Associated factors for mortality in a COVID-19 colombian cohort: is the third wave relevant when Mu variant was predominant epidemiologically?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between Colombia's third wave when the Mu variant was predominant epidemiologically (until 75%) in Colombia and COVID-19 all-cause in-hospital mortality. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort, we included hospitalized patients ≥18 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 2020 to September 2021 in ten hospitals from three cities in Colombia. Description analysis, survival, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between the third epidemic wave and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 25,371 patients were included. The age-stratified time-to-mortality curves showed differences according to epidemic waves in patients ≥75 years (log-rank test p = 0.012). In the multivariate Cox analysis, the third wave was not associated with increased mortality relative to the first wave (aHR 0.95; 95%CI 0.84-1.08), but there was an interaction between age ≥75 years and the third wave finding a lower HR for mortality (aHR 0.56, 95%CI 0.36-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find an increase in in-hospital mortality during the third epidemic wave in which the Mu variant was predominant in Colombia. The reduced hazard in mortality in patients ≥75 years hospitalized in the third wave could be explained by the high coverage of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in this population and patients with underlying conditions.

Prevalence of sleep apnea in children and adolescents in Colombia according to the national health registry 2017-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients with sleep apnea, both central and obstructive, in Colombia between 2017 and 2021. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, epidemiological study using the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems as search terms for sleep apnea, based on SISPRO, the Colombian national health registry. Stratification by gender and age groups was performed. We also generated data of the amount of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed. A map of prevalence by place of residency was performed. RESULTS: National records report 15200 cases of SA between 2017 and 2021, for an estimated prevalence of 21.1 cases by 100000 inhabitants in 2019 the year with the most cases (4769), being more frequent and in the 6 to 11 age group and in males, with a male to female ratio of 1.54:1. The number of cases declined in 2020 and 2021. The map showed a concentration of cases in the more developed departments of the country. DISCUSSION: This is the first approximation to a nation-wide prevalence of sleep apnea in Colombia which is lower to what is found in the literature worldwide, including studies performed in Latin America and in Colombia, this could reflect sub diagnosis and sub report. The fact that the highest prevalence was found in males and in the 6-11 age group is consistent with reports in literature. The decrease in cases in 2020 and 2021 could be related to the COVID-19 pandemic impact in sleep medicine services.

Pilot nutrition and physical activity intervention for preschool children attending daycare centres (JUNJI): primary and secondary outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: A pilot intervention was conducted to promote physical activity and nutrition in public preschool education (near half a million children in Chile), in order to prevent obesity. OBJECTIVE: To assess the primary (body fat) and secondary outcomes (physical activity and energy intake) of a nutrition and physical activity pilot intervention for preschool children, attending day care centres. METHODS: A pilot intervention in six day care centres selected at random (n = 530), in 4-5 years old preschool children, Santiago, Chile intending to: provide nutritional and physical activity education to educators and health promotion activities for the family, which in turn, will affect the primary (body fat), and secondary outcomes (physical activity pattern and energy food intake) were measured in a representative subsample of 120 intervened and 145 controls children. RESULTS: In relation to secondary outcomes monitoring, moderate-vigorous activity was duplicated in the intervention group (+5.4% and +4.7%, respectively), in both obese and eutrophic children. Energy intake decreased in 11.7% in obese and 7.5% in eutrophic children. Dietary fat intake was reduced (-11 g in obese and -8.4 g in eutrophic children). Intervened obese children reduced body fat in 1.5%, meanwhile in control obese children, body fat increased 1.3% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The pilot intervention demonstrated the feasibility to influence dietary risk factors and physical activity at the day care centres and families. Therefore, the implementation of the validated intervention program will be tested in different weather conditions, to prevent unhealthy habits in preschool children and their families.

Introducción: Intervención piloto en nutrición y actividad física para prevenir obesidad en la educación preescolar (cerca de medio millón de niños en Chile). Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados primarios (grasa corporal) y secundarios (actividad física e ingesta energética) de una intervención piloto para niños/as asistentes a guarderías infantiles. Métodos: Intervención piloto en seis guarderías seleccionadas al azar (n = 530 preescolares), 4-5 años en Santiago de Chile, con el objeto de: a) proporcionar educación en nutrición y actividad física para los educadores; b) actividades de promoción de la salud para la familia. El objetivo primario (grasa corporal), y los resultados secundarios (patrón de actividad física y la ingesta energética) se midieron en 265 preescolares (120 intervenidos y 145 niños controles). Resultados: La actividad física moderada- intensa se duplicó en los intervenidos (+5,4% y +4,7%, respectivamente), tanto en niños obesos y eutróficos. La ingesta energética se redujo en 11,7% en obesos y 7,5% en los eutróficos y la de grasa en (-11 g en obesos y -8,4 g en niños eutróficos). Los niños obesos intervenidos redujeron la grasa corporal en 1,5%, mientras que en los niños controles obesos, se incrementó 1,3% (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: La intervención piloto demostró la viabilidad de influir en los factores de riesgo dietarios y de actividad física en las guarderías y en las familias. Por lo tanto, la ejecución del proyecto piloto se pondrá a prueba en diferentes condiciones climáticas, para prevenir hábitos no saludables en los preescolares y sus familias.

Pilot nutrition and physical activity intervention for preschool children attending daycare centres (JUNJI); primary and secondary outcomes / Intervención piloto en nutrición y actividad física para preescolares asistentes a jardines infantiles (JUNJI); resultados primarios y secundarios

Introduction: A pilot intervention was conducted to promote physical activity and nutrition in public preschool education (near half a million children in Chile), in order to prevent obesity. Objective: To assess the primary (body fat) and secondary outcomes (physical activity and energy intake) of a nutrition and physical activity pilot intervention for preschool children, attending day care centres. Methods: A pilot intervention in six day care centres selected at random (n = 530), in 4-5 years old preschool children, Santiago, Chile intending to: provide nutritional and physical activity education to educators and health promotion activities for the family, which in turn, will affect the primary (body fat), and secondary outcomes (physical activity pattern and energy food intake) were measured in a representative subsample of 120 intervened and 145 controls children. Results: In relation to secondary outcomes monitoring, moderate-vigorous activity was duplicated in the intervention group (+5.4% and +4.7%, respectively), in both obese and eutrophic children. Energy intake decreased in 11.7% in obese and 7.5% in eutrophic children. Dietary fat intake was reduced (-11 g in obese and -8.4 g in eutrophic children). Intervened obese children reduced body fat in 1.5%, meanwhile in control obese children, body fat increased 1.3% (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The pilot intervention demonstrated the feasibility to influence dietary risk factors and physical activity at the day care centres and families. Therefore, the implementation of the validated intervention program will be tested in different weather conditions, to prevent unhealthy habits in preschool children and their families (AU)

Introducción: Intervención piloto en nutrición y actividad física para prevenir obesidad en la educación preescolar (cerca de medio millón de niños en Chile). Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados primarios (grasa corporal) y secundarios (actividad física e ingesta energética) de una intervención piloto para niños/as asistentes a guarderías infantiles. Métodos: Intervención piloto en seis guarderías seleccionadas al azar (n = 530 preescolares), 4-5 años en Santiago de Chile, con el objeto de: a) proporcionar educación en nutrición y actividad física para los educadores; b) actividades de promoción de la salud para la familia. El objetivo primario (grasa corporal), y los resultados secundarios (patrón de actividad física y la ingesta energética) se midieron en 265 preescolares (120 intervenidos y 145 niños controles). Resultados: La actividad física moderada- intensa se duplicó en los intervenidos (+5,4% y +4,7%, respectivamente), tanto en niños obesos y eutróficos. La ingesta energética se redujo en 11,7% en obesos y 7,5% en los eutróficos y la de grasa en (-11 g en obesos y -8,4 g en niños eutróficos). Los niños obesos intervenidos redujeron la grasa corporal en 1,5%, mientras que en los niños controles obesos, se incrementó 1,3% (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: La intervención piloto demostró la viabilidad de influir en los factores de riesgo dietarios y de actividad física en las guarderías y en las familias. Por lo tanto, la ejecución del proyecto piloto se pondrá a prueba en diferentes condiciones climáticas, para prevenir hábitos no saludables en los preescolares y sus familias (AU)

Repercusión psicosocial y carga en el cuidador informal de personas con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal / Psychosocial impact and burden in informal caregiver of people suffering terminal chronic renal failure

Objetivos: describir características demográficas, socioeconómicas, y psicológicas en cuidadores informales de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal, y evaluar la carga, atendiendo a edad, sexo, parentesco, ansiedad y depresión.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 24 cuidadores informales, de febrero a septiembre de 2011. Se aplicaron el cuestionario de caracterización del cuidador, inventarios autoevaluativos para depresión y ansiedad, la escala psicosocial del cuidador y la escala de carga de Zarit. Resultados: los cuidadores eran en su mayoría mujeres de 40 a 59 años, preuniversitarias, cónyuges del enfermo, sin vínculo laboral, convivían con este, lo cuidaban hacía más de 5 años a tiempo completo y lo atendían por razones afectivas. Poseían información sobre la enfermedad, no tenían experiencia en cuidar y padecían de problemas nerviosos, osteomusculares y cefalea. Utilizaban estrategias de afrontamiento centrado en el problema y en las emociones. El 100 por ciento tuvo niveles medios y altos de ansiedad y depresión. Como afectación socioeconómica predominó la limitación del tiempo libre, poco apoyo percibido, escasas relaciones sociales, problemas económicos y dificultades laborales. Emergieron sentimientos negativos como miedo, angustia, irritabilidad y soledad. Casi la mitad de los cuidadores presentó carga, siendo más evidente en el grupo de menores de 40 años, madres del enfermo, donde los niveles de ansiedad y depresión fueron altos.Conclusiones: el cuidado del paciente conlleva una gran carga y afectaciones en la esfera social, psicológica, económica y laboral, y del estado de salud en general, que pudiera repercutir en la calidad de vida del enfermo y del propio cuidador(AU)

Objectives: to describe demographic, socioeconomic and psychological characteristics in informal caregivers of patients suffering terminal chronic renal failure and to evaluate the burden according to age, sex, kinship, anxiety and depression.Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study of 24 informal caregivers conducted from February to September, 2011. The characterization questionnaire of caregiver, self-evaluative inventories for depression and anxiety, the psychosocial scale of the caregiver and Zarit's burden scale were all applied.Results: caregivers were mostly women aged 40 to 59 years, graduated from high school, patients' wives, non-working, living in the same place, taking full care of patients for more than 5 years for affective reasons. They had information about the disease, no experience as caregivers, suffered nervous breakdowns, osteomuscular problems and headaches and all of them faced medium to high degrees of anxiety and depression. They used problem -and emotion- centered coping strategies. The socioeconomic effects included little spare time, little support received, poor social relationships, economic problems and working difficulties. They experienced negative feelings such as fear, anguish, irritability and loneliness. Almost half of the caregivers showed burden, being more evident in the group younger than 40 years, patients' mothers where the degree of anxiety and depression were high.Conclusions: the care of a patient means heavy burden and impact in the social, psychological, economic and working contexts, and generally for the health status, which might affect the quality of life of both the patient and the caregiver(AU)

Repercusión psicosocial y carga en el cuidador informal de personas con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal / Psychosocial impact and burden in informal caregiver of people suffering terminal chronic renal failure

Objetivos: describir características demográficas, socioeconómicas, y psicológicas en cuidadores informales de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal, y evaluar la carga, atendiendo a edad, sexo, parentesco, ansiedad y depresión.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 24 cuidadores informales, de febrero a septiembre de 2011. Se aplicaron el cuestionario de caracterización del cuidador, inventarios autoevaluativos para depresión y ansiedad, la escala psicosocial del cuidador y la escala de carga de Zarit. Resultados: los cuidadores eran en su mayoría mujeres de 40 a 59 años, preuniversitarias, cónyuges del enfermo, sin vínculo laboral, convivían con este, lo cuidaban hacía más de 5 años a tiempo completo y lo atendían por razones afectivas. Poseían información sobre la enfermedad, no tenían experiencia en cuidar y padecían de problemas nerviosos, osteomusculares y cefalea. Utilizaban estrategias de afrontamiento centrado en el problema y en las emociones. El 100 por ciento tuvo niveles medios y altos de ansiedad y depresión. Como afectación socioeconómica predominó la limitación del tiempo libre, poco apoyo percibido, escasas relaciones sociales, problemas económicos y dificultades laborales. Emergieron sentimientos negativos como miedo, angustia, irritabilidad y soledad. Casi la mitad de los cuidadores presentó carga, siendo más evidente en el grupo de menores de 40 años, madres del enfermo, donde los niveles de ansiedad y depresión fueron altos.Conclusiones: el cuidado del paciente conlleva una gran carga y afectaciones en la esfera social, psicológica, económica y laboral, y del estado de salud en general, que pudiera repercutir en la calidad de vida del enfermo y del propio cuidador...

Objectives: to describe demographic, socioeconomic and psychological characteristics in informal caregivers of patients suffering terminal chronic renal failure and to evaluate the burden according to age, sex, kinship, anxiety and depression.Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study of 24 informal caregivers conducted from February to September, 2011. The characterization questionnaire of caregiver, self-evaluative inventories for depression and anxiety, the psychosocial scale of the caregiver and Zarit's burden scale were all applied.Results: caregivers were mostly women aged 40 to 59 years, graduated from high school, patients' wives, non-working, living in the same place, taking full care of patients for more than 5 years for affective reasons. They had information about the disease, no experience as caregivers, suffered nervous breakdowns, osteomuscular problems and headaches and all of them faced medium to high degrees of anxiety and depression. They used problem -and emotion- centered coping strategies. The socioeconomic effects included little spare time, little support received, poor social relationships, economic problems and working difficulties. They experienced negative feelings such as fear, anguish, irritability and loneliness. Almost half of the caregivers showed burden, being more evident in the group younger than 40 years, patients' mothers where the degree of anxiety and depression were high.Conclusions: the care of a patient means heavy burden and impact in the social, psychological, economic and working contexts, and generally for the health status, which might affect the quality of life of both the patient and the caregiver...

[Differences in magnitude of nutritional status in Chilean school children according to CDC and WHO 2005-2008 reference]. / Diferencias en magnitud de estado nutricional en escolares Chilenos según la referencia CDC Y OMS 2005-2008.

INTRODUCTION: Further discussions are needed regarding the magnitude of nutritional problems diagnosed using CDC or WHO, against the existence of new biological or statistical definitions of obesity. OBJECTIVE: To compare the evolution of the prevalence of nutritional status among schoolchildren in first grade, from 2005 to 2008, according to CDC and WHO. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, of 140.265 students of both sexes of first grade, evaluated from 2005- 2008, whose anthropometric data (weight and height), were obtained from annual registration system of school nutrition. To classify the nutritional status of children, CDC and WHO patterns were used. RESULTS: The mean BMI was slightly different and lower in girls than in boys, in 2005 and 2006. During 2007 and 2008 the average BMI in girls reached the observed in males. There was a higher prevalence of underweight according to WHO (p=0,03), with a tendency to decrease in the subsequent years. The prevalence of normality was greater according to the CDC criteria, with a reduction between 2005 and 2007 and an increase in 2008 (P < 0,001). There was a lower prevalence of overweight according to CDC criteria (P < 0,001), with an increase between 2005 and 2007, both CDC and WHO. The prevalence of obesity was lower according to the WHO criteria, and there were not statistically significant differences when comparing the CDC pattern. CONCLUSIONS: By comparing both patterns, CDC tends to overestimate the normal and underestimate the overweight, while obesity was not significant differences.

Introducción: Es necesario realizar nuevas discusiones respecto a la magnitud de los problemas nutricionales diagnosticados, al usar CDC u OMS, frente a la existencia de nuevas definiciones biológicas o estadísticas de obesidad. Objetivo: Comparar la evolución de la prevalencia de estado nutricional en escolares de primero básico, desde el 2013 2005 al 2008, según CDC y OMS. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, de 140.265 escolares de ambos sexos de primero básico, evaluados entre 2005- 2008, cuyos datos antropométricos (peso y talla), se obtuvieron del sistema anual de registro del estado nutricional escolar. Para clasificar el estado nutricional, se utilizaron los patrones CDC y OMS. Resultados: Los promedios de IMC fueron levemente diferentes y menores en la niñas que en los niños, en 2005 y 2006. Durante el 2007 y 2008 el promedio de IMC en las niñas alcanzó la cifra observada en los varones. Hubo mayor prevalencia de bajo peso según OMS (p=0,03), con una tendencia a la disminución en los 2013s posteriores. La prevalencia de normalidad fue mayor según el criterio CDC, con una reducción entre el 2005 y 2007 y un incremento 2008 (p<0,001). Hubo una menor prevalencia de sobrepeso según el criterio CDC (p<0,001), con aumento entre el 2005 y 2007, tanto CDC como OMS. La prevalencia de obesidad fue menor según el criterio OMS, no encontrándose diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar con el patrón CDC. Conclusiones: Al comparar ambos patrones, CDC tiende a sobreestimar la normalidad y subestimar el sobrepeso, mientras que en obesidad no se encontraron diferencias significativas.

Concordancia entre índice cintura-talla y otros criterios para clasificar obesidad abdominal en escolares chilenos / Concordance between waist to height index and other classification criteria for abdominal obesity in chilean school children

Fundamento: La obesidad en escolares chilenos de primero básico ha aumentado de un 7% en 1987 a un 22% el 2010. El índice de cintura talla (ICT) detecta precozmente factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: Comparar las concordancias diagnósticas de obesidad abdominal (OA) entre el ICT >0,5 y dos puntos de corte de circunferencia de cintura (CC) en escolares chilenos pertenecientes a la Estrategia Global contra la Obesidad (EGO). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal de selección aleatoria de una muestra de 1062 escolares chilenos de ambos sexos de 6 a 9 años, de tres regiones. Se midió peso, talla y CC. Se usó estadística descriptiva, tablas de contingencia y test kappa. Resultados: El 34,7% presentó un ICT >0,5. La prevalencia de ICT > 0,5 fue superior en niñas vs los niños (55,7% vs 44,3% p=0,01). Se observó un 28,6% de acuerdos para OA entre ICT >0,5 vs Ferranti (p75) (Kappa=0,71 p= 0,000) vs 16,5% (Kappa=0,54 p= 0,000) con Cook (p90) en la totalidad de la muestra. Conclusiones: Un ICT > 0,5 concuerda mejor con un p75 de población NHANES. Debe analizarse la especificidad poblacional del punto de corte, el desarrollo físico de los niños y su asociación con otros factores de riesgo (AU)

Background: Obesity in first grade Chilean children has increased from 7% in 1987 to 22% in 2010. The waist to height ratio (WHtR) can detect early cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: To compare the diagnostic concordance of abdominal obesity (AO) between WHtR> 0.5 and two cutoffs of waist circumference (WC) in schools where the Global Strategy against Obesity (EGO) was implemented. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analytical study on a sample of 1062 students of both sexes aged 6 to 9 years, in three regions of Chile. We measured weight, height and WC. We used descriptive statistics, contingency tables and kappa test. Results: 34.7% presented WHtR > 0.5. The prevalence of WHtR > 0.5 was higher in girls than boys (55.7% vs 44.3% p = 0.009). A concordance of 28.6% was observed between WHtR > 0.5 and AO diagnosed by Ferranti criteria (p75) (Kappa = 0.71 p = 0.000); while 16.5% of concordance (Kappa = 0.54 p = 0.000) was found in diagnostic by Cook criteria (p90). Conclusions: A WHtR > 0.5 agrees better with a p75 from NHANES population. Consideration should be done in relation with population-specific cut off point, the physical development of children and its association with other risk factors (AU)

Diferencias en magnitud de estado nutricional en escolares chilenos según la referencia CDC y OMS 2005-2008 / Differences in magnitude of nutritional status in Chilean school children according to CDC and WHO 2005-2008 reference

Introducción: Es necesario realizar nuevas discusiones respecto a la magnitud de los problemas nutricionales diagnosticados, al usar CDC u OMS, frente a la existencia de nuevas definiciones biológicas o estadísticas de obesidad. Objetivo: Comparar la evolución de la prevalencia de estado nutricional en escolares de primero básico, desde el año 2005 al 2008, según CDC y OMS. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, de 140.265 escolares de ambos sexos de primero básico, evaluados entre 2005-2008, cuyos datos antropométricos (peso y talla), se obtuvieron del sistema anual de registro del estado nutricional escolar. Para clasificar el estado nutricional, se utilizaron los patrones CDC y OMS. Resultados: Los promedios de IMC fueron levemente diferentes y menores en la niñas que en los niños, en 2005 y 2006. Durante el 2007 y 2008 el promedio de IMC en las niñas alcanzó la cifra observada en los varones. Hubo mayor prevalencia de bajo peso según OMS (p=0,03), con una tendencia a la disminución en los años posteriores. La prevalencia de normalidad fue mayor según el criterio CDC, con una reducción entre el 2005 y 2007 y un incremento 2008 (p<0,001). Hubo una menor prevalencia de sobrepeso según el criterio CDC (p<0,001), con aumento entre el 2005 y 2007, tanto CDC como OMS. La prevalencia de obesidad fue menor según el criterio OMS, no encontrándose diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar con el patrón CDC. Conclusiones: Al comparar ambos patrones, CDC tiende a sobreestimar la normalidad y subestimar el sobrepeso, mientras que en obesidad no se encontraron diferencias significativas (AU)

Introduction: Further discussions are needed regarding the magnitude of nutritional problems diagnosed using CDC or WHO, against the existence of new biological or statistical definitions of obesity. Objective: To compare the evolution of the prevalence of nutritional status among schoolchildren in first grade, from 2005 to 2008, according to CDC and WHO. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, of 140.265 students of both sexes of first grade, evaluated from 2005-2008, whose anthropometric data (weight and height), were obtained from annual registration system of school nutrition. To classify the nutritional status of children, CDC and WHO patterns were used. Results: The mean BMI was slightly different and lower in girls than in boys, in 2005 and 2006. During 2007 and 2008 the average BMI in girls reached the observed in males. There was a higher prevalence of underweight according to WHO (p=0,03), with a tendency to decrease in the subsequent years. The prevalence of normality was greater according to the CDC criteria, with a reduction between 2005 and 2007 and an increase in 2008 (p <0,001). There was a lower prevalence of overweight according to CDC criteria (p <0,001), with an increase between 2005 and 2007, both CDC and WHO. The prevalence of obesity was lower according to the WHO criteria, and there were not statistically significant differences when comparing the CDC pattern. Conclusions: By comparing both patterns, CDC tends to overestimate the normal and underestimate the overweight, while obesity was not significant differences (AU)

A new automatic device for routine cord blood banking: critical analysis of different volume reduction methodologies.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Volume reduction is the usual process in cord blood banking that has some advantages regarding reducing the storage space and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) quantity in the final product. The volume reduction methodology must guarantee high cell recovery and red blood cell (RBC) depletion by reducing all the umbilical cord blood (UCB) units to a standard volume. METHODS: We analyzed and compared critically three different volume reduction methods [hydroxyethylstarch (HES), top and bottom with Optipress II and Compomat G4, and AXP] used at the Valencia Cord Blood Bank over 10 years. RESULTS: The highest significant RBC depletion was achieved with the AXP system (P<0.001), while the top and bottom system with Compomat G4 and an adjusted buffy coat (BC) volume to 41 mL enabled the best total nucleated cell (TNC) recovery (P<0.001). TNC recovery and RBC depletion were similar for AXP and HES with an adjusted volume to 21 mL. In the multivariate analysis, when analyzing all cases, the BC volume set significantly influenced TNC, CD34+ and lymphocyte recoveries and RBC depletion (P<0.001). RBC depletion was significantly influenced by the initial volume and initial RBC content of UCB units (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AXP is a highly efficient method for RBC depletion, providing the same TNC recovery as HES method with a final volume of 41 mL. AXP has the advantages of being an automatic and functionally closed system that shortens and better standardizes the proceedings. Top and bottom is a closed system that allows better TNC recoveries when the BC volume set is 41 mL.

Efecto de un programa de educación nutricional en el consumo de energía y macronutrientes de preescolares asistentes a jardines infantiles Junji de la zona oriente de Santiago Chile / Effect of educational nutrition program on the energy and macronutrients intake of preschoolers attending Junji day care centres in the eastern sector of Santiago Chile

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los cambios en el consumo de energía y macronutrientes de niños (as) obesos y eutróficos, asistentes a jardines infantiles JUNJI de la zona oriente de Santiago, como producto de una intervención educativa en alimentación, nutrición y actividad física, sustentada en la teoría del aprendizaje social cognitivo y el modelo de organización comunitaria. La muestra fue de 35 preescolares obesos y 85 eutróficos (4-5 años). El consumo se evaluó durante dos días de semana y uno de fin de semana; en el jardín infantil, se midió mediante pesaje de la ración y en el hogar, por registro de los alimentos y preparaciones ingeridas por el párvulo. Luego de la intervención, durante la jornada del jardín infantil, se redujo el consumo de energía, proteínas, lípidos y carbohidratos (p<0.05), en niñas obesas, así como el consumo de energía y carbohidratos en niños obesos (p<0.01), además de lípidos y carbohidratos en niñas y niños eutróficos (p<0.05). En el hogar, durante la semana, se redujo el consumo en el hogar de energía y lípidos en las niñas obesas y niños eutróficos (p<0.05), y lípidos en las niñas eutróficas (p<0.05). En fin de semana, los niños obesos redujeron el consumo de calorías (p<0.05) y lípidos (p<0.05); mientras que las niñas obesas calorías (p<0.05) y carbohidratos (p<0.05). En niñas y niños eutróficos, también se redujo el consumo de lípidos y se incrementó proteínas (p<0.01). En conclusión, esta intervención demostró ser efectiva en modular tempranamente la ingestión alimentaria infantil, uno de los factores de riesgo de obesidad y enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the change on the energy and macronutrients intake in obese and eutrophic preschoolers, attending National Board of Day Care Centres (JUNJI), in the eastern area of Santiago, as product of an educational intervention in intake, nutrition and physical activity, sustained in the theory of the social cognitive learning and the model of community organization. The sample comprised of thirty five obese children, plus eighty five eutrophic children (4-5 years olds). Energy intake was evaluated, measuring full two days a week plus one weekend day. At the day care centre, all ingested food was weighed, and when back at home, child food-intake was recalled. During the stay at the day care centres, the intervention produced a reduction in: energy, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in obese girls (p<0.05), energy and carbohydrate in obese boys (p<0.01), lipids and carbohydrates, in eutrophic girls and boys (p<0.05). When at home, intake reduced in: energy and lipids in the obese girls and eutrophic boys (p<0.05), lipids in eutrophic girls (p<0.05). During the weekend, obese boys, reduced the intake of calories (p<0.05) and lipids (p<0.05). In obese girls the reduction was in calories (p<0.05) and carbohydrates (p<0.05). In eutrophic girls and boys, lipid intake was reduced as well as, protein intake was increased (p<0.01). In conclusion, this intervention demonstrated to be effective in early modulation of preschool children dietary intake, one of the important risk factors for obesity and chronic diseases.

[Effect of educational nutrition program on the energy and macronutrients intake of preschoolers attending Junji day care centres in the eastern sector of Santiago, Chile]. / Efecto de un programa de educación nutricional en el consumo de energía y macronutrientes de preescolares asistentes a jardines infantiles Junji de la zona oriente de Santiago, Chile.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the change on the energy and macronutrients intake in obese and eutrophic preschoolers, attending National Board of Day Care Centres (JUNJI), in the eastern area of Santiago, as product of an educational intervention in intake, nutrition and physical activity, sustained in the theory of the social cognitive learning and the model of community organization. The sample comprised of thirty five obese children, plus eighty five eutrophic children (4-5 years olds). Energy intake was evaluated, measuring full two days a week plus one weekend day. At the day care centre, all ingested food was weighed, and when back at home, child food-intake was recalled. During the stay at the day care centres, the intervention produced a reduction in: energy, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in obese girls (p<0.05), energy and carbohydrate in obese boys (p<0.01), lipids and carbohydrates, in eutrophic girls and boys (p<0.05). When at home, intake reduced in: energy and lipids in the obese girls and eutrophic boys (p<0.05), lipids in eutrophic girls (p<0.05). During the weekend, obese boys, reduced the intake of calories (p<0.05) and lipids (p<0.05). In obese girls the reduction was in calories (p<0.05) and carbohydrates (p<0.05). In eutrophic girls and boys, lipid intake was reduced as well as, protein intake was increased (p<0.01). In conclusion, this intervention demonstrated to be effective in early modulation of preschool children dietary intake, one of the important risk factors for obesity and chronic diseases.

Comparación entre la ingesta alimentaria de preescolares obesos y eutróficos asistentes a jardines infantiles de Junji de la zona oriente de Santiago / Comparison in the dietary intake of preschool children, attending national daycare centres (Junji), in the eastern area of Santiago Chile

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ingesta alimentaria de preescolares eutróficos y obesos de 4 a 5 años, asistentes a jardines infantiles del sector oriente de Santiago. La muestra fue de 85 niños eutróficos y 35 obesos, representativa de una población de 450 niños. La ingesta se realizó durante dos días de semana y uno de fin de semana. En el jardín infantil, se evaluó la ingesta alimentaria mediante el pesaje de la ración servida y de los residuos. La alimentación recibida en el hogar, se efectuó por registro de los alimentos y preparaciones consumidos por el menor. Para calcular las necesidades energéticas se utilizaron los requerimientos de energía FAO 2001. Los resultados mostraron una ingesta energética similar tanto en el jardín infantil como en el hogar, demostrando que el exceso energético consumido por los niños proviene del hogar, dado que en el establecimiento educacional se ofrecen tres tiempos de comida y en el hogar, el preescolar debiese sólo ingerir la cena. Respecto de los requerimientos energéticos de los preescolares, tanto los niños obesos como eutróficos están en balances energético durante la semana (90-110 por ciento), no así las niñas obesas y eutróficas, que exceden la adecuación energética entre 116 y 111 por ciento respectivamente. En conclusión, en el hogar, se ofrece la mayor oferta de alimentos y de menor calidad, lo que empeora durante el fin de semana, en todos los preescolares, independiente de su estado nutricional (adecuación energética mayor 114 por ciento).

[Comparison in the dietary intake of preschool children, attending national daycare centres (Junji), in the eastern area of Santiago, Chile]. / Comparación entre la ingesta alimentaria de preescolares obesos y eutróficos asistentes a jardines infantiles de Junji de la zona Oriente de Santiago.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy intake of obese and normal nutritional status preschoolers, from four to five years old, attending several day care centres (JUNJI), in the eastern area of Santiago. The sample comprised 85 normal nutritional status and 35 obese children, representative of a population of 450 children. The food intake was evaluated twice a week and on one weekend day. At the day care centre, food intake was measured by food weighing and at the home; it was measured by food-recording. FAO 2001 energy requirements were used to calculate the energy requirements of the children. In both obese and normal nutritional status, energy intake was similar in the educational institution and home, although this energy intake corresponds to there meals time at JUNJI and only one serving at home. In respect to energy requirements of preschool children, both obese and normal nutritional status boys are at energy balance during the week (90 versus 110%). In the corresponding female groups, energy intake exceeds their energy requirement (116 and 111% respectively). In conclusion, energy intake at home, is greater and of minor quality, situation that worsens over the weekend in all preschoolers, independently of their nutritional condition (energy adequacy > 114%).

Nutrition education in Chilean primary schools.

The purpose of this study was to incorporate nutrition education in Chilean primary schools. The baseline information included nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity of 1701 children from 3rd to 7th grade in ten urban and rural schools. Main results showed a high prevalence of obesity (15.4%) and overweight (19.6%), low consumption of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products, high intake of snacks and a low level of physical activity, especially in girls. Because the Ministry of Education does not allow the incorporation of new programs into the curriculum, the educational strategy was based on the development of a text book, a teacher's guide, five practical guides for students from third to eighth grade and a CD-Rom. These materials were validated by 36 teachers in six schools through an educational intervention. Teachers and students considered the educational materials useful, motivational and easy to understand. This program is being implemented in 57 schools.

[A methodological proposal to include nutrition education in primary schools. Experience in Chile]. / Propuesta metodológica para incorporar la educación en nutrición en la enseñanza básica. La experiencia de Chile.

This article presents the methodology to incorporate nutrition education in Chilean primary schools. In 2001, nutritional status, food and nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices of 1701 school children from ten urban and rural public schools (3rd to 7th grade) were evaluated. This information was necessary to design the nutrition education strategy. The prevalence of obesity was 15.4% and overweight 19.6%. Daily intake of dairy products, fruits and vegetables was low, while the consumption of energy dense snacks was very high. Because the Ministry of Education does not allow the incorporation of new programs to the curriculum, the educational strategy was based on the development of a text book, a teacher's guide, five practical guides for students from third to eight grade and a CD-Rom. These materials were validated by 36 teachers through an educational intervention during 5 months in six schools (intervention groups). The teachers reported that the educational materials were useful, motivational and easy to understand for both, teachers and students. Preliminary results showed a significant increase in food and nutrition knowledge, in the consumption of dairy products and a decrease in the consumption of bread among the intervention groups. Intake of snacks increased in both groups, but it was significantly higher in the control group. These results indicate that nutrition education will only produce significant changes in food habits if health and educational authorities establish regulations for food advertisement oriented to children and also to food items sold in the schools.

Propuesta metodológica para incorporar la educación en nutrición en la enseñanza básica: la experiencia de Chile / A methodological proposal to include nutrition education in primary schools: experience of Chile

Se presenta la metodología utilizada para incorporar la educación en nutrición en las escuelas básicas de Chile. El 2001, se evaluó el estado nutricional, los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas alimentarias de 1.701 escolares de 3° a 7° básico (927 niños y 774 niñas) de 10 escuelas municipales urbanas y rurales de 3 regiones del país, cuyos resultados sirvieron de base para diseñar el modelo educativo. En el total de la muestra se encontró 15,4 por ciento de escolares obesos y 19,6 por ciento con sobrepeso, sin diferencias por región o sector urbano o rural. Se observó un consumo insuficiente de lácteos, verduras y frutas y excesivo de snacks de alta densidad enérgica. Debido a que el Ministerio de Educación no permite incorporar nuevos programas al currículo, el modelo educativo consistió en la elaboración de un libro, una Guía para el Profesor, cinco Guías para Alumnos de 3° a 8° básico y un CD-Rom. Los materiales fueron validados por 36 profesores en un programa de 5 meses con niños de 4° a 8° básico en 6 escuelas el 2002, resultando motivadores y fáciles de utilizar por profesor y alumnos. Resultados preliminares mostraron un significativo aumento en los conocimientos alimentarios, el consumo de lácteos, y una disminución en el consumo de pan en el grupo que recibió educación. El consumo de snacks aumentó ambos grupos (intervenido y control). Se concluye que para mejorar los hábitos alimentarios en los niños, se requiere mayor regulación de la publicidad y venta de snacks en las escuelas y fuera de ellas