunology and to find measures for prevention and control of this pandemic disease, NHP, particularly macaques, are the preferred model because they manifest similar clinical signs and immunologic features as humans. However, possible latent, subclinical, and opportunistic infections not previously detected in animals participating in a study may obscure experimental results and confound data interpretations in testing treatments and vaccine studies for COVID-19. Certain pathophysiologic changes that occur with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection are similar to those of simian pathogens. The current review discusses numerous coinfections of COVID-19 with other diseases and describes possible outcomes and mechanisms in COVID-19 studies of NHP that have coinfections. Due to the urgency triggered by the pandemic, screening that is more rigorous than usual is necessary to limit background noise and maximize the reliability of data from NHP COVID-19 studies. Screening for influenza virus, selected respiratory bacteria, and regional endemic pathogens such as vector-borne agents, together with the animal's individual exposure history, should be the main considerations in selecting a NHP for a COVID-19 study. In addition, because NHP are susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, management and surveillance measures should be established to prevent transmission to healthy animals from infected colony animals and husbandry staff. This review presents compiled data on the use of NHP in COVID-19 studies, emphasizing the need to create the most reliable NHP model for those studies by extensive screening for other pathogens.

Morphometry of cryopreserved organs from the gastrointestinal system of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus, Linnaeus, 1758) for improvement of management.

BACKGROUND: Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are fundamental for countless types of research and their phylogenetic similarities with humans make them valuable biomodels. Saimiri (squirrel monkeys) is the New World simian genus that is most widely used in research; however, little is known about the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of these animals. METHODS: The morphological and topographical aspects of GIT organs from 14 previously frozen carcasses of captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were described as a means for refining clinical and laboratory diagnoses, with the aim of providing a basis for clinical assessments and animal management. The carcasses were gradually thawed, macroscopically evaluated for their appearance, measured, weighed, photographed, and necropsied. The characteristics of all the GIT organs (main and accessories) were evaluated, with measurement of the dimensions and description of the shape, consistency, and color of each one. RESULTS: The stomach of squirrel monkeys is simple and of non-compartmentalized type and the cecum does not have numerous folds, compared with other species. These characteristics are compatible with omnivorous simian species with no adaptive digestive specialization for the food fermentation process. Significant correlations were found between the weights of the carcass and GIT (p < .05); carcass and tongue (0.83; p < .01); and liver and right salivary gland (0.83; p < .01). It was also observed that the animals showed good body score conformation and GIT organs in good condition, which indicated that their nutritional management had been adequate. Regarding the correlations found among the organs: (i) squirrel monkeys with heavier carcasses had better-developed GIT with greater food storage capacity; (ii) the bigger the animal was, the greater its overall muscle development was, including that of the tongue, which would enable intensification of its feeding activity; and (iii) the measurements of the esophagus, small and large intestines, pancreas, and salivary glands were not sex-dependent in Saimiri sciureus. CONCLUSIONS: Previously cryopreserved carcasses of squirrel monkeys can be used for gastrointestinal system studies, with the potential to make clinical, zootechnical, management, and scientific contributions.

The Sedentary Lifestyle and Masticatory Dysfunction: Time to Review the Contribution to Age-Associated Cognitive Decline and Astrocyte Morphotypes in the Dentate Gyrus.

As aging and cognitive decline progresses, the impact of a sedentary lifestyle on the appearance of environment-dependent cellular morphologies in the brain becomes more apparent. Sedentary living is also associated with poor oral health, which is known to correlate with the rate of cognitive decline. Here, we will review the evidence for the interplay between mastication and environmental enrichment and assess the impact of each on the structure of the brain. In previous studies, we explored the relationship between behavior and the morphological features of dentate gyrus glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes during aging in contrasting environments and in the context of induced masticatory dysfunction. Hierarchical cluster and discriminant analysis of GFAP-positive astrocytes from the dentate gyrus molecular layer revealed that the proportion of AST1 (astrocyte arbors with greater complexity phenotype) and AST2 (lower complexity) are differentially affected by environment, aging and masticatory dysfunction, but the relationship is not straightforward. Here we re-evaluated our previous reconstructions by comparing dorsal and ventral astrocyte morphologies in the dentate gyrus, and we found that morphological complexity was the variable that contributed most to cluster formation across the experimental groups. In general, reducing masticatory activity increases astrocyte morphological complexity, and the effect is most marked in the ventral dentate gyrus, whereas the effect of environment was more marked in the dorsal dentate gyrus. All morphotypes retained their basic structural organization in intact tissue, suggesting that they are subtypes with a non-proliferative astrocyte profile. In summary, the increased complexity of astrocytes in situations where neuronal loss and behavioral deficits are present is counterintuitive, but highlights the need to better understand the role of the astrocyte in these conditions.

Function Over Mass: A Meta-Analysis on the Importance of Skeletal Muscle Quality in COVID-19 Patients.

COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is a highly contagious disease affecting both the higher and lower portions of the respiratory tract. This disease reached over 265 million people and has been responsible for over 5.25 million deaths worldwide. Skeletal muscle quality and total mass seem to be predictive of COVID-19 outcome. This systematic review aimed at providing a critical analysis of the studies published so far reporting on skeletal muscle mass in patients with COVID-19, with the intent of examining the eventual association between muscle status and disease severity. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate whether skeletal muscle quantity, quality and function were related to disease severity. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were conducted according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and reported according to the guidelines of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guide. From a total of 1,056 references found, 480 were selected after removing duplicates. Finally, only 7 met the specified inclusion criteria. The results of this meta-analysis showed that skeletal muscle quality, rather than quantity, was associated with COVID-19 severity, as confirmed by lower skeletal muscle density and lower handgrip strength in patients with severe disease. Muscle function assessment can thus be a valuable tool with prognostic value in COVID-19.

Retenção do conhecimento sobre saúde bucal em uma amostra de escolares de Nova Friburgo / Knowledge retention about oral health in a sample of school children from Nova Friburgo

As medidas de orientação para a prevenção da cárie apoiam-se na educação em saúde bucal do paciente. Este trabalho avaliou a retenção do conhecimento sobre saúde bucal em escolares, antes e depois da realização de oficinas educativas. Após a aprovação no comitê de ética em pesquisa (CEP Nº2.987.965) este estudo foi realizado com crianças do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública em Nova Friburgo-RJ. Um questionário sobre práticas de higiene bucal e dieta, e conhecimento sobre as doenças bucais foi desenvolvido e aplicado antes da realização de oficinas educativas em saúde bucal e 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após. A amostra foi de 136 escolares, 54,4% meninos e 45,6% meninas, com média de idade de 8,7 anos. Antes das oficinas as crianças relataram limpar seus dentes todos os dias (91,2%), pelo menos três vezes ao dia (60,3%), utilizando escova, pasta e fio dental (52,9%); 59,6% das crianças relataram saber o que causava a cárie antes das oficinas; 15 e 30 dias após as oficinas, os percentuais foram de 94,9% e 98,5%, respectivamente (p<0,05), diminuindo para 58,8% após 60 dias. Para a gengivite, apenas 11,8% das crianças relataram saber a causa da doença antes das oficinas; 15 e 30 dias após os percentuais foram de 81,6% e 94,9%, respectivamente, diminuindo para 13,2% após 60 dias. Com base nos resultados observou-se uma diminuição na retenção do conhecimento após 30 dias da realização das atividades educativas, sugerindo que esta população deva receber um programa de educação em saúde bucal de forma continuada.

Guidance measures for the prevention of caries are supported by education in the patient's oral health. This study evaluated the retention of knowledge about oral health in schoolchildren before and after educational workshops. After approval by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP No. 2,987,965) the study was carried out with elementary school children from a public school in Nova Friburgo. A questionnaire on hygiene and dietary practices and knowledge about oral diseases was applied before educational workshops on oral health and 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after. The sample consisted of 136 students, 54.4% boys and 45.6% girls, with an average age of 8.7 years. Before the workshops children reported cleaning their teeth every day (91.2%), at least three times a day (60.3%), using a brush, toothpaste and dental floss (52.9%); 59.6% of children reported knowing what caused decay before participating in the workshops; 15 and 30 days after the workshops the percentages were 94.9% and 98.5%, respectively (p <0.05), decreasing to 58.8% 60 days after. For gingivitis, only 11.8% of children reported knowing the cause of the disease before the workshops; 15 and 30 days after the percentages were 81.6% and 94.9%, respectively, decreasing to 13.2% after 60 days. Based on the results, there was a decrease in knowledge retention after 30 days of educational activities, suggesting that this population should receive an oral health education program on an ongoing basis.

Estudo de evidências de validade discriminante para o Desenho da Família Cinética / Study of evidence of discriminant validity for the Kinetic Family Drawing Test / Estudio de evidencias de validez discriminante para el Dibujo de la Familia Kinética

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar evidências de validade discriminante para o Desenho da Família Cinética. Pretendeu também analisar a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas, bem como a frequência e capacidade de discriminação de cada item de análise dessa técnica projetiva. Participaram 112 crianças de 9 a 12 anos pertencentes a dois grupos critério, sendo 80 da amostra normativa e 32 da amostra clínica (com problemas de aprendizagem). Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Desenho da Família Cinética, sua folha de correção e as Matrizes Progressivas e Coloridas de Raven. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais com o auxílio do software SPSS. Os principais resultados mostraram que a variável sociodemográfica Idade gerou efeito nos resultados obtidos; houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos-critério, corroborando para as evidências de validade discriminante; e apenas 38,46% dos itens de análise obtiveram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos critério. (AU)

This study aimed to investigate evidence of discriminant validity for the Kinetic Family Drawing test. It also intended to analyze the influence of sociodemographic variables, to evaluate the frequency and discriminatory capacity of each analysis item of this projective technique. Participants were 112 children from 9 to 12 years of age, belonging to two criterion groups, 80 from the normative sample and 32 from the clinical sample (with learning problems). The instruments used were the Kinetic Family Drawing test, its correction sheet and Raven's Progressive and Colored Matrices. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using the SPSS software. The main results showed that the sociodemographic variable age influenced the results obtained; there was a statistically significant difference between the criterion groups, corroborating the evidence of discriminant validity; while only 38.46% of the analysis items obtained statistically significant difference between the criterion groups. (AU)

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo principal investigar las evidencias de validez discriminatorias para el Dibujo de la Familia Kinética. También se pretendía analizar la influencia de las variables sociodemográficas, así como evaluar la frecuencia y la capacidad discriminatoria de cada ítem de análisis de esta técnica proyectiva. Participaron un total de 112 niños de 9 a 12 años, pertenecientes a dos grupos de criterios, 80 de la muestra normativa y 32 de la muestra clínica (con problemas de aprendizaje). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Dibujo de la Familia Kinética, su hoja de corrección y las Matrices Progresivas Coloreadas de Raven. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial con la ayuda del software SPSS. Los principales resultados mostraron que la variable sociodemográfica edad tuvo un efecto sobre los resultados obtenidos; hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos de criterios, corroborando la evidencia de validez discriminante; y solo el 38.46% de los ítems de análisis obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de criterios. (AU)

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Its Impact on Systemic Inflammation and Body Weight in Patients With Cancer Cachexia-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Body weight loss and inflammation are major alterations related to cancer cachexia, an important wasting syndrome highly prevalent in many types of cancer. Nutritional components modulate inflammation in several chronic diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) are well known for their anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of n-3 on cancer cachexia are still controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the reported effects of n-3 supplementation on body weight and inflammatory markers in patients with cancer cachexia. Articles indexed in the major scientific platforms were retrieved in agreement with the Preferring Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and 167 references were initially found. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this systematic review included six studies. Using a random-effects model with 95% CI, three effect sizes were expressed as standard mean difference (SMD). No differences were found regarding the effect of n-3 on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and albumin levels. Body weight analysis included only two studies, devoid of robust conclusions. The low number of studies, low sample size, and great intra-variability precluded a stronger analysis. More studies evaluating n-3 supplementation in cancer cachexia are still needed.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Nutritional Status: The Missing Link?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease that has reached pandemic status by rapidly spreading worldwide. Elderly individuals and patients with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension show a higher risk of hospitalization, severe disease, and mortality by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These patients frequently show exacerbated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines associated with an overreaction of the immune system, the so-called cytokine storm. Host nutritional status plays a pivotal role in the outcome of a variety of different infectious diseases. It is known that the immune system is highly affected by malnutrition, leading to decreased immune responses with consequent augmented risk of infection and disease severity. Body composition, especially low lean mass and high adiposity, has consistently been linked to worsened prognosis in many different diseases. In this review, evidence concerning the impact of nutritional status on viral infection outcomes is discussed.

Frequency of pulp canal obliteration in primary teeth after traumatic dental injury and its association with related variables / Frequência de obliteração do canal pulpar nos dentes decíduos após traumatismo dentário e sua associação com variáveis relacionadas

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of pulp canal obliteration (PCO) after traumatic dental injury (TDI) of primary anterior teeth and to investigate its relation with the related variables. Methods This retrospective study has been done with dental records of patients selected from the Paediatric Dental Trauma Clinic between 2006 and 2016. Those who had PCO in the primary anterior teeth and were aged 0-108 months at the time of trauma were considered eligible. Data related to patients and TDI, such as sex, the child's age at the time of trauma, aetiology, affected teeth, the child's age at the time of the eruption of the permanent successor as well as the presence of crown discoloration were extracted from the dental records. Results Among the 483 children with traumatised teeth, 14.9% had PCO and the most of them exhibited crown discoloration. The average age of the children at the time of the trauma was 38 months and the most common aetiology of the TDI was falls. The average time for the beginning of the PCO process was 13.5 months. There was no statistically significant association between the child's age at the time of trauma and the types of TDI, PCO and the presence of crown discoloration. Conclusions The frequency of PCO was relatively low though the presence of crown discoloration was considerable. There was no association between the child's age at the time of trauma and the studied variable.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de obliteração do canal pulpar (OCP) após traumatismo dos dentes decíduos anteriores e investigar sua associação com variáveis relacionadas. Métodos Este estudo retrospectivo foi realizado com base nos prontuários odontológicos de pacientes selecionados da Clínica de Trauma Dentário Pediátrico entre 2006 e 2016. Aqueles que tinham OCP nos dentes decíduos anteriores e tinham entre 0-108 meses no momento do traumatismo foram considerados elegíveis. Dados dos pacientes e dos traumatismos, tais como, sexo, idade da criança no momento do traumatismo, etiologia, dente afetado, idade da criança na época no momento da erupção do sucessor permanente, bem como presença de alteração de cor da coroa foram extraídos dos prontuários. Resultados Dentre as 483 crianças com dentes com traumatismos, 14.9% tinham OCP e a maioria delas apresentava alteração de cor da coroa. A média de idade da criança no momento do traumatismo foi de 38 meses e a etiologia mais comumente associada ao TD foram as quedas. O tempo médio decorrido para o início do processo de OCP foi de 13,5 meses. Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre a idade da criança no momento do traumatismo e os tipos de TD, OCP e presença de alteração de cor da coroa. Conclusão A frequência de OCP foi relativamente baixa, embora a presença de alteração da coroa tenha sido considerável. Não foi encontrada associação entre a idade da criança no momento do trauma e as variáveis estudadas.

Low Aedes aegypti Vector Competence for Zika Virus from Viremic Rhesus Macaques.

Despite worldwide efforts to understand the transmission dynamics of Zika virus (ZIKV), scanty evaluation has been made on the vector competence of Aedes aegypti fed directly on viremic human and non-human primates (NHPs). We blood-fed Ae. aegypti from two districts in Rio de Janeiro on six ZIKV infected pregnant rhesus macaques at several time points, half of which were treated with Sofosbuvir (SOF). Mosquitoes were analyzed for vector competence after 3, 7 and 14 days of incubation. Although viremia extended up to eight days post monkey inoculation, only mosquitoes fed on the day of the peak of viremia, recorded on day two, became infected. The influence of SOF treatment could not be assessed because the drug was administered just after mosquito feeding on day two. The global infection, dissemination and transmission rates were quite low (4.09%, 1.91% and 0.54%, respectively); no mosquito was infected when viremia was below 1.26 × 105 RNA copies/mL. In conclusion, Ae. aegypti vector competence for ZIKV from macaques is low, likely to be due to low viral load and the short duration of ZIKV viremia in primates suitable for infecting susceptible mosquitoes. If ZIKV infection in human and macaques behaves similarly, transmission of the Zika virus in nature is most strongly affected by vector density.

Sofosbuvir shows a protective effect against vertical transmission of Zika virus and the associated congenital syndrome in rhesus monkeys.

The outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Brazil, 2015-2016, were associated with severe congenital malformations. Our translational study aimed to test the efficacy of the antiviral agent sofosbuvir (SOF) against vertical transmission of ZIKV and the associated congenital syndrome (CZS), using a rhesus monkey model. Eight pregnant macaques were successfully infected during the organogenesis phase with a Brazilian ZIKV strain; five of them received SOF from two to fifteen days post-infection. Both groups of dams showed ZIKV-associated clinical signals, detectable ZIKV RNA in several specimens, specific anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG antibodies, and maternal neutralizing antibodies. However, malformations occurred only among non-treated dam offspring. Compared to non-treated animals, all SOF-treated dams had a shorter ZIKV viremia and four of five neonates had undetectable ZIKV RNA in blood and tissue samples. These results support further clinical evaluations aiming for the prevention of CZS.

Estudos de fidedignidade para o Desenho da Família Cinética / Reliability studies for the Kinetic Family Drawing / Estudios de confiabilidad para el Dibujo Kinético de la Familia

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar estudos de fidedignidade para o Desenho da Família Cinética, sendo estes relativos aos parâmetros de fidedignidade entre avaliadores, intra-avaliador e estabilidade temporal/teste-reteste. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Desenho da Família Cinética e o Teste das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven. Participaram desses estudos dois juízes e 66 crianças, sendo 16 com problemas de aprendizagem. Para a análise de dados, utilizou-se o coeficiente kappa de Cohen, a correlação ρ de Spearman e a diferença estatística entre as médias dos pontos por meio do Teste Wilcoxon. Os resultados mostraram índices substanciais a perfeitos de concordância nos estudos de fidedignidade entre avaliadores e intra-avaliador para todos os itens de análise do Desenho da Família Cinética e, no teste-reteste, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias das pontuações entre as duas aplicações. Conclui-se pela robustez psicométrica do Desenho da Família Cinética, em termos de indicadores de fidedignidade.(AU)

This study aimed to perform reliability analyses for the Kinetic Family Drawing, in relation to inter- and intra-rater reliability parameters and temporal/test-retest stability. The instruments used were the Kinetic Family Drawing and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrix Test. Twelve judges and 66 children participated in this study, 16 of whom had learning problems. For the data analysis, Cohen's kappa coefficient, Spearman's correlation coefficient ρ, and the statistical difference between the means of the points through the Wilcoxon test were used. The results showed substantial perfect agreement indices in the inter- and intra-rater reliability analyses for all items of the Kinetic Family Drawing, and in the test-retest there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two applications. The psychometric robustness of the Kinetic Family Drawing, in terms of reliability indicators, was confirmed.(AU)

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar estudios de confiabilidad para el Dibujo Kinético de la Familia, que se relaciona con los parámetros de referencia entre los evaluadores, intra-evaluadores y estabilidad temporal/test-retest. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Dibujo Kinético de la Familia y la Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven. Participaron de los estudios 2 jueces y 66 niños, siendo que 16 de ellos poseían problemas de aprendizaje. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el coeficiente kappa de Cohen, la correlación de Spearman ρ y la diferencia estadística entre las medias de los puntos por medio de la prueba de Wilcoxon. Los resultados mostraron índices de concordancia considerables en los estudios de confiabilidad entre evaluadores e intra-evaluadores para todos los ítems de análisis del Dibujo Kinético de la Familia y, en el test-retest, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las medias de las puntuaciones entre las dos aplicaciones. Se concluye por la robustez psicométrica del Dibujo Kinético de la Familia, en términos de indicadores de confiabilidad.(AU)

STATURE ESTIMATE OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY THROUGH SEGMENTAL MEASURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

OBJECTIVE: To review studies that evaluate the correspondence between the estimate height via segmental measures and the actual height of children with cerebral palsy. DATA SOURCES: Systematic literature review between 1995-2018, guided by the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), in PubMed, BVS, MEDLINE and Lilacs databases. The descriptors, connected by the AND Boolean Operators, were: anthropometry, cerebral palsy, child and body height. The research comprised papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with Qualis-CAPES equal or superior to B3 that addressed the question: "Is there any correlation between estimate height by equations and direct height measures in children with cerebral palsy?" 152 studies were recovered and seven were selected. Their methodological quality was assessed by the scale of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). DATA SYNTHESIS: Most studies showed no correspondence between estimated and real height. Studies that showed coincidence of the measures contain limitations that could jeopardize the results (sample losses, small samples and exclusion of patients with severe contractures, scoliosis and severe cerebral palsy). Japanese researchers developed an equation which harmoniously aligns the statures; the study comprised only Japanese patients, though. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of accuracy in height measures to evaluate infant health, it is crucial to carry out more researches in order to safely establish an association between both estimate and real statures. The development of anthropometric protocols, emerged from such researches, would benefit the follow-up of children with severe psychomotor disabilities.

Stature estimate of children with cerebral palsy through segmental measures: a systematic review / Estimativa de estatura em crianças com paralisia cerebral por meio de medidas segmentares: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To review studies that evaluate the correspondence between the estimate height via segmental measures and the actual height of children with cerebral palsy. Data sources: Systematic literature review between 1995-2018, guided by the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), in PubMed, BVS, MEDLINE and Lilacs databases. The descriptors, connected by the AND Boolean Operators, were: anthropometry, cerebral palsy, child and body height. The research comprised papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with Qualis-CAPES equal or superior to B3 that addressed the question: "Is there any correlation between estimate height by equations and direct height measures in children with cerebral palsy?" 152 studies were recovered and seven were selected. Their methodological quality was assessed by the scale of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Data synthesis: Most studies showed no correspondence between estimated and real height. Studies that showed coincidence of the measures contain limitations that could jeopardize the results (sample losses, small samples and exclusion of patients with severe contractures, scoliosis and severe cerebral palsy). Japanese researchers developed an equation which harmoniously aligns the statures; the study comprised only Japanese patients, though. Conclusions: Given the importance of accuracy in height measures to evaluate infant health, it is crucial to carry out more researches in order to safely establish an association between both estimate and real statures. The development of anthropometric protocols, emerged from such researches, would benefit the follow-up of children with severe psychomotor disabilities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar estudos que avaliam correspondência entre a altura estimada por medidas segmentares e a estatura real de crianças com paralisia cerebral. Fonte de dados: Revisão sistemática da literatura entre 1995 e 2018, guiada pela diretriz Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Os descritores, combinados pelo operador booleano "and", foram: "anthropometry", "cerebral palsy", "child" e "body height". A pesquisa englobou artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, classificadas pelo Quali-CAPES igual ou superior a B3 e que respondiam à questão guia: "Existe correlação entre a altura estimada por equações em crianças com paralisia cerebral e as medidas diretas de altura?". Dos 152 artigos inicialmente recuperados, sete foram selecionados e sua qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pela escala da Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Síntese dos dados: A maioria dos trabalhos não encontrou correspondência entre altura real e estimada. Estudos que exibiram coincidência das medidas apresentaram limitações que poderiam comprometer os resultados (perda de amostra, amostra pequena e exclusão de indivíduos com contraturas severas, escoliose e paralisia cerebral grave). Pesquisadores japoneses desenvolveram equação que apresenta boa concordância entre as estaturas. Contudo, o estudo compreendeu apenas indivíduos japoneses. Conclusões: Dada a importância da precisão das medidas de estatura para avaliar a saúde infantil, tornam-se necessárias mais pesquisas visando estabelecer, de maneira mais segura, a associação entre a estatura estimada e a real. O desenvolvimento de protocolos antropométricos, resultantes dessas pesquisas, beneficiaria o acompanhamento de crianças com sequelas psicomotoras graves.

Dislodgment Resistance of Bioceramic and Epoxy Sealers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate if epoxy resin-based root canal sealers present superior push-out bond strength compared to calcium silicate-based root canal sealers. METHODS: The inclusion criteria consisted of in vitro studies that compared the push-out bond strength of epoxy resin-based and calcium silicate-based sealers. A systematic search was performed in the following databases for articles published until February 2018: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and OpenGrey. The quality assessment and data extraction of the selected articles were performed. A meta-analysis of the pooled data and the subgroups according to the root thirds was carried out using the RevMan software (P < .05). RESULTS: The search resulted in 2292 studies. After the duplicate studies were removed and the title and abstract were read, 20 studies were selected and 17 were considered as having a low risk of bias. The pooled meta-analysis comparing epoxy resin-based (n = 467) and paste-to-paste calcium silicate-based root canal sealers (n = 467) demonstrated higher mean push-out bond strength values (P < .001) for the epoxy resin-based root canal sealers; the heterogeneity among studies was 85% (I2). The comparisons between epoxy resin-based (n = 358) and premixed ready-to-use calcium silicate-based root canal sealers (n = 358) also demonstrated a significant difference between the sealers (P < .05), with an I2 of 95%. The subgroup analysis showed that only in the middle third, were increased bond strength values for epoxy resin-based sealer observed (P < .001), with an I2 of 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The epoxy resin-based sealer demonstratedhigher push-out bond strength than paste-to-paste calcium silicate-based root canal sealer regardless of the root third assessed. In addition, the epoxy resin-based sealer exhibited increased push-out bond strength in comparison with premixed ready-to-use calcium silicate-based root canal sealer when evaluating the middle third.

The Structure and Mute Zone of Social Representations Made by Members of the Municipal Council for the Rights of the Elderly / Estrutura e Zona Muda das Representações Sociais de Conselheiros Municipais do Idoso / Estructura y Zona Muda de Representaciones Sociales de Consejeros Municipales del Anciano

Abstract The Municipal Council of the Elderly is the body established by law to watch over the rights of the elderly and it is up to them to submit, opine, discuss, debate and decide, by vote, issues related to the rights of the elderly. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze how the social representations of counselors about the elderly municipal council are organized and the possible elements that make up the mute zone. A total of 72 counselors participated in the survey, who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and a hierarchical free speech evocation test in situations of normal collection and substitution, based on the inductive term "municipal council of the elderly". The data were analyzed by the Prototypic Analysis and the Centrality Index of Social Representations from Evocations. The results showed that although the council is normatively represented as a body for the defense and guarantee of the rights of the elderly, elements of the mute zone in the central nucleus point it, against normatively, as an inefficient, unknown body of denunciation, which needs better planning and reorganization. It was considered that all social representation is masked, requiring further research on the subject.

Resumo O Conselho Municipal do Idoso é o órgão de direito instituído para zelar pelos direitos dos idosos e cabe a eles, submeter, opinar, discutir, debater e decidir, por meio de voto, assuntos relacionados aos direitos do idoso. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e analisar como se organizam as representações sociais de conselheiros sobre o conselho municipal do idoso e os possíveis elementos que compõem a zona muda. Participaram da pesquisa 72 conselheiros, que responderam questionário sociodemográfico e Teste de Evocação Livre de Palavras hierarquizada em situações de coleta normal e substituição, a partir do termo indutor "conselho municipal do idoso". Os dados foram analisados pela Análise Prototípica e pelo Índice de Centralidade de Representações Sociais a partir de Evocações. Os resultados apontaram que apesar do conselho ser representado normativamente como órgão de defesa e garantia dos direitos dos idosos, elementos da zona muda no núcleo central o aponta, contra normativamente, como órgão de denúncias, ineficiente, desconhecido, que precisa melhor planejamento e reorganização. Considerou-se, que toda representação social encontra-se mascarada, havendo necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre a temática.

Resumen Consejo Municipal del Anciano es órgano de derecho instituido para velar por derechos de ancianos, e que corresponde a ellos, someter, opinar, discutir, debatir y decidir, por medio de voto, asuntos relacionados los derechos del anciano. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar y analizar cómo se organizan las representaciones sociales de consejeros sobre el consejo municipal del anciano y los posibles elementos que componen la zona muda. Participaron, 72 consejeros, que respondieron cuestionario sociodemográfico y Test Evocación Libre de Palabras jerarquizada en situaciones de recolección de normal y de sustitución, a partir del término inductor "consejo municipal del ancianos". Datos fueron analizados por Análisis Prototípico y por Índice de Centralidad de Representaciones Sociales a partir de Evocaciones. Resultados apuntaron que apesar de que consejo es representado normativamente como órgano de defensa y garantía de derechos de los ancianos, elementos de la zona muda en el núcleo central lo apunta, contra normativamente, como órgano de denuncias, ineficiente, desconocido, que necesita mejor planificación y reorganización. Se consideró, que toda representación social se encuentra enmascarada, habiendo necesidad de nuevas investigaciones sobre la temática.

Influence of sediment parameters on the distribution and fate of PAHs in an estuarine tropical region located in the Brazilian semi-arid (Jaguaribe River, Ceará coast).

18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in the Jaguaribe River to explore the influence of grain size, organic carbon, humic and fulvic acids and black carbon on their adsorption onto sediment. The ∑PAHs concentrations variated from 0.6 to 3752.0 ng g-1 with highest concentrations in the estuarine zone. The PAHs predominant source along the river was from mixed sources, mainly related to biomass combustion, small oil spills related to recreational nautical activities and runoff from cities. Organic and inorganic parameters presented influence on PAHs distribution along the river, with humic acid as a determinant factor. These research findings are of importance to an assessment of the fate and transport of PAHs in estuarine systems.

Duodenal adipose tissue is associated with obesity in baboons (Papio sp): a novel site of ectopic fat deposition in non-human primates.

AIMS: Ectopic fat is a recognized contributor to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, while the role of fat deposition inside intestinal wall tissue remains understudied. We undertook this study to directly quantify and localize intramural fat deposition in duodenal tissue and determine its association with adiposity. METHODS: Duodenal tissues were collected from aged (21.2 ± 1.3 years, 19.5 ± 3.1 kg, n = 39) female baboons (Papio sp.). Fasted blood was collected for metabolic profiling and abdominal circumference (AC) measurements were taken. Primary tissue samples were collected at the major duodenal papilla at necropsy: one full cross section was processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and evaluated; a second full cross section was processed for direct chemical lipid analysis on which percentage duodenal fat content was calculated. RESULTS: Duodenal fat content obtained by direct tissue quantification showed considerable variability (11.95 ± 6.93%) and was correlated with AC (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), weight (r = 0.38, p = 0.02), leptin (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), adiponectin (r = - 0.32, p < 0.05), and triglyceride (r = 0.41, p = 0.01). The relationship between duodenal fat content and leptin remained after adjusting for body weight and abdominal circumference. Intramural adipocytes were found in duodenal sections from all animals and were localized to the submucosa. Consistent with the variation in tissue fat content, the submucosal adipocytes were non-uniformly distributed in clusters of varying size. Duodenal adipocytes were larger in obese vs. lean animals (106.9 vs. 66.7 µm2, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Fat accumulation inside the duodenal wall is strongly associated with adiposity and adiposity related circulating biomarkers in baboons. Duodenal tissue fat represents a novel and potentially metabolically active site of ectopic fat deposition.

Types of traumatic dental injuries to the primary dentition and the surface against which they occurred / Estudo retrospectivo dos tipos de traumatismos dentários na dentição decídua e as superfícies contra as quais esses ocorreram

ABSTRACT Objectives The aims of this retrospective study were to investigate the types of traumatic dental injury recorded in an oral health service within a ten-year period and to report the type of surface against which the traumatic dental injury occurred. Methods Dental records from children assisted in the Dental Trauma Clinic at the Rio de Janeiro State University's School of Dentistry, between 2006 and 2016, were analyzed. Only those records who had registered some type of trauma in the primary anterior teeth (incisors and canines) and aged 0-96 months at the time of trauma were considered eligible for the study. Results Four hundred and eighty-three dental records were included, totalizing 786 traumatized teeth. The average age when traumatic dental injury occurred was 37.25 months (±18.62). Enamel fractures (32.8%) and intrusive luxations (45.6%) were the most prevalent types of trauma. The majority of traumas occurred against ceramic surfaces (34%). The greatest number of teeth with lateral luxation were the ones that hit against a ceramic surface (p=0.014; U Mann-Whitney test). According to this study, the most prevalent type of trauma in the dental tissue and pulp was enamel fracture and in the periodontal tissue was intrusive luxation. The majority of traumas occurred due to falls, at home and against ceramic surfaces. Conclusion The results showed that a high frequency of the lateral luxation was associated to a traumatic impact against ceramic surfaces.

RESUMO Objetivos Investigar de forma retrospectiva os tipos de traumatismo alveolodentário ocorridos em um atendimento de saúde bucal durante um período de dez anos e relatar os tipos de superfícies contra as quais os traumatismos ocorreram. Métodos Foram selecionados prontuários de crianças atendidas na Clínica de Traumatismo Dentário na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, entre os anos de 2006 e 2016. Os prontuários considerados elegíveis para esse estudo foram os das crianças que possuíam algum tipo de traumatismo em dentes anteriores na dentição decídua (incisivos e caninos) e tinham de 0-96 meses de idade. Resultados Foram incluídas no estudo 483 prontuários com um total de 786 dentes acometidos por traumatismos. A média de idade em que os traumatismos ocorram foi de 37,25 meses (±18.62). As fraturas de esmalte (32,8%) e as luxações intrusivas (45,6%) foram os tipos de trauma mais prevalentes. A maioria dos traumatismos ocorreu contra superfícies de cerâmica (34%). A luxação lateral foi o único tipo de traumatismo que apresentou associação com a superfície de impacto, no caso a cerâmica (p=0.014; Teste U de Mann-Whitney). De acordo com o presente estudo o tipo mais prevalente de trauma no tecido dentário e polpa foi a fratura de esmalte e no tecido periodontal foi a luxação intrusiva. A maioria dos traumatismos alveolodentarios ocorreu devido a quedas em suas próprias residências e contra superfícies de cerâmica. Conclusão Os resultados demonstraram que a alta frequência de luxações laterais está associada ao impacto do traumatismo contra superfícies de cerâmica.